# Kleanthous & Platis LLC: the site in full

> Law firm in Nicosia, Cyprus. Partner-led. Property, construction, litigation
> and debt recovery, corporate and commercial, private client, personal injury.
> Cyprus Bar Association, HE 441973. Florinis 7, Greg Tower, 1065 Nicosia.
> +357 22 680 330, office@kleanthousplatis.com. Replies within one business day.
> English pages first, Greek pages (el- prefix) after them. Every question and
> answer below is published on the page it sits under.

## About the Firm
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/about
Kleanthous & Platis LLC is a Nicosia law firm working on property and construction, commercial disputes and debt recovery, corporate and private client work.

## Accidents in Public and Private Places in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/accidents-in-public-places-cyprus
Who is answerable when someone is injured in a shop, hotel, communal area or public space in Cyprus, what evidence to secure first, and the time limit.

Q: I did not report it at the time. I was too embarrassed.
A: That is the ordinary reaction and it is not fatal. Go back, or write, and report it now, with the date and the exact place. Then write your own account while you still remember it. What you lose by not reporting at the time is the business's own contemporaneous record, which is a reason to ask for the footage quickly.

Q: They asked me to sign something before I left.
A: Send it to us, or send us a photograph of it, before you sign anything further. An incident form recording what happened is one thing. A document that records an agreement about what will happen next is a different thing entirely, and the two are not always easy to tell apart at the time. The difference matters because the second kind is a contract: a receipt, a discharge or a settlement binds you once it satisfies section 10 of the Contract Law, Cap. 149, and it is set aside only on the grounds that Law provides, coercion under section 15, undue influence under section 16, fraud under section 17, misrepresentation under section 18, or common mistake as to a material fact under section 21.

Q: It happened in the communal area of my own block.
A: Then the question of who is responsible for maintaining that area arises, and the answer usually involves the management committee and the way the building is run rather than any individual owner. Tell us whether there is a committee, whether common expenses are collected, and whether anyone had complained about the same thing before.

Q: My child was hurt.
A: Different rules can apply to the limitation period where the injured person was a child at the time, and the question of who brings the claim is also different. Do not treat either as settled without asking. Bring the same evidence: photographs, the incident record and the medical notes.

Q: I slipped in a supermarket. Who is the claim against?
A: The first question is who controlled the spot where it happened, which may be the business occupying the premises, the owner of the building where the defect is structural, or a contractor carrying out works or cleaning. The basis of the claim remains negligence, a civil wrong under section 51 of the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148. That a hazard existed does not by itself prove the occupier fell below the standard required, which is why the system for inspection and cleaning, and what it recorded on the day, decides most of these claims.

Q: There was a "caution, wet floor" sign. Does that end it?
A: No. The presence or absence of a warning is one piece of evidence, photographed and weighed with everything else, and it does not decide the case on its own. The question is still whether the occupier fell below the standard of care the circumstances required. Where the responsibility is partly yours, section 57 of Cap. 148 reduces the damages by your share rather than defeating the claim.

Q: It happened on a pavement or in a public space.
A: Then who was responsible for that particular spot is asked at the outset, and it may be a public authority, a municipality or a contractor carrying out works. For a municipality, the Municipalities Law 52(I)/2022 defines a road in section 2 to include a pavement and a public space, and section 43(2)(a)(v) places within its fields of competence the study for the construction, maintenance, cleaning, lighting and use of roads, bridges and pavements within the municipal boundaries, and the prevention of obstruction of their free use. The Law lays down no special notice requirement or shortened period for a civil claim, so the ordinary limitation position applies, but a challenge to a decision of the authority is a different route with the seventy-five day period of Article 146 of the Constitution.

Q: How long do I have to claim after a fall?
A: Three years, under the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012. Section 6(2) runs the period from the day the cause of action was complete, or from the day the injured person knew of the injury if that was later, and section 6(3) gives the court a discretion not to apply the limitation provisions to a claim for personal injury or death, a discretion not exercised more than two years after the limitation date. In practice the evidence in this category is lost in days rather than years, so tell us the date and the place first.

## Andreas Kleanthous, Advocate in Nicosia
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/andreas-kleanthous
Advocate and partner at Kleanthous & Platis LLC, Nicosia: over 30 years of litigation, personal injury and insurance claims, debt recovery, wills and probate.

## Every Question This Site Answers
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/answers
An index of every question answered on this site, grouped by the page that answers it, with the statute each answer rests on named on the page itself.

## Cyprus Auction and Tender Legal Pack Review
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/auction-legal-pack-review
Legal pack review before you bid at a Cyprus property auction: our own Land Registry search, the conditions of sale, encumbrances, and a recommendation.

Q: How long before the auction should I send the pack?
A: As early as you can. We deliver in good time before the bidding deadline, and on an urgent basis where the auction is imminent. Tell us the deadline when you send the pack.

Q: Do you review packs from any platform, and does this cover tenders?
A: Yes to both. We review packs for buyers bidding on the online auction sites and on the bank and asset servicer platforms in Cyprus, and for buyers submitting a tender rather than bidding at a live auction. The work is the same and so is the reason for it.

Q: Do you carry out your own searches, or rely on the pack?
A: We conduct our own Land Registry search on the lot and check it against the pack. The pack is assembled by the seller and is not warranted, so it is not treated as the source of truth.

Q: What happens if the review says walk away?
A: Then that is the recommendation, and it is the outcome the review is for. A fee spent before bidding is smaller than a binding commitment on a lot that cannot be transferred.

Q: Can you act on the purchase if I win?
A: Yes. We handle the contract or assignment, the deposit at the Land Registry, the Council of Ministers permit where the buyer is a non-EU national, and the transfer of title. The review fee is credited against the conveyancing fee.

## Banking & Fintech Disputes
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/banking-fintech
Disputes with banks and payment institutions in Cyprus, restructuring of facilities, guarantees and enforcement, and regulation of payment businesses.

Q: My bank has frozen my account and will not tell me why. What can you do?
A: We write to the bank setting out the account, the amounts and the effect on your business, and we ask for the reasons and the internal file. Many freezes are resolved at that stage once the bank has the documents it actually wants. If the freeze holds without a proper basis, the next step is a complaint or proceedings, and we will tell you which is proportionate.

Q: Can a Cyprus court freeze the accounts of someone who took my money?
A: The court can grant interim relief in support of a claim, but not automatically. You need a defendant who can be identified and named, evidence that stands up on affidavit, and assets the order can realistically reach. Where the money has moved offshore or through anonymous accounts, the honest answer is often that the cost of pursuing it exceeds what comes back.

Q: I lost cryptocurrency to an investment platform. Is it worth suing?
A: Sometimes. It depends on whether the platform or the individuals behind it can be identified and served, whether any assets sit somewhere a Cyprus judgment or a foreign court can reach, and what the tracing will cost. With the transaction records and the correspondence in front of us we can give you a view on prospects before you spend anything on the claim.

Q: Do you handle licensing or authorisation applications?
A: No. We do not prepare or file authorisation applications, and we would not do a good job pretending otherwise. If that is what you need, we will point you to a regulatory firm or licensed consultant and stay involved only on the contract or dispute elements, if there are any.

Q: Can you review a guarantee before I sign it?
A: Yes, and this is one of the cheapest pieces of legal work you will ever buy. We look at what is guaranteed, whether liability is capped, what triggers a demand, what happens on default, and whether the security given is what you think it is. A short review before signature is worth more than a defence after demand.

## Being Sued in Cyprus: Deadlines and First Steps
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/being-sued-in-cyprus
Served with a Cyprus claim form: 14 days to file an appearance, 28 for the defence from filing it, and what default judgment and setting aside really mean.

Q: How long do I have after being served with a Cyprus claim form?
A: The period for filing a memorandum of appearance is 14 days from service of the claim form, under rule 10.4 of the Civil Procedure Rules 2023. Where the form states that a statement of claim will follow, the 14 days run from service of the statement of claim. Days are computed as clear days: the day of service does not count.

Q: What is the memorandum of appearance, and does it commit me?
A: It is the form by which you tell the court that you have notice of the action, who represents you or that you act for yourself, and your address for service. It is not an admission of the claim and does not commit you on the merits: it keeps your right to defend open.

Q: When must the defence be filed?
A: The general rule in rule 17.4 is 28 days from the filing of the memorandum of appearance, not from service. By written agreement with the claimant the period can be extended by up to 42 days in total, under rule 17.5, with the court informed in writing at once. The court keeps a separate power to extend.

Q: What happens if I do nothing?
A: The claimant can obtain default judgment under Part 13 of the Civil Procedure Rules 2023, without a hearing on the merits. That judgment is enforced like any court judgment. Setting aside is possible under Part 14: as of right where the judgment was wrongly entered, and in the court's discretion in other cases, where it also counts whether you moved without delay.

Q: I live abroad and was served there. Do the same rules apply?
A: The basic obligations are the same, but where service is made out of the jurisdiction the periods are computed differently, under Section V of Part 6 of the rules. Tell us the date and the manner in which you received them, and we will tell you the deadlines that apply in your case.

Q: Can I dispute that the Cyprus court has jurisdiction?
A: Yes, by application under Part 12 of the Civil Procedure Rules 2023, and you need not file a defence before that application is heard. The decision must be taken at the start, because a defendant who proceeds to defend on the merits will struggle to dispute jurisdiction afterwards.

Q: What does it cost?
A: It depends on the case, which is why we publish no single fee for defence work. Tell us what you were served with and when, and we reply within one business day with the immediate steps and their cost, so you decide before anything is spent.

## Buying a Resale Property in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/buying-a-resale-property-in-cyprus
What changes when the house already exists and the title is issued: encumbrances and memos, additions built after completion, and the permit position.

Q: The house already has a title deed. Is due diligence still necessary?
A: An issued title deed answers the question of whether the property is separately registered. It does not tell you what is charged against it, whether a memo has been registered following a judgment against the owner, or whether what stands on the plot matches the permits it was built under. Those are separate searches and separate answers.

Q: What is the most common problem on a resale house?
A: Work carried out after the building was completed and not covered by the original permits. A covered veranda, an enclosed basement, a pool or a room in the roof. Where the position is recorded against the title it can affect dealings with the property, and the cost of regularising it, where that is possible at all, falls on whoever owns the property when the question is asked.

Q: The seller has a mortgage over the house. Does that stop the sale?
A: Not by itself. It has to be dealt with, and the way it is dealt with is a written undertaking or a mechanism in the contract for release against payment at the moment of transfer, rather than an assurance that it will be arranged nearer the time. Getting the release and the payment to happen together is a drafting question.

Q: Do I pay stamp duty on a resale purchase?
A: No, for a contract signed from 1 January 2026 onward. The Stamp Duty Laws were repealed with effect from that date by the Stamp Duty (Repeal) Law of 2025, Law 239(I)/2025, and stamping is not a condition of depositing the contract at the Land Registry. Contracts signed on or before 31 December 2025 remain under the old regime: the repealing Law carries no saving provision, and section 10(2) of the Interpretation Law, Cap. 1, preserves duty that had already arisen.

Q: How are transfer fees calculated on a resale?
A: Transfer fees are charged by the Department of Lands and Surveys on its own assessment of market value, tiered at 3% on the first 85,000 euro, 5% from 85,001 to 170,000 euro and 8% above that. On a resale, where no VAT was charged on the purchase, a 50% reduction applies, giving effective rates of 1.5%, 2.5% and 4%.

Q: The estate agent has recommended a lawyer. Should I use them?
A: Ask who that advocate acts for, and get the answer before anything is signed or paid. Where the same firm is put forward to both sides of a sale, the interests that give way when something awkward is found are not usually those of the person introduced last.

## Buying at BidX1 Auctions in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/buying-at-bidx1-auctions-cyprus
How BidX1 online property auctions work in Cyprus and the checks to clear before you bid: the binding sale, title and possession, the real cost, and the legal pack review.

Q: Is a BidX1 winning bid legally binding?
A: Yes. On these platforms the winning bidder is committed at the close of the auction on the conditions in the legal pack, usually paying a deposit and a fee at that point. Some lots are unconditional and bind you immediately; others are subject to stated conditions. Which applies to your lot is in its legal pack, and it is the first thing to establish before you bid.

Q: How long do I have to check a lot before it closes?
A: Only the period between the lot being published and the auction closing, which is why the review is built to the auction timetable. Send the reference and the pack as soon as the lot interests you; the earlier it comes, the more room there is to raise a query with the seller before the clock runs down.

Q: What does the legal pack review cost?
A: It is a fixed fee for each pack, quoted before the review starts, so you know the cost before you commit. That is the auction and tender legal pack review, priced per lot rather than by time.

Q: The property is bank-repossessed. Does that change anything?
A: It sharpens the checks. Distressed and bank-held lots are where title, encumbrances and vacant possession most often carry a catch, and where the trapped-buyer question can arise. The value is real, but so is the need to read the pack against the registers before bidding, not after.

Q: Can you bid for me, or advise on my maximum?
A: The review gives you the legal facts and the true all-in cost, so your maximum bid reflects the real number rather than the guide price. The bid itself is yours to place, and we are available through the auction window for a question the pack throws up.

Q: I won a lot and now have doubts. What are my options?
A: That depends entirely on whether the sale was unconditional or subject to conditions, and on what the legal pack and the auction terms say, which is why the review matters before the hammer. Once you are committed, the room to move is narrow; tell us the position quickly and we will tell you honestly what remains open.

## Buying Off-Plan Property in Cyprus: Risks and Protections
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/buying-off-plan-property-in-cyprus
Developer insolvency, the mortgage over the development, depositing the contract within six months under Law 81(I)/2011, and the payment stages.

Q: What is the single most important protection for an off plan buyer in Cyprus?
A: Depositing the contract of sale with the Department of Lands and Surveys under Law 81(I)/2011, which gives the buyer the remedy of specific performance. Section 3(1)(c) of that Law, read with section 77Α of Cap. 149, requires deposit within six months of signature. It is a filing rather than a clause, and it is the deadline most often missed.

Q: The land is mortgaged to the developer's bank. Should I walk away?
A: Not necessarily, because developments are normally built with borrowed money and the lender takes security over the land. What matters is the mechanism for release: who obtains it, by when, at whose cost, and what follows if it is not obtained. An assurance that it will be dealt with in due course is not a mechanism.

Q: Is a developer's guarantee any use?
A: It depends on who issued it. A guarantee from a bank or an insurer is an obligation of a solvent third party. A guarantee from the developer, or from a company in the same group, adds little to a promise you already hold from the counterparty whose failure is the risk being guarded against. Ask also what triggers payment and when the instrument expires.

Q: How should the payment schedule be structured?
A: Against verified stages of construction rather than against dates, with certification by someone independent of the developer, a meaningful final instalment falling due on delivery, and a retention held against defects for a defined period after handover.

Q: The developer has gone into liquidation. What is my position?
A: It depends principally on whether the contract was deposited. A deposited contract gives a registered position and the remedy of specific performance. Part VIIA of Law 9/1965, sections 44ΙΗ to 44ΚΖ, also provides a route for buyers who have performed or substantially performed and have no title because the development is encumbered, and section 44ΙΗ requires that the contract was deposited by the date it fixes.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim about defects?
A: A claim on the contract runs for six years under section 7(1) of the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012. Contractual defects periods agreed with the developer are usually much shorter than that, and they run from delivery.

Q: Do I get the reduced 5% VAT on a first home, and whose job is it?
A: It is not automatic and the contract does not confer it. The reduced rate is claimed against conditions the buyer has to meet, and since Law 42(I)/2023 of 16 June 2023 it is measured by buildable area: the reduced rate on the first 130 square metres, proportional treatment up to 190, and nothing beyond that. What matters before signing is that somebody is actually attending to it and that the price, the invoicing and the declared area line up with the claim, rather than each side assuming the other has it in hand.

Q: The developer offers one guarantee for the whole building. Can it be split by element?
A: Yes, and it is one of the more useful amendments to ask for. A single period for everything treats a cracked render and a failing waterproofing membrane as the same risk, which they are not. What is normally asked for is a longer period for the structure and the elements whose failure is expensive and slow to appear, waterproofing, drainage and the roof among them, and a shorter one for finishes. Nothing in law fixes those periods, which is precisely why they are negotiable, and why a blanket year is a drafting choice rather than a standard.

Q: Can the guarantee be extended, and does a short guarantee limit my right to sue?
A: Extending it is a matter of agreement, and the moment to ask is before signing, when the developer still wants the sale. The second half of the question matters more. A guarantee and a limitation period are different things: the guarantee is what the developer has undertaken to put right without argument and for how long, while section 7(1) of the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012 bars an action on a contract six years after the cause of action was complete. A one year guarantee does not by itself shorten that, unless the contract makes the guarantee the only remedy, which is worth reading for.

Q: What is the order of things, from signing to a title in my name?
A: Sign, then deposit the contract with the Department of Lands and Surveys within six months under section 3(1)(c) of Law 81(I)/2011 read with section 77A of Cap. 149, which is the step that gives you specific performance. Pay against verified stages rather than dates. On completion, take delivery against the final instalment. Then the encumbrances over the land have to be released and the separate title issued before transfer can happen at the Land Registry under Law 9/1965. Where a development is encumbered and the title does not come, Part VIIA of Law 9/1965, sections 44IH to 44KZ, is the route for a buyer who has performed, and section 44IH requires the contract to have been deposited by the date it fixes.

Q: How do I make sure the property is actually released to me on delivery?
A: By writing the mechanism into the contract rather than trusting the sequence. The parts that do the work are a final instalment large enough that the developer wants it, falling due on delivery and not before; a defined obligation on the developer to obtain the release of the bank's security over your unit, with a date and a consequence attached; and a retention held back against defects for a stated period after handover. Delivery, release and payment should be tied to each other, because a promise to attend to the release afterwards is not a mechanism.

## Buying Property at Auction in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/buying-property-at-auction-cyprus
How Cyprus property auctions work, what is actually sold on a title lot and on an assignment lot, and the legal checks that must be finished before you bid.

Q: Is a winning bid binding?
A: Yes. The terms are fixed before the lot is listed and acceptance of the bid commits the buyer, with the bidder security retained and converted into the initial deposit. There is no period afterwards in which a problem found becomes the seller's problem, which is why the investigation has to be completed before the bid.

Q: The legal pack looks complete. Why is a separate review necessary?
A: Because the pack is assembled by the seller, is not a survey of the risk and is not warranted. What decides whether a lot is worth bidding on is frequently what the pack leaves out. We run our own Land Registry search and read it against the pack, and tell you what the difference between them means.

Q: What is the difference between a lot with a title deed and an assignment lot?
A: On a lot with a separate title the vendor is the registered owner and the sale completes by an ordinary transfer. On an assignment lot the vendor does not own the property: it holds contractual rights under a deposited contract of sale and sells those rights, expressly with no title guarantee. Section 7 of Law 9/1965 prohibits transfer by anyone other than the owner, so your route to a registered title runs through a third party.

Q: The property is occupied. Does the auction deliver vacant possession?
A: Not automatically, and this is the assumption most often made without checking. A lot may be occupied by a former owner, by a tenant under a tenancy that binds a purchaser, or by someone with no right at all. Each produces a different route to possession, and recovery through the courts is measured in months.

Q: A judgment has been registered against the current owner. Does that stay behind on the sale?
A: No. A memo is the registration of a judgment against the registered owner, and section 43 of Law 9/1965 provides that a transfer of the property does not annul the proceedings, extend any period fixed by the Law, or annul, delay or postpone any sale. The memo follows the land.

Q: How quickly can you review a pack?
A: Tell us the bidding deadline when you send the pack and we will tell you at once whether we can meet it. Where the deadline is close, say so in the first line of your email and we treat it as urgent. The review is a fixed fee agreed before the work starts.

## Buying Property in Cyprus from Abroad
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/buying-property-in-cyprus-from-abroad
The route through the purchase in six steps, in the order that protects you: what to check, when to sign, what to deposit, what it costs, and what comes after.

Q: What protects me once I have signed?
A: Lodging the contract at the Land Registry. Section 5(1) of Law 81(I)/2011 provides that lodging constitutes a charge over the property, taking its priority from the date of lodging, and section 3(1)(c) gives you six months from signature to do it. Everything a dishonest or merely disorganised seller can do to your position, they do in the window before you lodge.

Q: Must the seller give me anything with the contract?
A: Yes. Section 4(1A) of the same Law, added by the 2023 amending Law, requires the seller to include as an integral part of the contract a search certificate for the property, dated no more than five working days before signature. Section 4(1B) allows the Director to impose an administrative fine of up to EUR 10,000 for non-compliance. A contract handed to you without one does not comply.

Q: Can the seller mortgage the property after I sign?
A: Not without lodging your contract first. Section 4(1) obliges the seller, before mortgaging property that is the subject of an unlodged contract, to lodge it under section 3, provided the buyer has performed their obligations up to the date of lodging. A buyer behind on an instalment may have released the seller from the duty protecting them.

Q: Do I need to come to Cyprus to buy?
A: For most purchases, no. With a properly drawn power of attorney the search, the contract and the transfer can proceed while you stay where you are. How that works, and what the document must say, is set out under power of attorney from abroad.

Q: What is the single most important step on this page?
A: Step three, done at step three. Almost every dispute we litigate for buyers began as something a search would have shown before signature: a mortgage on the title, a missing permit, a seller who was not the owner. The check costs a fraction of the claim.

Q: Where do people get burnt?
A: Signing before checking, and not depositing the contract at the Land Registry in time. The first leaves you owning a problem; the second leaves you an unsecured creditor of whoever sold it to you.

Q: What does all this cost?
A: The guides and calculators are free. The fixed-fee services publish their prices on one page, and conveyancing itself is quoted before we start, so the cost is known in advance.

## Buying Property in Cyprus by Power of Attorney
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/buying-property-in-cyprus-remotely-by-power-of-attorney
Buying a Cyprus property without travelling: what the power of attorney must authorise, how it is executed abroad, and what cannot be delegated.

Q: Can I sign the contract myself abroad rather than use a power of attorney?
A: It is sometimes possible, and whether it is sensible is a question about the calendar. The contract has to be signed on a search certificate dated not more than five working days earlier, and a document that has to travel, be signed and travel back has to fit inside that. Where the timetable is tight, a power of attorney prepared in advance is the arrangement that removes the courier from the critical path.

Q: Does a power of attorney give my advocate control of my money?
A: No. It is an authority to carry out the acts it names, and the handling of funds is a separate arrangement agreed in advance and in writing. A power of attorney limited to a defined transaction, in favour of a named advocate at a registered law company, and capable of revocation, is a different instrument from a broad authority in favour of someone the buyer cannot identify. Ask what the document authorises before you sign it, and expect an answer in a language you read.

Q: I have already paid a reservation deposit. Is it too late to instruct anyone?
A: No, and it is the point at which most people do. Send the reservation agreement and the payment details with everything else. What is recoverable, and what leverage remains, depends on the terms the payment was made on, so those terms are the first thing to read.

Q: We are buying jointly and we live in different countries. Do we each need a power of attorney?
A: Each person who has to be represented normally signs their own, in the country where they are, and the documents arrive here separately. That is ordinary and it does not stop the work beginning. Tell us who is signing where, and we will say which steps can start with the documents already in hand.

## Buying or Selling a Business in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/buying-selling-business-cyprus
Share sales and asset sales in Cyprus: due diligence, the SPA, warranties and indemnities, completion mechanics and the handover that protects the price.

Q: How long does buying a business take?
A: A clean, well-prepared small transaction is measured in weeks; anything with property, licences, or consents from third parties is measured in months. The honest timetable is set by due diligence findings and third-party consents, and we state it early rather than optimistically.

Q: Do I need accountants as well as lawyers?
A: Yes, and the work is better when the two run in parallel: the tax structure decides real money, and the financial due diligence feeds the legal protections. We work alongside your accountant as a matter of course.

Q: The seller resists due diligence. Is that a red flag?
A: Resistance to reasonable requests is information. Sometimes it is disorganisation, which itself tells you about the records you are buying. The response is not to walk away by reflex but to convert the opacity into protection: wider warranties, specific indemnities, or price.

Q: What happens to the employees?
A: It depends on the structure of the deal, and it is one of the first questions we answer in the specific transaction, because the obligations differ between a share sale and an asset sale and the planning has deadlines of its own.

## Careers
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/careers
Career opportunities at Kleanthous & Platis LLC, a Nicosia law firm. What working at the firm involves, how to apply, and what an application should include.

## Commercial Contract Lawyers in Cyprus: Reply in One Business Day
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/commercial-contracts-cyprus
Drafting and reviewing commercial contracts under Cyprus law: supply, services, distribution, agency and licensing, with the clauses that decide disputes.

Q: Is an email exchange a binding contract in Cyprus?
A: It can be. Contract formation does not generally require a formal document, which is precisely why trading relationships need written terms that are properly incorporated: without them, the contract exists but its content is an argument.

Q: Are electronic signatures valid?
A: Yes, under the European eIDAS framework, which applies directly in Cyprus. A qualified electronic signature has the same legal effect as a handwritten one, and even a simple electronic signature cannot be denied effect merely because it is electronic: its weight is a question of proof. For most commercial contracts the practical question is therefore process, not validity. The exceptions are documents with their own form requirements, land transfers, wills, documents that must be sworn, and we flag those before signing.

Q: Does the contract have to be in Greek?
A: No. Commercial contracts in Cyprus are routinely in English, and English-language contracts are litigated here daily. What matters is that both sides understood what they signed, and that the language of the contract matches the language of the evidence the relationship will generate.

Q: What does a review cost?
A: A fixed fee, quoted when we see the document's length and the deal's shape, with the written report included. If the review shows the contract is fine, the report says so in one page.

## Commercial Dispute Lawyers in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/commercial-disputes-cyprus
Commercial and contract disputes in Cyprus: breach of contract, distribution and agency, partnership and joint venture fallouts, in court and in arbitration.

Q: The other side broke the contract. Can I just stop performing?
A: Not safely. Suspending your own performance without a contractual or legal right to do so can itself amount to a breach, and in the worst case hands the other side a termination claim. The contract is read first, then the step is planned.

Q: Our contract has an arbitration clause. Can I still sue in court?
A: You can file, but expect the proceedings to be halted if the other side asks in time. For international commercial arbitration the referral is mandatory unless the arbitration agreement is invalid or inoperative; for domestic arbitration the court decides on settled conditions. The clause usually wins.

Q: How long do I have to bring a contract claim in Cyprus?
A: Generally six years from the breach. Fees of independent professionals are subject to a three-year period. Where the dates are close, take advice before assuming the claim is alive or dead.

Q: What does a dispute like this cost?
A: The assessment is a fixed fee with a written outcome. Beyond it, nothing is spent without your decision, and fixed fees are used wherever the work is genuinely definable.

Q: Is there a specialist commercial court in Cyprus?
A: Legislated, but not the forum yet. Law 69(I)/2022 establishes a Commercial Court with first instance jurisdiction over a commercial dispute where the amount actually in dispute exceeds two million euro, and over competition damages actions, intellectual property matters and arbitration matters whatever the amount. A judge of that Court may also allow the proceedings, the documents and the judgment to be in English. Its jurisdiction does not begin with the Law, though: under section 32(2) the provisions that give it jurisdiction take effect only when the Supreme Court publishes a notice that the Court is constituted and ready to operate, and section 33(1)(a) keeps first instance jurisdiction over commercial disputes with the District Court until that notice is published. What the Law means for a particular case, including the notice on which its jurisdiction depends, is set out in the Commercial Court, and the case heard in English. The Civil Procedure Rules 2023 (13/2023) supply the procedure and the active case management that goes with it.

Q: Can a claim be decided without a trial?
A: Sometimes. The rules allow summary judgment where there is no real issue to be tried on the claim, no real defence to it, and no other compelling reason for a trial. The threshold cuts both ways: a claimant has to show there is nothing genuinely in dispute, and a defendant defeats the application by showing an arguable defence rather than a good one. Where the documents settle the matter it is the fastest route there is.

Q: What is an offer to settle, and why does it change the arithmetic?
A: It is a formal offer under the rules, made on a prescribed form, open for acceptance for 21 days, and its whole point is what it does to costs. If a defendant offers and the claimant fails to beat that offer, the claimant pays the defendant's costs from the day the acceptance period expired. If a claimant offers and does beat it, the claimant is entitled to costs on the higher, indemnity basis from that date. An offer can be made at any stage, and it converts the question from who is right into what the risk of being wrong now costs.

Q: Can the other side make me put up security for costs?
A: They can apply for it. The court may order a claimant to give security where the claimant is not resident in Cyprus or is a company without assets here, or where a company appears unable to meet a costs order, weighing the value of the claim, its prospects, the nature of the assets and the surrounding circumstances. A claimant based abroad is asked for it often enough that it belongs in the budget rather than in the surprises.

Q: Can I be paid something before the case ends?
A: Possibly. The rules allow an interim payment on account of a probable final judgment where the defendant has admitted liability, where the claimant is likely to recover a substantial sum, and where the defendant has the means to pay, an insurer or a public authority behind them being the clearest case. The amount is adjusted at the final judgment. It does not fit every commercial claim, but where liability is not really in issue and only the figure is, it is worth asking for.

## Company Formation Lawyers in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/company-formation-cyprus
Forming a Cyprus company with the structure decided first: share classes, articles that match the deal, and the documents that prevent disputes.

Q: How quickly can a Cyprus company be formed?
A: The registration itself is measured in days once the papers are ready. What honestly sets the timetable is the structure conversation and, where founders are abroad, the collection of signatures and identification documents. We give a realistic date at the start, not an optimistic one.

Q: I am the only founder. Do I still need all this?
A: The structure conversation is shorter but not empty: the articles should already provide for what happens when a second shareholder or an investor arrives, because retrofitting protections after money has come in is negotiation from weakness.

Q: Do I need a shareholders' agreement at formation?
A: With two or more unrelated founders, yes, and it is cheapest and easiest to agree while relations are at their best. A single founder does not need one until a second person acquires shares.

Q: Do my directors need to live in Cyprus?
A: Company law does not require it: the Companies Law imposes no residence or nationality condition on directors. The practice of appointing Cyprus-resident directors comes from tax law, where a company is tax resident where its management and control are exercised, which is assessed on the whole picture: where the board actually meets and decides, where the records live. Structuring that properly is a planning question, and it belongs to the formation conversation, not after it.

Q: Can you act as registered office and secretary?
A: We arrange registered office and secretarial support as part of the formation where the client wants it, so the company's statutory housekeeping has a home from day one.

## Construction and Workplace Accident Claims in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/construction-accident-claims-cyprus
Who may be answerable for an accident on a Cyprus building site, what the permit and site records show, the evidence that disappears first, and the time limit.

Q: I was not employed by anyone on the site. I invoice for my work.
A: Tell us that at the start. Whether a person on a site is an employee, a subcontractor or engaged through an agency changes who the claim may be brought against and on what basis. It does not follow that there is no claim. It does follow that the documents we need are different ones.

Q: Nobody wrote anything down at the time.
A: That is common and it is not the end of it. Write your own account now, with the date, the time, the exact place on the site and the names of everyone you remember being there, and keep it. A contemporaneous note made by you is worth more than a recollection given a year later, and it costs nothing to make.

Q: I am worried about my job.
A: It is a reasonable concern and you are entitled to raise it before you do anything. The employment consequences of bringing a claim are a separate subject from the claim itself, and we would rather discuss them with you at the outset than have you decide the question alone.

Q: The building itself was defective. Is that the same claim?
A: No, though the same facts may support both. A claim about the building is a contract claim about what was promised and what was delivered, and it is dealt with under Construction. A claim about an injury is about the duty owed to the person who was hurt. The limitation periods are different, which is the practical reason for keeping them apart.

Q: Several companies were working on the site. Who is answerable?
A: The first question is who had control of the part of the site where the accident happened, and the answer may be your employer, the main contractor, another subcontractor, the owner, or the supplier of the equipment. How responsibility is divided between them is usually written into the building contract and the subcontracts, which are governed by the Contract Law, Cap. 149. That is why we ask for the contract documents early.

Q: Where do I find out who the supervising engineer on the project was?
A: Under section 9Α of the Streets and Buildings Regulation Law, Cap. 96, no permit is implemented unless the appropriate authority is satisfied that a supervising engineer has been appointed, with an exception for works of limited scale and significance. The appointment is filed with the District Local Government Organisation and is requested from there, in writing under Law 184(I)/2017 or by an order for disclosure. The owner’s written notices of commencement and of any suspension go to the engineer, so they are obtained from the engineer or from the owner. Whether the engineer owes a duty to the injured person is a separate question: we have not identified a Cyprus judgment establishing one.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim after a site accident?
A: An action for damages for bodily injury is subject to a three year limitation period under the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012. Where the accident sits alongside a contractual dispute, the periods that apply to each have to be established separately. Under section 6(2) time runs from the day the cause of action was completed, or from the day the injured person came to know of the injury where that was later, and under section 6(3) the court has a discretion to disapply the limitation provisions in a claim for bodily injury or death, a discretion that cannot be exercised more than two years after the right became time barred. Tell us the date first.

Q: The company says the accident was my fault.
A: That argument is common and it is rarely the whole answer. Under section 57 of the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148, fault of the injured person does not defeat the claim; it reduces the damages by the share the court considers just. And the argument is tested against facts: what protective equipment was actually provided, what instruction was actually given, and whether it was given in a language you understand, which is what section 13 of the Safety and Health at Work Law 89(I)/1996 requires of the employer. Tell us what you were given and what you were told, and when.

Q: I am receiving social insurance payments. Do they come off the claim?
A: Under section 65 of the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148, sums paid or payable by the Social Insurance Fund as benefit or allowance in consequence of the same circumstances are not taken into account in computing damages, and nor are sums under a contract of insurance. Receiving benefits is not a reason to delay taking advice. A separate rule, section 62, prevents recovering from the employer both compensation under workmen's compensation legislation and damages under Cap. 148 for the same occurrence: which route applies in your case is one of the first things examined.

Q: I was not wearing the protective equipment. Do I lose the claim?
A: No. Section 57 of the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148, provides that where a person suffers damage partly through their own fault and partly through the fault of another, the claim is not defeated: the damages are reduced to the extent the court thinks just, having regard to that person's share in the responsibility. How that applies to your facts is a matter of evidence and is not predicted at a first meeting.

## Construction Dispute Lawyers in Cyprus, Nicosia
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/construction-disputes-cyprus
The disputes a Cyprus building project produces and how each is approached: defects, delay and extension of time, variations, unpaid certificates, termination.

Q: What can I do if the contractor is late delivering?
A: We look first at the contract, for the delay damages clause and for the completion date it actually fixes. Depending on those terms there may be a claim for damages or, in some cases, a right to terminate. What decides it is the wording rather than how far past the date the project has run.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim about a defect?
A: It depends on how the claim is put. On the contract, six years from when the cause of action arose, under section 7(1) of Law 66(I)/2012. In negligence against the architect, the engineer or the contractor, three years, under section 6(2). Time runs from the defective work or from delivery, not from the day the defect appeared, unless it was deliberately concealed. The precise date turns on the facts of your own matter.

Q: Do I need an engineer, or is a lawyer enough?
A: In a defects matter the technical opinion of an independent engineer usually decides how far the claim goes. We instruct engineers where the case needs one, so that the legal strategy rests on documented technical findings rather than on assertion.

Q: Arbitration or court for a dispute with the contractor?
A: It depends on your contract. Where it contains an arbitration clause, that is usually the required route. Where it does not, proceedings in the District Court under the Civil Procedure Rules 2023 are the ordinary choice. Read the dispute resolution clause before taking any procedural step, because issuing in the wrong forum invites an application to stay.

Q: Can I set off what I owe against the cost of putting defects right?
A: Often yes, where the defects are properly evidenced and the contract or the general law permits it. It is not automatic, and a set off asserted without evidence behind it converts a defects argument into a non-payment argument. We look at the contract and the material before advising that it is safe.

Q: We are still on site and the relationship has broken down. Is it too early to take advice?
A: It is the opposite of too early. While the works continue, the records that decide the case are still being created, the notices the contract requires can still be given in time, and nothing irreversible has been done. Most of the damage we are asked to repair afterwards was done in the weeks when one side stopped following the contract and started writing letters instead.

Q: The contract fixes a sum for every week of delay. Is the employer simply entitled to it?
A: Not automatically. Under section 74(1) of the Contract Law, Cap. 149, where a contract names a sum to be paid in case of breach, reasonable compensation not exceeding that sum may be awarded, whether or not actual damage or loss is proved. The named figure operates as a ceiling. What is recovered within it is a question about what is reasonable, and the contractor's own entitlement to an extension of time is usually argued at the same moment.

Q: The subcontractor did the work badly. Can I claim against the subcontractor directly?
A: Only if something connects you to it. A subcontractor is generally answerable to the main contractor that engaged it. Unless there is a direct agreement, a collateral warranty or an assignment, the employer's claim lies against the main contractor, which may in turn pass it down. This is settled by reading the contracts, and it is one of the reasons a project's paperwork is worth arranging before it is needed.

Q: Does a defects liability period limit what I can claim?
A: A defects liability period is a contractual mechanism giving the contractor the right and the obligation to return and put defects right within a defined window. What it does to a claim for breach of contract once that window has closed depends on the words used in the particular contract, which is why the answer starts with the clause rather than with the general position.

## Construction Law in Cyprus: Contracts, Permits and Disputes
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/construction
Building contracts, permits and project set-up in Cyprus, and disputes over defects, delay, variations and unpaid certificates, for developers and contractors.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim about a building defect?
A: It depends on how the claim is put. On the building contract, six years, under section 7(1) of the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012. In negligence against the architect, the engineer or the contractor, three years, under section 6(2). Both periods run from the day the cause of action is completed, not automatically from the defective work; in negligence, because damage is an element of the claim, the basis can be completed in a later year than the careless act. Section 6(2) postpones the start where the injured person learns of a bodily injury later, and section 14 where the claim involves fraud, deliberate concealment or mistake. The precise trigger is a question of fact. The evidence usually binds before the period does: a defect claim needs expert evidence on what went wrong and when, and that gets harder to gather the longer the building has been lived in. Document the defect, establish the dates, then take advice.

Q: Can you review a building contract before I sign it?
A: Yes, and it is the cheapest useful thing we do. We look at whether the scope is actually defined by drawings and specifications, whether the programme has an end date that means something, whether payment follows progress, and whether there is a real remedy for delay and for defects. Most construction disputes are decided by a document signed before the first block was laid.

Q: The contractor has stopped work and is asking for more money. What are my options?
A: Start with the contract rather than with the conversation. Whether the contractor is entitled to more depends on what has been instructed, what has been certified and what the payment provisions say, and whether it is entitled to stop depends on separate provisions again. Paying to restart work without recording what the payment is for, and without dealing with the underlying entitlement, tends to buy a few weeks and weaken your position. With the contract, the payment applications and the certificates in front of us the answer is usually clear quickly.

Q: Do I need a written contract at all for a small build?
A: The smaller the project, the more likely it is that there is nothing in writing and the more painful the argument becomes, because there is no yardstick for what was promised. A short written agreement that identifies the drawings and specification, fixes a price and a completion date, ties payment to progress and says what happens about defects will cost a fraction of one week of a dispute. It does not have to be long to be useful.

Q: We are partway through and the relationship is deteriorating. Is it too early to take advice?
A: It is the best moment. While the works continue, the records that decide the case are still being created and the notices the contract requires can still be given in time. Advice at that stage is usually about administering the contract properly for the remainder of the project, which is both cheaper than litigation and frequently the thing that prevents it.

Q: Who is responsible if the design is wrong rather than the workmanship?
A: That depends on who was engaged to do what, and it is answered from the appointments rather than from the site. Design responsibility may sit with a consultant engaged directly by the employer, or with the contractor where the contract places design on it, and a single physical defect can involve both in a proportion that has to be established. This is why the consultant appointments and the building contract are read together rather than separately.

Q: The building is finished but items are outstanding. Should I pay the final account?
A: Not without recording the position. Payment against an unqualified final account can be treated as acceptance, so if there are outstanding items, defects or a retention still to be released, that should be documented at the time and the payment made on stated terms. This is a short piece of drafting and it preserves everything that would otherwise be argued about later.

## Contact
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/contact
Kleanthous & Platis LLC, advocates in Nicosia. Telephone +357 22 680 330, office@kleanthousplatis.com, Florinis 7, Greg Tower, 1065 Nicosia, Cyprus.

Q: How quickly will I get a reply?
A: We aim to reply to every enquiry within one business day. For something genuinely urgent, Klitos Platis can be reached directly at klitos@kleanthousplatis.com.

Q: Do I need an appointment before visiting the office?
A: Yes, we recommend arranging one by email, or by telephone, first, so that the person who deals with your kind of matter is the one who sees you. The office is at Florinis 7, Greg Tower, 2nd Floor, Office 202, 1065 Nicosia, open Monday to Friday, 08:00 to 18:00.

Q: Can you act for me if I am abroad?
A: Yes. We act regularly for clients who live outside Cyprus, by email, telephone and video call, and a great deal can be carried out at a distance where the law allows it, including through a power of attorney drafted for the specific transaction.

Q: What does a first assessment cost?
A: It depends on the matter. Write to us with a short account of it and we will tell you the basis of the fee before anything is taken on. For standard property transactions we give a fixed completion fee in advance, and the published fixed-fee services carry their own prices.

Q: Am I your client once I have written to you?
A: Not yet, and this matters where a deadline is running. A matter is taken on after the facts and documents have been reviewed, conflict and compliance checks have been carried out, and the engagement, its scope and the basis of the fee have been confirmed in writing. No lawyer and client relationship exists before that stage, so tell us at once if a limitation period or a contractual deadline is close.

## Contested Estates and Will Disputes in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/contested-estates-cyprus
Disputes over Cyprus estates: challenging a will, the reserved portion, caveats before probate, and claims against executors and administrators.

Q: When is it too late to challenge?
A: The practical watershed is the grant, and after it, distribution. Claims can exist after both, but each step makes recovery slower and harder. If you believe something is wrong, the caveat should be considered now, not after the family meeting.

Q: Can I stop probate from being issued?
A: Yes: a caveat filed with the probate registry before the grant prevents any grant from issuing while the dispute is brought to court. It is the single most effective early step in these cases.

Q: What does a challenge cost?
A: The written assessment is a fixed fee, and it includes the honest scenario where the will stands or where the portion claim gives you most of what a fight would. Beyond it, nothing is spent without your decision.

Q: If the will falls, who inherits?
A: An earlier valid will if one exists, otherwise the intestacy rules. We check before starting that success actually improves your position: it is not a rhetorical exercise, and it has changed clients' minds in both directions.

Q: The person who benefits pressured my parent into the will. Does the law deal with that?
A: In two ways, and they are different claims. Section 29 of Cap. 195 makes a will procured by coercion, fraud or psychological pressure void, in whole or in the affected part: that attacks the will. Sections 17 to 20 make the person who exerted the pressure unworthy to succeed at all, along with anyone who submitted a forged will or destroyed a real one: that attacks the inheritor. The unworthiness action has its own three year limit from the death, so raise it early. Both need evidence, not indignation, and the first assessment says honestly which, if either, your facts support.

## Corporate & Commercial
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/corporate-commercial
Cyprus company formation, shareholder and director duties, commercial contracts, technology and data work, for local and international clients, from Nicosia.

Q: We are two equal shareholders and we get on. Do we really need a shareholders' agreement?
A: The agreement is not for the period when you get on. It is for the period when one of you wants to sell, or to stop working, or to bring in a partner, or dies, and the other does not agree. Two equal holders with no mechanism for resolving a disagreement have built a company that stops functioning the moment one arises. It is a short document, it is cheap while the relationship is good, and it is close to unobtainable once it is not.

Q: Can you review a contract that has already been signed?
A: Yes, and it is a different exercise from a pre-signature review. Before signature the question is what to change. Afterwards the question is what was agreed, what it means for the situation in front of you, and what your options are. With the contract, anything that varied it, and the correspondence around the problem in front of us we can tell you where you stand rather than what you should have done.

Q: My co-shareholder is excluding me from the company. What can I do?
A: Start by establishing what your rights actually are, which means the constitution, any shareholders' agreement, and what the register and the filings record. Exclusion is a common complaint and the remedies available depend heavily on what is documented, so the assessment comes before the letter. Where the position needs protecting quickly, that is dealt with under litigation, and we will tell you at the outset whether that is realistic in your case.

Q: How long does it take to set up a Cyprus company?
A: The formation itself is not usually the constraint. The constraint is the compliance and identification material for every person involved, which has to be gathered, checked and, where the parties are abroad, certified. Businesses that assemble that material early are ready when the formation completes. Businesses that leave it are still waiting weeks later, and the delay has nothing to do with the registry.

Q: Do you act for the company or for the shareholder?
A: One or the other, and we say which at the outset and record it in the engagement. The company and its shareholders have different interests, and those interests separate at exactly the moment advice is most needed. Acting for both and hoping the question never arises is how a firm ends up unable to act for either.

Q: What does this work cost?
A: Definable pieces of work are quoted as fixed fees: a formation, a contract review, a shareholders' agreement for an agreed structure, a set of resolutions. Transactions and disputes are priced by stage and estimated before each stage begins, because what they cost depends on what the other side does. In either case you have the figure before the work starts.

## Cross-Border Litigation Lawyers in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cross-border-litigation-cyprus
Cross-border disputes with a Cyprus connection: jurisdiction, enforcing foreign judgments and awards, and Cyprus orders in aid of foreign cases.

Q: I have an EU judgment against a debtor with a Cyprus bank account. How fast can I move?
A: Fast. EU judgments need no declaration of enforceability in Cyprus: the judgment and the standard certificate open the way to execution. The practical timetable is set by locating the assets and the enforcement step chosen, not by a recognition procedure.

Q: My judgment is from a non-EU country. Is it enforceable in Cyprus?
A: It depends on the country. If a treaty applies, the judgment is registered under Law 121(I)/2000 on a short statutory procedure. If not, it is enforced by action on the judgment at common law: final judgment, fixed sum, competent court, no conflict with public policy. Send us the judgment and we will confirm the route within one business day.

Q: Can a Cyprus court freeze assets when the main case is abroad?
A: Yes. The statutory power to grant interim orders extends to proceedings outside the jurisdiction, and for arbitration the court has the same powers whatever the seat. In EU matters the Regulation preserves this power expressly.

Q: Do you replace our lawyers in the main proceedings?
A: No. They run their proceedings, we run everything Cypriot, and the division of labour is agreed at the start so nothing is done twice.

Q: Is there a faster route for an undisputed cross-border debt?
A: Yes, and it is under-used. The European Order for Payment, under Regulation (EC) 1896/2006, is available in cross-border civil and commercial matters and is applied for on a standard form at the District Court. Where the application is complete the order is to be issued within 30 days. The debtor then has 30 days from service to oppose it. If they oppose, the matter moves into ordinary proceedings; if they do not, the order becomes enforceable and can be enforced in another member state.

Q: The sum is small. Is a claim in another country worth bringing at all?
A: There is a procedure built around exactly that question. The European Small Claims Procedure, under Regulation (EC) 861/2007, applies to cross-border cases where at least one party is domiciled or seated in a member state other than that of the court. It is written to stay proportionate to the sum in dispute, which is the calculation that usually decides whether a small cross-border claim is pursued or written off.

Q: Our witnesses are not in Cyprus. How is their evidence taken?
A: The Civil Procedure Rules 2023 (13/2023) deal with evidence from outside the jurisdiction in both directions: evidence taken from another member state under the EU instruments, and requests from a foreign court that the Cyprus court executes. It is a question to raise at the case management stage rather than at the door of the court, because the mechanism takes time that the trial timetable has to accommodate.

## Cyprus Company Annual Compliance Pack
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-annual-compliance-pack
One fixed annual fee that keeps a Cyprus company compliant: the HE32 annual return, the beneficial ownership confirmation, the registered office and basic secretarial work.

Q: What is in the annual compliance pack?
A: Four things a live Cyprus company needs every year, held together: the annual return, Form HE32, prepared and filed with the Registrar of Companies within its deadline; confirmation of the company's entry on the beneficial ownership register, and filing of any change within the fifteen days the law allows; the registered office at our Nicosia address, with mail scanned to you the same business day; and the routine secretarial filings, changes of officers, of registered office and of share particulars, prepared as they arise.

Q: What does it cost?
A: From €900 per company per year, plus VAT where it applies, for a straightforward holding or trading company with a stable structure. It rises towards €1,200 where there is more to keep current: several directors and shareholders, changes of beneficial ownership during the year, or share transfers that need filing. We confirm the fixed figure for your company before you commit.

Q: Does this include the tax return and audited accounts?
A: No, and that distinction matters. The pack covers the company-law compliance kept by the Registrar of Companies: the annual return, the beneficial ownership register and the secretarial filings. The tax return to the Tax Department and the audited financial statements are separate work done by your accountant and auditor. We coordinate with them where useful, but we do not hold that work out as ours.

Q: We already have you as registered office. Can we add the rest?
A: Yes. The registered office and mail handling on its own is €400 a year; the pack takes that address and adds the annual return, the beneficial ownership confirmation and the secretarial filings on the one renewal date. An existing registered office client moves onto the pack at the next renewal, with nothing to re-sign except the wider engagement.

Q: What happens if a deadline is close when we appoint you?
A: Say so and we prioritise. The annual return carries an automatic charge that grows the longer it is late, alongside the offence itself, so a return already overdue is dealt with first. After a conflict and client check we confirm in writing within one business day and tell you plainly what is outstanding and what it will take to bring the company current.

Q: Is the annual company levy still payable?
A: No. The €350 annual levy was abolished by Law 25(I)/2024 with effect from 1 January 2024, by deleting the provision that carried it. Arrears for the years 2011 to 2023 remain due, so a company that never paid the levy in those years can still owe it, and we check that as part of bringing a company current.

## A Cyprus Company or a Branch: Which to Register
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-company-or-branch
A Cyprus company is a separate legal person, a branch is your own company standing here. What each one must file under Cap. 113, and which the risk points to.

Q: Is a branch cheaper to set up than a company?
A: Not by as much as people assume. The branch has to deliver constitutional documents, certified translations where they are not in English, a list of directors, secretary and authorised representatives, and a person here to accept service, all within a month under section 347(1), and it then files the parent's accounts every year under section 350. The saving is real but modest, and it is bought with the parent's liability.

Q: Can a branch be converted into a Cyprus company later?
A: Not by conversion. The company is incorporated and the business is transferred to it, which is a transaction with its own contracts, consents and, where employees are involved, its own protections. It is done regularly and it is easier decided at the start than unwound later.

Q: Does a branch need a Cyprus resident director?
A: A branch has no directors of its own: it has the foreign company's directors. What section 347(1) requires here is one or more persons resident in the Republic authorised to accept service. Where a group wants Cyprus management and control for tax reasons, that is an argument for a company with a real board here, not for a branch.

Q: Which one do our customers contract with?
A: With a company, the Cyprus company itself, and its balance sheet is what the counterparty is looking at. With a branch, the foreign company, whatever the letterhead says, which is why section 351 requires the name and country of incorporation to appear on it. Counterparties who care about who they are dealing with usually prefer the honesty of a company.

Q: We only want an address and a presence, not an operation.
A: Then neither may be the right instrument. A place of business is what triggers the branch obligations in the first place, and registering one you do not need buys filings without benefit. Say what the presence is for and the answer is usually simpler than either.

## Construction Lawyers in Cyprus: Developers and Contractors
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-construction-lawyers
Cyprus construction lawyers for developers, contractors, subcontractors and consultants: project set-up, contracts, and disputes over payment and delay.

Q: At what point should a lawyer be involved in a construction project?
A: Before the contract is signed, and then in short pieces as the project runs. The documents settled at the outset determine almost everything that can be argued later, and the notices given during the works determine whether an entitlement survives. Involvement after a defect has appeared or a payment has been refused is still worthwhile, but by then the options are narrower and the cost is higher.

Q: Can you act if the project is outside Nicosia?
A: Yes. We act on projects across Cyprus, and construction work is largely document based, so the location of the site affects inspections and expert attendance rather than the conduct of the matter. Remote consultations can be arranged for clients who are not in Cyprus at all.

Q: Do you work with technical experts?
A: Where the issue is technical, yes. Defect and delay questions are ultimately proved by evidence from within the relevant discipline, and we coordinate with architects, engineers and quantity surveyors as the matter requires. Identifying early which technical question actually decides the case tends to reduce the amount of expert work needed rather than increase it.

Q: We are on opposite sides of a project with an existing client of yours. Can you still act?
A: No. Every matter goes through a conflict check before anything is discussed in substance, and if we cannot act we say so immediately and without having taken your confidential information. That is also why we ask you to identify the parties and the project at the very first contact.

Q: What should I send with a first enquiry?
A: Identify the parties, the project, the present stage and any deadline. Beyond that, the contract with its specification and drawings, the permits, the programme, the payment applications and certificates, the site records and a short chronology, together with any photographs and any expert report already obtained. That is normally enough for a first view.

## Cyprus Contract Review Before You Sign
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-contract-review
A written review of the contract in front of you before you sign it: what binds you, what is missing, what to ask to change, with a fixed fee quoted within 24 hours.

Q: If it is a property contract, what should already be attached?
A: A search certificate. Section 4(1A) of Law 81(I)/2011 requires the seller to include one as an integral part of the contract, dated no more than five working days before the date of signature, and section 4(1B) allows an administrative fine of up to EUR 10,000 where they do not. If the draft in front of you has no current search certificate with it, that is the first thing the review will say.

Q: Will the review tell me about deadlines?
A: Where the contract carries statutory ones, yes. On a purchase of immovable property the deadline that matters most is in section 3(1)(c) of Law 81(I)/2011: six months from signature to lodge the contract at the Land Registry, because section 5(1) makes lodging a charge over the property taking priority from the date it is lodged.

Q: Can you review a contract in Greek, or in English?
A: Either. The firm works in both, and the comments come back in the language you write to us in.

Q: What exactly do I receive?
A: Written comments from a partner: the terms that bind you and their consequences, the protections that are missing, the amendments to ask for in words you can forward, and a plain answer to your own question. A call to walk through it is included where it helps.

Q: How fast is it?
A: The fixed fee comes back within 24 hours of your details. The review itself is delivered in the timeframe agreed with the quote, usually two business days for a contract of ordinary length.

Q: Will you negotiate or redraft it for me?
A: The review is the fixed-fee product. If you then want the firm to negotiate with the other side or redraft the document, that is quoted separately before any work, so nothing appears on a fee note you have not agreed.

Q: Is what I send confidential?
A: Yes. The enquiry goes to the office and nowhere else: no third-party form service holds it and nothing is stored beyond the email itself. An enquiry is confidential whether or not the firm is engaged.

## Cyprus Debt Recovery for Foreign Creditors
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-debt-recovery-foreign-creditors
A fixed-fee assessment for a creditor abroad chasing a Cyprus debtor: is the debt still enforceable, what does the debtor own, and which instrument collects.

Q: What does the assessment cost?
A: A fixed fee, quoted before the work starts, covering the enforceability view, the Land Registry and Companies Registry searches, and a recommendation on the first instrument. If you instruct us for the recovery itself, the assessment fee is credited against that work, so on a matter that proceeds the diligence effectively costs nothing extra.

Q: How is this different from just sending a letter before action?
A: The letter before action is one instrument, and sometimes the right first move on its own. The assessment decides whether it is the right move for your debtor, or whether a statutory demand, immediate proceedings, or a freezing order fits better, and it confirms the debt is still enforceable before you spend anything. For a straightforward solvent debtor, the letter alone may be all you need.

Q: The debtor is a Cyprus company that looks dormant. Is it worth pursuing?
A: That is exactly what the Companies Registry search answers: whether the company is live, in the hands of a liquidator, struck off, or trading under another name, and what it owns or has charged. The assessment tells you whether there is anything to recover against before you commit to proceedings, which is the question a creditor abroad cannot answer alone.

Q: Can you enforce my English or other foreign judgment here?
A: Yes, after recognition. An EU member-state judgment travels on the EU instruments; other judgments come through a treaty or an action on the judgment at common law. Once recognised, it enforces with the same execution measures as a Cyprus judgment. Send the judgment and the assessment identifies the route and the steps.

Q: Do you act for creditors based outside Cyprus?
A: Regularly. Meetings are held remotely, instructions are taken from abroad, and where a signature or an appearance is needed it is arranged through a properly prepared power of attorney. You do not need to be in Cyprus for the recovery to run.

Q: Is there a minimum debt size?
A: No fixed floor, but the assessment will tell you honestly whether the likely recovery justifies the cost of pursuing it against this debtor. Part of the value of a fixed-fee first step is that it can tell you a debt is not worth chasing before you spend more finding that out.

## Cyprus Forced Heirship Calculator
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-forced-heirship-calculator
How much of a Cyprus estate can be left by will and how much passes by law under sections 41 and 44 of Cap. 195, with the spouse and children shares.

Q: Can I leave my Cyprus property to whoever I want?
A: Not if Cyprus law governs the succession and you leave certain relatives. Section 41 of Cap. 195 caps the disposable portion at one quarter of the net estate where you leave a child or a descendant of a child, and at one half where you leave a spouse or a parent but no child. Only where you leave no spouse, no child or descendant of a child, and no father or mother is the whole estate disposable.

Q: What happens if my will gives away more than the disposable portion?
A: Section 41(2) provides that the disposition is reduced and cut down proportionately so as to be confined to the disposable portion. The will is not invalid; it is abated.

Q: Is there any way to leave everything to my husband or wife?
A: Yes, in one configuration. The proviso to section 41(2) provides that no reduction is made where the deceased leaves a spouse but no child or descendant of a child and no father or mother, and the excess, which may amount to the whole of the statutory portion, was left to the surviving spouse. A childless couple whose parents have died can leave everything to each other.

Q: How much does my spouse get if I have children?
A: Under section 44(a), where the deceased left a child, whether living or represented by descendants, the spouse takes a share equal to the share of each of the children. With three children the statutory portion is divided into four equal parts.

Q: I am British. Does Cyprus forced heirship apply to me?
A: It may. The exemption in section 42 of Cap. 195 was deleted by Law 96(I)/2015 on 3 July 2015. Since 17 August 2015 the question is governed by Regulation (EU) 650/2012, which allows a person to choose the law of their nationality to govern the succession. Whether that choice has been made validly is the first thing to establish, and it is a question about your will rather than about Cap. 195.

Q: Does this apply to property I transfer during my lifetime?
A: This page addresses the estate at death. Lifetime transfers raise separate questions and are not modelled here.

Q: What changes if I die without a will at all?
A: With a will you direct the disposable portion under section 41, and the statutory portion passes under section 44 and the First Schedule regardless. Without a will there is no disposable portion to direct: the whole estate passes under section 44 and the First Schedule. A will never controls everything, but intestacy controls nothing.

## Cyprus Income Tax Rates 2026: First 22,000 Euros Tax Free
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-income-tax-rates
From the 2026 tax year the first 22,000 euros of taxable income are free of income tax, up from 19,500, the 35 per cent band starts at 72,000, and companies pay 15 per cent.

Q: Do these bands apply to me at all?
A: Only if you are tax resident here. Section 2 of the Income Tax Law, Law 118(I)/2002, defines a resident in the Republic, for an individual, by reference to days spent in the Republic, and sets out how the days are counted: the day of departure counts as a day outside, the day of arrival as a day in, arrival and departure on the same day as one day in, and departure and return on the same day as one day out. Those four rules decide more borderline cases than the headline day count does.

Q: And for a company?
A: Section 2 gives two limbs. A company is resident in the Republic where its control and management are exercised in the Republic, or where it is incorporated in the Republic under the Companies Law, unless a double taxation treaty provides otherwise. A proviso adds that a company which has transferred its registered office or its seat to the Republic is treated as having been incorporated here.

Q: When do the new bands start to apply?
A: From the 2026 tax year, which is the 2026 calendar year. Law 244(I)/2025 entered into force on 1 January 2026 and its scale is expressed to apply from the tax year 2026 onwards. Income of 2025 and earlier years remains under the previous scale.

Q: Is the 35 per cent rate charged on my whole income once I pass 72,000 euros?
A: No. The scale is marginal: 35 per cent applies only to the part of taxable income above 72,000 euros. The slices below it keep their own rates, from the tax-free 22,000 upwards.

Q: Do the bands apply to gross income?
A: No, to taxable income: what remains after the deductions and exemptions the Income Tax Law allows. Two people with the same gross salary can land in different bands once their deductions differ.

Q: What about dividends and interest?
A: For individuals those are generally the territory of the special contribution for defence rather than the income tax scale, and the defence contribution turns on domicile as well as residency. From 2026 the dividend rate for resident domiciled individuals is 5 per cent, with a transitional rule for older profits; a resident non-dom is outside the contribution.

Q: Did the corporate rate change for existing companies too?
A: Yes. The 15 per cent rate is not limited to new companies; it applies to the taxable income of companies for tax years from 2026 onwards, whoever they are and whenever they were incorporated.

## Cyprus International Trusts
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-international-trusts
What a Cyprus international trust is, what this firm advises on under the International Trusts Law of 1992, and the questions to settle before one is set up.

Q: Can a trust be used to get around the reserved portion in Cyprus?
A: A trust should not be set up for that purpose. Section 21 of Cap. 195 allows a person to dispose by will only of the disposable part of the estate, and section 41(1) fixes that part at not more than one quarter where there is a spouse and a child or descendants of a child, or a child or descendants without a spouse, and at not more than one half where there is a spouse or a parent but no child or descendant. Whether assets placed in trust form part of the estate for these purposes depends on the facts and on when and how the trust was created.

Q: Can a Cyprus trust hold immovable property in Cyprus?
A: That is a question to ask before the trust is settled, not after. The definition of alien in section 2 of Cap. 109 expressly includes a trust for the benefit of an alien, and section 3(1) prohibits acquisition by an alien without the prior permit of the Council of Ministers. Section 3(5) makes any registration effected in breach of the section void, so the consequence of getting it wrong is not a delay but a nullity. Two neighbouring subsections matter for planning. Under section 3(3) a contract providing for acquisition by an alien is valid as a contract but confers no right of acquisition until the permit is given, and under section 3(4) the right to deposit the contract with the Department of Lands and Surveys under the Sale of Land (Specific Performance) Law is expressly preserved, so priority can be secured while the permit is pending. The Law fixes no period within which the Council of Ministers must decide, which is why the question belongs to the design of a structure rather than to the completion of a purchase.

Q: Our trustee is going abroad for months. Can somebody act in his place?
A: Section 25(1) of the Trustees Law, Cap. 193, allows a trustee who is about to be absent from the Republic to delegate by power of attorney, to any person, the execution or exercise during his absence of all or any of the trusts, powers and discretions vested in him as such trustee. Whether a particular absence engages the section is a question on the wording of the section as in force and on the facts. Section 25(4) adds the formalities: certification under the law on certifying officers, and deposit of a true copy at the office of the Chief Registrar with an affidavit.

Q: Can my attorney under a power of attorney set up or run a trust for me?
A: Within the scope of the authority given, and no further. Nothing outside the express or necessarily implied scope of a power of attorney is covered, and under section 153 of the Contract Law, Cap. 149, an agent may not appoint a substitute without express authority. Some acts cannot be delegated at all, among them the making of a will and the application to the court for a grant of probate or letters of administration.

Q: Why does this page say so little about the 1992 Law itself?
A: Because the firm publishes only what it has verified. The Cyprus International Trusts Law of 1992 is the framework under which we advise on formation, administration and planning, and it carries its own residence-based conditions for settlors and beneficiaries. Those conditions, and the tax and reporting position, are answered against a particular structure and a particular family rather than asserted in general terms on a web page.

Q: We are relocating to Cyprus. Should the review of our structures wait?
A: No, and this is the part of a relocation most often left undone, because it is the part that cannot be repaired after the event. A move should be accompanied by a review of the will and, where appropriate, by consideration of whether assets are better held through a structure. Tell us the intended pattern of days, what is to happen to a former home, and what structures already exist.

## The Cyprus IP Box: 80 Per Cent Deduction, 3 Per Cent
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-ip-box
How the Cyprus IP box works after the 2026 reform: the 80 per cent deduction, the nexus fraction, which assets qualify, and the effective 3 per cent ceiling.

Q: What is the effective tax rate under the Cyprus IP box?
A: At most 3 per cent on qualifying profits for tax years from 2026: 80 per cent of qualifying profits is deemed an expense and the remaining 20 per cent is taxed at the 15 per cent corporate rate. Up to the 2025 tax year the ceiling was 2.5 per cent, on the then 12.5 per cent rate. How close a company gets to the ceiling depends on its nexus fraction.

Q: Does software qualify?
A: Yes. Computer software is a qualifying intangible asset in its own right under the 2016 Regulations, provided it results from research and development activity of the claimant. It is the most common asset in Cyprus IP box structures.

Q: Do trademarks or brands qualify?
A: No. The Regulations exclude business names, brands, trademarks, image rights and other IP used for the marketing of products and services. No certification or structuring changes that.

Q: We bought the IP rather than developing it. Do we still benefit?
A: Far less. Acquisition cost is not qualifying expenditure; it enters the denominator of the nexus fraction and only feeds back through the uplift, capped at 30 per cent of qualifying expenditure. The regime is built to reward development you carried out or outsourced to unconnected persons, and to dilute bought-in or group-developed IP.

Q: What records does the regime require?
A: Books and records of income and expenditure kept separately for each intangible asset. The nexus fraction is computed per asset from those records, so the accounting structure should be in place before the first year of the claim, not reconstructed afterwards.

Q: Is income from selling products that use the IP covered?
A: It can be. Overall income includes embedded income: the part of the income from selling products or services, or from the use of processes, that is directly attributable to the qualifying asset. Isolating that part is an exercise of substance, and it is where the per-asset records earn their keep.

## What Changed in Cyprus Law
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-law-timeline
Every dated development in Cyprus law this site covers, newest first: the instrument, the date it took effect, and what it changed, each linked to the full analysis.

## Cyprus Lawyers for Cypriots Living Abroad
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-lawyers-for-cypriots-abroad
For Cypriots in the UK, Australia and the US: what a Nicosia firm can do about a Cyprus estate without you flying over, and how to find what was owned.

Q: Do we have to come to Cyprus?
A: In much of this work, no. A power of attorney drafted here, then signed and legalised where you live, allows an advocate in Cyprus to take steps on your behalf. Some acts require a personal attendance or a personal signature and cannot be delegated, and some institutions ask for the person themselves. We will tell you at the outset which of those apply in your matter rather than discover them halfway through. This is set out further under acting without travelling.

Q: Nobody in the family reads Greek. Is that a problem?
A: No. We correspond with you in English and explain in English what each Cypriot document says. The documents themselves are issued in Greek, because that is the language of the register and of the local authorities, and where you need to hand something to a relative here we will give you the Greek name of it. Documents issued abroad and produced in Cyprus generally need to be legalised and then translated, and the order matters.

Q: The property is small. Is it worth doing anything at all?
A: That is a fair question and usually the right first one. A share of a field in a village may be worth less than the cost of putting it in order, and if that is the answer we would rather you heard it early. The search of the register is the inexpensive way to find out what is actually there, and it is the reason we suggest starting with it rather than with an opinion.

Q: Our relative died thirty years ago. Is it too late?
A: Long delay is common in these families and is not by itself the end of the matter. Whether the passage of time affects a particular right depends on the right in question. Limitation periods for actions generally are governed by the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012, and contract claims are generally subject to a six-year period running from when the cause of action accrued. Whether and how limitation bears on an estate, or on a claim to be registered as an heir, is a question we would need to answer on your facts rather than in general terms.

## Cyprus Legal Calculators: Fees, Limitation, Heirship, Tax
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-legal-calculators
Free calculators for Cyprus law: transfer fees and VAT, limitation periods, forced heirship under Cap. 195, rent control, and tax residency.

Q: Are these tools free to use?
A: Yes. They are free, they ask for no personal details, and the arithmetic runs in your own browser rather than on a server.

Q: Can I rely on the answer?
A: The calculation follows the inputs and assumptions you give it, but the applicable inputs and the correct legal category must be verified before anyone acts on the result, and that is what a lawyer establishes from the documents. Each tool names the provision it applied so the result can be checked against the statute.

Q: Do the calculators cover the whole of Cyprus?
A: The transfer fees, limitation and succession tools apply to the areas under the control of the Republic. The rent control checker turns on the controlled areas set by statutory instrument and tells you which area determined the answer.

Q: Are they kept up to date?
A: Each page states the date on which the law behind it was checked. A statute can be amended after that date, and the page does not update itself, so the date is shown rather than hidden.

## Cyprus Legal Glossary: 44 Terms Explained, with Their Greek Names
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-legal-glossary
Forty-four terms of Cyprus law explained in plain English, each with its Greek name: from title deeds and specific performance to probate, appearance and the memo.

## Cyprus Legal Opinions for Foreign Counsel
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-legal-opinion
Cyprus law opinions for cross-border financings and share purchases: capacity, authority, enforceability, and reliance by foreign lenders and counsel.

Q: Who can give a legal opinion on Cyprus law?
A: Only an advocate registered with the Cyprus Bar Association and holding a practising certificate. A foreign law firm cannot opine on Cyprus law, and a document issued by an accountant, a corporate services provider or a company secretary is not a legal opinion, whatever it is headed. A condition precedent that calls for a Cyprus legal opinion is satisfied only by a member of the Cyprus Bar.

Q: Is a legal opinion the same as a certificate of good standing?
A: No. A certificate of good standing is issued by the Registrar of Companies and records a registry position. An opinion is a lawyer's reasoned statement on questions of Cyprus law, addressed to named parties who rely on it. A transaction sometimes requires both.

Q: Can you opine on English law provisions in the documents?
A: No. A Cyprus advocate opines on Cyprus law only. Where documents are governed by a foreign law, we opine on whether a Cyprus court will give effect to that choice and on the Cyprus law consequences, and foreign counsel opine on the governing law itself.

Q: Will a Cyprus court give effect to a choice of foreign law?
A: A choice of a foreign governing law made in a commercial contract is recognised in Cyprus, and the opinion states that limb expressly. Recognition is subject to the limits Cyprus law places on it, including that a Cyprus court will not give effect to a provision contrary to public policy in the Republic. Foreign counsel opine on the foreign law itself.

Q: Do you issue capacity and authority opinions on their own?
A: Yes. Where the only question is whether a Cyprus company has the capacity to enter into a transaction and whether those signing are authorised to do so, the opinion is scoped to that and no further.

Q: Is an opinion needed where the Cyprus company is only a guarantor or security provider?
A: Usually yes. Where a Cyprus company gives a guarantee or grants security, the finance parties are relying on that company's obligations, so they ask for the same capacity, corporate authority, due execution and enforceability limbs as they would for a borrower. Where security is granted, the opinion also deals with creation, perfection and registration.

Q: Does a charge created by a Cyprus company have to be registered?
A: Yes. Particulars of a charge to which section 90 of the Companies Law, Cap. 113 applies must be delivered to the Registrar of Companies within twenty one days of the creation of the charge. If they are not, the charge is void as against the liquidator and against any creditor of the company, and the money it secures becomes immediately payable. A missed filing is not always the end of it: section 96 allows the Court to grant relief where the omission was accidental or due to inadvertence or other sufficient cause, or where it is otherwise just and equitable, and that relief is discretionary rather than a formality. The opinion addresses registration and what follows from missing the period.

Q: Do you opine on tax?
A: Not unless tax is expressly within the agreed scope and we have been given the facts to opine on. An opinion on a financing or an acquisition ordinarily deals with corporate, contractual and enforcement questions. Where a tax view is needed it is scoped and dealt with separately rather than folded into the enforceability limbs.

Q: Will the opinion be given without qualification?
A: No opinion on enforceability is given without qualification, because Cyprus law itself places limits on enforcement: insolvency and laws affecting creditors generally, the discretionary nature of equitable remedies, limitation, and public policy in the Republic. What can be settled in advance is which qualifications this transaction needs and how they are worded, so that nothing appears for the first time on the day of closing.

Q: Can a Cyprus legal opinion be addressed to a foreign lender?
A: Yes. Opinions are commonly addressed to an agent, a security trustee and the lenders from time to time under a facility, and reliance can be extended to permitted transferees where the finance documents contemplate them. The addressees and the reliance wording are agreed before drafting rather than at closing.

Q: Will you use the finance parties' form of opinion?
A: Yes, where it can be made accurate as a statement of Cyprus law. A form drafted for another jurisdiction often contains limbs a Cyprus advocate cannot properly give, and we mark those up and explain why rather than signing around them. Where the finance parties have no form, we propose one.

Q: How long does a Cyprus law opinion take?
A: On a straightforward corporate transaction, a first draft is usually with foreign counsel within a few business days of the papers being complete. The signed opinion follows once the documents are final and the resolutions are passed. Security, regulated entities and unusual structures take longer, and we say so when we scope the work.

Q: Do you need original corporate documents, or will copies do?
A: We run our own searches at the Registrar of Companies rather than working from copies supplied to us, and the opinion is expressed as at the date and time of those searches. For the company's own resolutions and constitutional documents, certified copies are ordinarily enough, and where a matter of fact is central to the opinion we take a director's certificate instead of assuming it.

Q: Do we need an apostille on Cyprus corporate documents?
A: It depends on where the documents are going, not on the opinion. Cyprus is a party to the Hague Convention of 5 October 1961, so a Cyprus public document carrying an apostille is accepted in another contracting state without consular legalisation. For the opinion itself we work from our own searches at the Registrar of Companies.

Q: What happens if the transaction documents change after the opinion is drafted?
A: The opinion is given on the documents in the form we have seen and identified in it. If those documents change, we review the changes and reissue, rather than leave a signed opinion pointing at a draft that no longer exists in that form. This is why the final drafts and the passed resolutions are needed before signature.

Q: How is the fee for an opinion agreed?
A: A fixed fee is agreed in advance, once the scope, the addressees and the form of opinion are settled, and we confirm it before any work starts. We do not begin drafting on an open-ended basis. Scope is what drives the work, which is why it is agreed first.

Q: Can you act as Cyprus counsel where another firm leads the transaction?
A: Yes. We act for foreign law firms and in-house teams as Cyprus counsel on a referred basis. The client relationship on the wider transaction stays with the instructing firm, we deal with the Cyprus law limb and report to them, and we do not approach the client separately.

Q: We have a draft Cyprus opinion from the other side's counsel. What should we be checking?
A: Read the addressee and reliance wording first, because an opinion addressed to someone else gives you nothing. Then read the assumptions against the limbs: an assumption can quietly take back the limb above it. Check that the searches are expressed as at a date and, where it matters, a time. Check that the qualifications are the ones Cyprus law requires rather than a wider set carried over from a precedent. If a carve out is doing more work than the law needs, it is a drafting choice and it can be discussed.

Q: The opinion assumes the resolutions were validly passed. Does that hollow out the corporate authority limb?
A: It narrows it, and whether that matters depends on what else is delivered. Where the authority limb is the point of the opinion, the assumption should be supported by something: a director's certificate, or the minutes and the articles themselves reviewed rather than assumed. An assumption that the recipient cannot verify, sitting under the limb the recipient is paying for, is worth raising before completion rather than after.

Q: The opinion is addressed to the agent and the lenders but not to us. Does it give us anything?
A: Not by itself. Reliance is a matter of the wording, and an opinion states expressly who may rely on it. If you need to rely, ask to be named or to be brought within the reliance wording, and ask before the opinion is signed. Adding an addressee afterwards means reissuing the document.

Q: The searches paragraph gives a date but no time. Does that matter?
A: It can. A company search speaks as at the moment it was run, and a filing made later the same day will not appear in it. Where the opinion carries a no winding up or no strike off statement, the date and time of the search is what that statement is anchored to, which is why we express it that way.

Q: Can a Cyprus legal opinion be apostilled?
A: Not in the way the question usually means. An opinion is a private document, not a public one, so what an apostille can reach is a certification of the advocate's signature, not the letter itself. If a foreign registry or notary needs the document authenticated, tell us at the outset, because the route depends on what that recipient will accept.

Q: Our notary will not proceed until he has confirmation that the company exists and that the people signing represent it. Is that the same as a legal opinion?
A: It is a narrower document and it is worth saying so at the outset. A notary usually wants existence, good standing and representation authority confirmed as at the date of his appointment, rather than the enforceability limbs of a transaction opinion. Scoping it as what the notary actually needs keeps it short and lets it be dated to his day.

Q: Can the opinion be dated to the day of a notarial appointment or a completion?
A: Yes, where that is agreed when the work is scoped rather than requested on the day. An opinion speaks as at its date and off searches run for it, so a particular date means running the searches again and having the final documents and resolutions in place beforehand.

Q: Does a Cyprus company need a company seal to sign?
A: Not as a general requirement. Section 33 of the Companies Law, Cap. 113 allows a contract to be made by a company in writing either under its common seal or not, and to be signed by a person acting under the company's express or implied authority. What the opinion examines is that authority.

Q: Is a transaction outside the company's objects void in Cyprus?
A: Not as against a third party who did not know. Section 33A of Cap. 113 binds the company towards third parties by the acts of its officers even where those acts fall outside its objects, unless the company proves the third party knew. Capacity is still opined on, and the memorandum and articles are still read.

Q: Does Cyprus have financial assistance rules?
A: Yes. Section 53 of Cap. 113 makes it unlawful for a company to give financial assistance, directly or indirectly and whether by loan, guarantee, the provision of security or otherwise, for the purpose of or in connection with a purchase of or subscription for its own shares or those of its holding company, subject to the exceptions the Law itself provides. It is worth raising while the structure is being fixed.

Q: Is a legal opinion the same as a legal due diligence report?
A: No, and they answer different people. A due diligence report is written for the buyer or the lender's own assessment and describes what was found, with the risks graded. An opinion states conclusions of Cyprus law on defined questions, to named parties who rely on it, within stated assumptions and qualifications. A transaction sometimes calls for both, and they are scoped separately.

Q: Do we need a Cyprus opinion at all if the facility agreement is governed by English law?
A: Usually yes, and the governing law is the reason rather than an answer to it. English counsel opine on the English law questions. What no English firm can state is whether a Cyprus company had the capacity and authority to enter into the documents, whether they were executed in a way that binds it, whether a Cyprus court will give effect to the choice of English law and the chosen forum, and whether a judgment could be enforced here.

Q: We are buying an asset that already carries a charge. Does anything have to be filed in Cyprus?
A: Yes, and it is easy to miss because nothing was created at completion. Section 92 of Cap. 113 requires a company registered in the Republic that acquires property subject to a charge, of a kind that would have needed registration had the company created it, to deliver the prescribed particulars and a certified copy of the instrument to the Registrar of Companies within twenty one days of the acquisition being completed. Where the property is situated and the charge was created outside the Republic, the period instead runs from when the copy could have been received in the Republic in the ordinary course of post. The section provides a fine on the company and its officers for failure to comply.

## Letter Before Action in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-letter-before-action
The first step in recovering a Cyprus debt: what the letter must say to be worth sending, what it protects, and what follows if it is ignored.

Q: What is a letter before action?
A: A written demand sent before proceedings that identifies the debt, the contract or invoices it arises from, the sum claimed and the date by which payment is required. It gives the debtor a last opportunity to pay or to say why it disputes the debt, and it puts your position on the record before a claim is issued.

Q: Does it have to be sent by a lawyer?
A: No, and many are not. What changes when it comes from an advocate is that the debtor can see the next step is real, and that the letter is drafted so it does not damage the claim it precedes. A letter that overstates the sum, or threatens a step that will not be taken, is quoted back at the sender later.

Q: What if the debtor ignores it?
A: Then you have a decision to make with better information than before, because silence is itself an answer. We advise on whether the claim is worth issuing, on where the debtor's assets are, and on what enforcement would realistically reach, before anything further is spent.

Q: Can I claim interest and my costs?
A: A successful claimant generally recovers a contribution towards legal costs from the debtor, and interest may also be claimed. A contribution is not the whole bill, so the recoverable element is one input into the decision rather than a reason to litigate.

Q: Is the debt too old?
A: Limitation periods apply in Cyprus and depend on the nature of the debt; many contractual debts must be pursued within six years, with important exceptions in both directions. One exception favours the patient creditor: under section 25(1) of the Contract Law, Cap. 149, a promise in writing, signed by the debtor, to pay a debt that limitation had barred is itself a binding contract, so the right letter can sometimes revive what looked lost. Do not assume a debt is dead or alive without advice: send the paperwork and we will confirm the position.

Q: What does the letter cost?
A: The fee is fixed, not hourly. Fixed fee quoted within 24 hours of receiving your details, and no work starts before you have the figure and approve it.

## Cyprus Limitation Periods Calculator
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-limitation-periods-calculator
Which limitation period applies to a claim in Cyprus under Law 66(I)/2012, including the 39 month suspension and the periods section 24 preserves.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim in Cyprus?
A: It depends on the category of claim. Law 66(I)/2012 fixes one year for defamation or malicious falsehood under section 6(4), three years for negligence, nuisance or breach of statutory duty under section 6(2), six years for most contracts under section 7(1) and for civil wrongs generally under section 6(1), twelve years for a mortgage or pledge under section 5, fifteen years for a judgment under section 10, and a residual ten years under section 4. Five other statutes keep their own periods under section 24.

Q: My claim arose before 2016. Does that help or hurt me?
A: It usually helps. The proviso to section 3 provides that time begins to be counted from 1 January 2016, and section 26 of the Law was repealed with effect from that date by Law 207(I)/2015. A cause of action that accrued in 2010 and one that accrued in 2015 therefore start counting on the same day. The proviso operates without affecting sections 24 and 29, so it does not apply to the special periods preserved by section 24.

Q: What is the 39 month suspension I keep reading about?
A: Section 27Α, inserted by Law 58(I)/2021 and amended twice since, suspends the limitation period of an actionable right for negligence or breach of statutory duty against a natural or legal person for 39 months from the entry into force of that Law. Law 58(I)/2021 was published on 20 April 2021, so 39 months ends on 20 July 2024. It names negligence and breach of statutory duty and not nuisance, and whether it reaches a particular claim is a question of construction to be answered on the facts.

Q: Someone died. Is it three years from the accident or from the death?
A: For the dependants’ claim it is three years from the death, under section 58(20) of the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148, and section 24(b) of Law 66(I)/2012 provides that the Limitation Law does not affect that period. A claim against the estate of a deceased defendant is different again: section 34(3) of the Administration of Estates Law requires proceedings within six months of representation being taken out, and no later than two years from the death where no representation is taken out.

Q: Can a claim that is out of time still be brought?
A: Sometimes. Under section 20 the court does not take limitation of its own motion, and under section 21 it must be pleaded by a party with a legitimate interest, so an unpleaded point is lost. Section 22 allows the court to extend the period by up to two years where just and reasonable. In claims for bodily injury or death, section 6(3) allows the court to disapply the limitation provisions altogether, but not more than two years after the right became time barred. Neither power reaches the special periods preserved by section 24.

Q: Does a payment or a letter restart the clock?
A: It can, and this catches people out on both sides. Under section 17 the period is interrupted and begins afresh where the person liable acknowledges the right of action in writing, or where in a monetary debt they pay more than 50 per cent of the total including interest, as well as on the bringing of an action or the commencement of arbitration. Section 19 adds that payments made in ignorance that the period had already run are not recoverable.

Q: Does this Law apply to claims against the Government?
A: Section 25 provides that the Law does not apply to and does not affect rights or obligations of public law.

## Cyprus Non-Dom Status and the 2026 Defence Contribution
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-non-dom
What non-dom status means in Cyprus, who has it and for how long, and what Law 245(I)/2025 changed from 2026: dividends at 5 per cent and rents taken out.

Q: Do I need to apply for non-dom status?
A: No. The status is the product of two statutory definitions, residence under the Income Tax Law and domicile under the defence law. If you are resident without Cyprus domicile, you are outside the charge on dividends and interest without any application. What is worth obtaining is evidence: a written analysis of your position, and where needed a residence certificate, for the paying companies and foreign authorities that ask.

Q: How long does non-dom status last?
A: Until the definitions catch you. For a newcomer with a foreign domicile of origin, the deemed domicile rule bites once you have been resident for seventeen of the last twenty years, so the eighteenth year of residence is typically the first domiciled one. A Cyprus domicile of origin can put you inside the charge much sooner, subject to the twenty-year exceptions in the law.

Q: What do non-doms pay on dividends, if not the defence contribution?
A: The defence contribution does not apply, whatever the source country. The General Healthcare System contribution does: section 19(1)(ζ) of Law 89(I)/2001 charges 2.65 per cent on the income of a person who has income, and the definition of that income names dividends expressly. The charge stops at a total of 180,000 euros of earnings, pensions and income taken together. Any foreign withholding tax at source is a separate matter for the paying country and any treaty.

Q: My salary is already over the ceiling. Do I still pay on the dividend?
A: No, and that is a function of the order the section sets, not of anything you elect. The 180,000 euro total is built up from earnings first, then pensions, then income, so a salary at or above the ceiling absorbs it before the dividend is reached and the dividend carries no contribution. Where a contribution has in fact been paid on an amount above the ceiling it can be reclaimed, and for a contribution year beginning on or after 1 January 2025 the excess is refunded by the Tax Commissioner.

Q: Did the 2026 reform abolish the deemed distribution rules?
A: Going forward, yes. Law 245(I)/2025 confines deemed distribution to the accounting profits of 2024 and 2025, deemed distributed as to 70 per cent within two years of each year's end at 17 per cent, and only to the extent the profits are attributable to resident domiciled individuals. Profits of 2026 onwards are not deemed distributed; actual dividends out of them are charged at the new 5 per cent when paid to resident domiciled individuals.

Q: Is the 5 per cent rate available for dividends out of old profits?
A: Not immediately. Dividends received from Cyprus companies within six years of 1 January 2026, paid out of profits of tax years up to and including 2025, stay at 17 per cent under the transitional rule. The 5 per cent applies to distributions out of the newer profits.

Q: Does the reform change anything for rental income?
A: Yes, and for everyone: the defence contribution on rents was abolished from 1 January 2026 and the rent provisions were deleted from the law. Rental income remains within income tax under the Income Tax Law.

## Cyprus Power of Attorney From Abroad
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-power-of-attorney-from-abroad
How to instruct a Cyprus advocate without travelling: powers of attorney signed abroad, the apostille and sworn translation chain, and what cannot be delegated.

Q: Can I sign in front of a notary near me instead of travelling to the consulate?
A: Often, and for clients in Australia and the United States it is frequently the practical route, because the nearest Cypriot mission may be in another state or another city. Whether a notarised and apostilled signature is accepted depends on the institution the document is going to and on the act being authorised, so ask us before you book anything. The one thing we would not advise is signing first and asking afterwards.

Q: Does the power of attorney have to be in Greek?
A: It has to be usable by the body that receives it, and that body works in Greek. In practice that means either a document in Greek, or a document accompanied by a translation from a sworn translator, and we will tell you which we are preparing and why. Where we draft in both languages you will have an English text you can read before you sign anything.

Q: How long does a power of attorney last, and can I cancel it?
A: Its duration and its scope are matters for the document, and it can be drafted to expire or to be limited to a single transaction. It can also be revoked. Tell us if you want it to end on a date and we will draft it that way.

Q: Four of us are inheriting and we live in three countries. Do we each need one?
A: Usually each person who has to be represented signs their own, in the country where they are, and they arrive here separately. That is normal and it is not a reason to delay the whole matter until everyone is ready. We will tell you which steps can start with the signatures already in hand.

Q: Is it safe to give a power of attorney to a lawyer I have never met?
A: It is a fair question and you should ask it. A power of attorney limited to defined acts, in favour of a named advocate at a registered law company, and capable of revocation, is a different instrument from a broad authority in favour of someone you cannot identify. We will tell you what our document authorises, in English, before you sign it, and you are entitled to have it reviewed by a lawyer in your own country first.

## The Cyprus Presence Pack: Process Agent, GDPR Rep, Address
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-presence-pack
Process agent, EU GDPR representative and a Nicosia business address with mail handling, held by one law firm: €1,450 a year instead of €1,750.

Q: Who is the pack for?
A: A company established outside the European Union that sells into it or contracts under Cyprus law: typically UK companies since Brexit, US software and e-commerce businesses, and technology companies worldwide. One law firm holds all three appointments, one renewal date covers them, and one letterbox is watched by lawyers.

Q: Can I take only one or two of the services?
A: Yes. Each service is available on its own at its own published fee: the process agent appointment at €600, the EU representative appointment at €750, and the registered office or business address at €400, each per year. The pack simply takes the three together at €1,450 instead of €1,750.

Q: Can I add the other services later?
A: Yes. An appointment taken alone can be upgraded to the pack at the next renewal, with the pack price applying from that renewal. Nothing needs to be re-signed except the appointment being added.

Q: What checks do you run before accepting?
A: A conflict check against the firm's clients, and know-your-client checks on the company and its principals, as the law requires of a Cyprus law firm. The appointments exist, and the fee is due, only once we confirm in writing and the agreements are signed.

Q: How fast is it in place?
A: After the checks we return the signed appointments within one business day, together with the wording for your privacy notice and contracts. If a closing or an audit is waiting, say so and we prioritise accordingly.

## Administering a Cyprus Estate From Abroad
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-probate-from-abroad
Someone died abroad owning property in Cyprus, or died in Cyprus with heirs abroad: what has to be done here, and what a foreign grant of probate cannot do.

Q: How long will the Cyprus part take?
A: We do not publish a timescale, because it would be a guess and you would plan around it. What the answer depends on is knowable: whether there is a will, whether a grant already exists abroad, whether the heirs are agreed, whether an earlier generation's estate was also left undone, and how quickly the certificates from the local bodies come. Once we have seen the papers we will give you our honest view of the shape of it, and tell you when it changes.

Q: My grant was issued in England. Do I have to start again in Cyprus?
A: Usually not from the beginning. A grant from a Commonwealth probate jurisdiction, and England and Wales is one, can be re-sealed by a District Court in Cyprus under the Probates (Re-Sealing) Law, Cap. 192, on production and deposit of a copy, after which it operates here as if granted by the Cyprus court. The court will look at the estate duty position first, and where the document is letters of administration it will require security covering the Cyprus property. With the grant as issued in front of us we can confirm the route and the papers.

Q: Can a Cypriot bank release the money without any of this?
A: Assume not. A bank holding an account in the name of a person who has died will want to see authority it can rely on before it pays anything out, and a foreign grant on its own may not be enough for it. Ask us before you write to the bank, because what you say in that first letter tends to set the process the bank then follows.

Q: The estate at home is already finished. Is it too late for Cyprus?
A: Not necessarily, and it is a common position. What it usually means is that the Cyprus assets were never part of the administration at all, and they still have to be dealt with. Whether the passage of time has any effect on the rights involved is a question we would answer on the facts rather than in general.

Q: Do all the heirs have to instruct you?
A: No, but it helps, and it is cheaper. One person can instruct us and others can join later or give a power of attorney. Where the family is in disagreement we can act for one side only, and we carry out a conflict check before taking instructions from anybody.

Q: Is there tax to pay in Cyprus on an inheritance?
A: What Cyprus charges on an estate, on a transfer and on a later sale, and what it does not charge, is a question to answer for the particular estate and against the position in force at the time. What we will not do is advise you on the tax position in the United Kingdom, Australia or the United States, which is for your own advisers there, and it is worth having both sides looked at before anything is sold.

## Cyprus Process Agent Services
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-process-agent
Kleanthous & Platis LLC acts as process agent in Cyprus: fixed €600 per appointment per year, signed acceptance within one business day, same-day notice of service.

Q: How quickly can the appointment be in place?
A: We return a signed letter of acceptance within one business day of receiving the draft appointment clause and the details of the transaction, and on the same day where the closing is imminent. Tell us the date the condition has to be satisfied when you write.

Q: What does the fixed fee cover?
A: Everything. The fee is €600 per appointment for each year of the term, plus VAT where it applies. There is no charge for accepting service, notifying you or forwarding documents, and no charge arises if nothing is ever served.

Q: What happens when a document is served at your offices?
A: We notify you and any instructing law firm by email on the same business day, then send the document itself by email and courier.

Q: What do you need in order to accept an appointment?
A: The draft appointment clause, the name and jurisdiction of the party appointing us, and the term. We run a conflict check, confirm, and return the signed acceptance in the form your transaction documents require.

Q: Can you act where the documents are governed by English or another law?
A: Yes. The governing law of the underlying documents does not matter to the appointment. What matters is that service can validly be effected in Cyprus, which is what the appointment provides.

Q: Does the appointment lapse if we forget to renew?
A: No. Appointments run for the full term of the underlying facility or contract, and we manage renewal ourselves so the appointment never lapses while the documents are in force.

## The Cyprus Property Buyer’s Pack
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-property-buyers-pack
A fixed-fee pre-purchase report on one Cyprus property: title, encumbrances, planning, the developer and the true cost, before the deposit, credited if you buy through us.

Q: What does the Buyer's Pack cost?
A: A fixed fee, quoted within one business day of the property details, because the fee depends on the property rather than on how long the work takes. If you go on to instruct us for the purchase, the pack fee is credited in full against the conveyancing fee, so you are not paying for the diligence twice.

Q: Is this the same as the conveyancing?
A: No. The pack is the pre-purchase diligence: the report that tells you whether to proceed and on what terms. The conveyancing is the purchase itself, from contract to depositing the contract at the Land Registry to transfer of title. The pack fee is credited against the conveyancing if you proceed with us.

Q: How does it protect me from the trapped-buyer problem?
A: By checking, before you pay, whether the property has its own title deed or is still part of the developer's mortgaged parent title, and whether your contract will be deposited at the Land Registry under the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law. Those two facts decide whether a deposit is safe. Law 110(I)/2025 rebuilt the rescue mechanism for buyers already caught, but the pack is aimed at not being caught.

Q: Can you check a property I have not reserved yet?
A: Yes, and that is the point: the pack is most valuable before a reservation fee or a deposit is paid, when the cost of walking away is nothing. Send the listing or the plot reference and we start from the public registers.

Q: I am buying at auction. Is this the right product?
A: For an auction lot the closest product is the auction and tender legal pack review, which works to the auction timetable and the legal pack the platform publishes. If you are bidding on BidX1 or another platform, start there; for an ordinary private purchase, the Buyer's Pack is the right one.

Q: Do I have to use you for the purchase?
A: No. The report is yours to act on however you choose. The credit is simply an incentive: if you do instruct us, the pack fee comes off the purchase fee, so the diligence effectively costs nothing on a completed purchase.

## Cyprus Property Lawyers for Buyers and Sellers
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-property-lawyers
Nicosia law firm advising Cypriot and international clients on Cyprus property: due diligence, contracts, deposit at the Land Registry, and transfer.

Q: How much are property transfer fees in Cyprus?
A: Transfer fees charged by the Department of Lands and Surveys are tiered on the assessed market value of the property: 3% on the first €85,000, 5% on the next €85,000 (from €85,001 to €170,000), and 8% above €170,000. A 50% reduction applies to resale (non-VAT) transactions, giving effective rates of 1.5%, 2.5% and 4%. No transfer fees apply where VAT was already paid on the purchase, which is typically the case for new-build property bought VAT-inclusive.

Q: Do I have to pay stamp duty when buying property in Cyprus?
A: Stamp duty has been abolished for contracts of sale signed from 1 January 2026 onward. If your contract was signed on or before 31 December 2025, it remains subject to the previous rates of 0.15% on the value between €5,001 and €170,000 and 0.20% above that, capped at €20,000. The repealing Law carries no saving provision, and section 10(2) of the Interpretation Law, Cap. 1, preserves duty that had already arisen, so the date your contract was, or will be, signed decides which rule applies to you.

Q: What does depositing my contract of sale with the Land Registry actually protect?
A: Depositing the contract of sale with the Department of Lands and Surveys secures your right to specific performance, meaning you can later enforce the transfer of the property into your name even if the seller or developer tries to sell it to someone else, takes out a further mortgage, or runs into financial difficulty. This step is particularly important where the property does not yet have a separate title deed.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim if something goes wrong after I complete my purchase?
A: Under the Limitation of Actions Law, the general limitation period for contract claims in Cyprus is 6 years from when the issue arose. Certain exceptions can affect these dates, so it is worth having your specific circumstances checked rather than assuming a deadline.

Q: What documents and searches does a property lawyer carry out before I sign?
A: Typical steps include a title search at the Department of Lands and Surveys to confirm ownership and check for mortgages or charges, confirmation that the property matches its planning and building permits, a check on whether a separate title deed has been issued, and, for off-plan or developer purchases, a review of the developer's own title and financing position.

## Cyprus Property Transfer Fees Calculator: 50 Per Cent Reduction
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-property-transfer-fees-calculator
Work out the transfer fees and VAT on a Cyprus property purchase: the Land Registry scale, the 50 per cent reduction that halves the fee, and the 5 per cent reduced VAT rate.

Q: Do I pay both VAT and transfer fees?
A: No. The two are mutually exclusive. Where the purchase is subject to VAT no transfer fees are payable, and where it is not subject to VAT the transfer fees on the scale are reduced by 50 per cent.

Q: What are the transfer fee rates?
A: Three per cent on the first €85,000, five per cent from €85,001 to €170,000, and eight per cent above €170,000, charged by the Department of Lands and Surveys when title passes into your name.

Q: Does buying in joint names reduce the fees?
A: It can, because fees are calculated on each share rather than on the property as a whole, so each buyer runs through the lower bands separately. On a purchase above €170,000 the difference is material rather than cosmetic.

Q: When does the 5 per cent VAT rate apply?
A: To a primary and permanent residence, on the first 130 square metres of buildable area where its value does not exceed €350,000, with proportional treatment between 130 and 190 square metres and between €350,001 and €475,000. It does not apply at all where the buildable area exceeds 190 square metres or the value exceeds €475,000.

Q: What happens if I stop living in the property?
A: The reduced rate carries a ten year commitment. A beneficiary who ceases to use the residence as their primary and permanent home within ten years must notify the Tax Department within thirty days and pay the difference between the reduced and standard rate for the unexpired period.

Q: Is the figure the calculator gives me the figure I will pay?
A: Treat it as an indication. Transfer fees are assessed on the value the Land Registry attributes to the property, which may not be your contract price, and eligibility for the reduced VAT rate turns on conditions the tool does not test. For the figure that applies to your own purchase, tell us the price and whether the seller is a developer.

## Cyprus Registered Office and Mail Handling
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-registered-office
A registered office at Florinis 7, Nicosia for Cyprus companies, or a business address with mail handling for foreign companies: fixed €400 annual fee.

Q: Does a Cyprus company need a registered office?
A: Yes. The Companies Law, Cap. 113 requires every Cyprus company to have a registered office in the Republic, notified to the Registrar of Companies. It is the address where official notices and court documents may be served on the company, so what matters is not the room but who is behind the letterbox.

Q: What happens to mail that arrives?
A: It is received at our offices, logged, scanned and emailed to you the same business day. Originals are forwarded by courier or held for collection, as you prefer. Anything that looks like service of proceedings or a notice from an authority is flagged as such when we send it, because we are a law firm and recognise one when we see it.

Q: My company is not a Cyprus company. Can I still use the address?
A: Yes, as a business address for correspondence with the same mail handling, and it pairs naturally with our process agent and EU representative appointments. What a business address does not do is create a registered office, a branch or a tax presence in Cyprus; if you need an establishment, that is a different conversation and we will say so.

Q: What does it cost?
A: A fixed fee of €400 per company per year, plus VAT where it applies, for either the registered office or the business address service, including mail handling. There is no charge per item of mail. Where a group needs several companies at the address, we quote a reduced fee per additional company.

Q: How quickly can it be in place?
A: After a conflict and client check we confirm in writing within one business day. For a Cyprus company the change of registered office takes effect on filing the prescribed form with the Registrar of Companies, which we prepare for you.

## Cyprus Rent Control Checker
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-rent-control-checker
Whether a tenancy falls under the Rent Control Law of 1983, from the two limbs of the section 2 definition and the controlled areas declared by KDP 519/2007.

Q: Is my rental property under rent control in Cyprus?
A: Only if both limbs of the definition in section 2 of Law 23/1983 are met. The building must be within a controlled area declared by the Council of Ministers, and it must have been completed by 31 December 1999. A building completed on or after 1 January 2000 is outside the Law whatever the area.

Q: Which areas are controlled?
A: Those in the Schedule to KDP 519/2007: the municipal areas of Nicosia, Famagusta, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos and Kyrenia, together with named municipalities and community councils in the Nicosia, Famagusta, Larnaca, Limassol and Paphos districts, subject to exclusions for airport and port land, tourist pavilions and premises of the Cyprus Tourism Organisation.

Q: What is a statutory tenant?
A: Under section 2, a tenant of a property who, on the expiry or termination of the first tenancy, continues to possess it. The status arises by operation of law rather than by agreement.

Q: Can I evict a statutory tenant?
A: Only on a ground in section 11(1), and several grounds carry qualifications. On arrears the rent must be lawfully due and in arrear for twenty one days or more after a written demand, and the court will not order recovery if the tenant pays within fourteen days of service, unless the tenant systematically failed to pay during the tenancy. On the owner occupation ground the court will refuse an order if greater hardship would be caused by making it than by refusing it.

Q: Does rent control fix what rent I can charge?
A: The permitted increase is set separately, by order under section 8(4)(a), and is not addressed on this page. This page answers only whether the Law applies at all and what follows for possession.

Q: What is the difference between a rent controlled tenancy and a free market one?
A: Inside the Law, possession can be recovered only through the Rent Control Court and only on the grounds section 11 lists, and the permitted rent increase is fixed separately by order under section 8(4)(a). Outside it, the tenancy is an ordinary contract: the terms are what was agreed, and the ordinary courts apply them. Which side a tenancy falls on is exactly what this checker decides.

## Specific Performance or Damages in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-specific-performance-or-damages
The seller will not transfer. Whether you can compel the transfer under Law 81(I)/2011 or are left with a money claim, and what decides between the two.

Q: Can I force the seller to transfer the property to me?
A: If the contract of sale was deposited at the Land Registry within the statutory deadline, yes: that is specific performance under Law 81(I)/2011, and the deposited contract ranks ahead of mortgages and dealings that came after it. If it was not deposited, the primary remedy is damages.

Q: I never deposited the contract. Is that the end of it?
A: Not necessarily, but the road narrows. A late deposit is possible only in limited circumstances, with the leave of the court, and sometimes not at all. The claim for damages remains, and it should be built quickly, while the seller still has assets worth enforcing against.

Q: Which is better, the property or the money?
A: Neither in the abstract. A buyer who wants the property and deposited in time takes specific performance. A buyer who no longer wants it, or whose seller validly transferred it to a third party first, claims damages. Against an insolvent seller the comparison answers itself: a money judgment against an empty defendant is paper.

Q: How long do I have to sue?
A: A claim relating to a contract is subject to a six year limitation period under section 7(1) of Law 66(I)/2012, and it runs from the breach, not from the day the contract was signed. A contract that is being performed properly founds no claim at all.

Q: I bought a resale without a separate title deed. Am I protected?
A: Only if the assignment of the contractual rights was itself deposited. On such resales what changes hands is the right under the contract rather than the title, and the protection follows the deposit, not the handshake.

Q: Does the deposit still matter if I end up claiming money?
A: Yes. Where specific performance is no longer available, the deposited contract still strengthens the buyer's position in the damages claim and against the seller's other creditors. The deposit is never the wasted move.

## Cyprus Tax Residency and Non-Dom Checker
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-tax-residency-checker
Whether you are Cyprus tax resident under the 183-day or the 60-day rule, and whether the non-dom exemption from special defence contribution is available.

Q: When am I tax resident in Cyprus?
A: Under the definition in section 2 of the Income Tax Law, in either of two ways: by spending more than 183 days in Cyprus in the tax year, or by passing the gateway and the three conditions of the 60-day rule. The tax year is the calendar year. Law 244(I)/2025 replaced that definition with effect from the 2026 tax year and removed the old requirement that no other state treat you as its tax resident.

Q: What are the conditions of the 60-day rule?
A: From the 2026 tax year, a gateway and three conditions, all in the same tax year. The gateway: not more than 183 days in aggregate in any one other state. Then, cumulatively: at least 60 days in Cyprus; carrying on a business in Cyprus, or employed in Cyprus, or holding an office in a person tax resident in Cyprus, none of them terminated during the year; and a permanent home in Cyprus, owned or rented. Up to the 2025 tax year there was a further condition, that no other state treat you as its tax resident, which Law 244(I)/2025 removed.

Q: How are days of presence counted?
A: The day of arrival in Cyprus counts as a day in Cyprus, and the day of departure counts as a day outside Cyprus. Arriving and departing on the same day counts as one day in Cyprus; departing and returning on the same day counts as one day outside it.

Q: What is non-dom status?
A: A Cyprus tax resident who is not domiciled in Cyprus is outside the special defence contribution, the tax that would otherwise apply to dividends and interest. An individual is treated as domiciled for this purpose if they have a Cyprus domicile of origin, subject to exceptions, or once they have been Cyprus tax resident for at least 17 of the 20 tax years before the year in question.

Q: What does the fixed-fee report include?
A: A personal written report, prepared by a partner, setting out your residency position under both rules on your facts, the day-count plan to keep it, whether the non-dom exemption is available to you and for how long, and the registrations and filings that follow. The fee is €150, plus VAT where it applies, and the report is delivered within two business days.

## Cyprus Tax Residency: The 183-Day and 60-Day Rules
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-tax-residency
Who counts as a Cyprus tax resident under the Income Tax Law: the 183-day rule, the gateway and three conditions of the 60-day rule, and how travel days are counted.

Q: Do the 183 days have to be consecutive?
A: No. The law counts one or more periods exceeding 183 days in aggregate within the tax year. Twenty separate visits count the same as one long stay, applying the counting rules to each arrival and departure.

Q: Can I be tax resident in Cyprus and in another country in the same year?
A: Under the 183-day rule, yes: that rule looks only at your presence in Cyprus, and another state may claim you under its own law, with any double tax treaty breaking the tie. Under the 60-day rule, no: one of its conditions is that you are not a tax resident of any other state for that year.

Q: My Cyprus employment ended in October. Does the 60-day rule still cover me for the year?
A: No. The statute provides that if the business, employment or office in Cyprus is terminated during the year, that condition is treated as not met for the year. The 183-day door remains available if your days support it.

Q: Does a rented flat count as a permanent home for the 60-day rule?
A: Yes. The law asks for a permanent home in Cyprus that is owned or rented by you. What it will not accept is having no home in Cyprus at all, or an arrangement so casual that nothing is maintained.

Q: How are arrival and departure days counted?
A: The day of arrival counts as a day in Cyprus; the day of departure counts as a day out. Arriving and leaving on the same day counts as one day in; leaving and returning on the same day counts as one day out. These rules apply to both the 183-day and the 60-day computations.

Q: What does becoming a Cyprus tax resident mean for my dividends?
A: Income tax and the special contribution for defence are separate charges. The defence contribution on dividends and interest applies only to residents who are also domiciled in Cyprus; a resident without Cyprus domicile, the non-dom, is outside it. Our guide to non-dom status sets out who qualifies, for how long, and what changed from 2026.

## Cyprus Will for Expats & Foreign Residents
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/cyprus-will-for-expats
A Cyprus will for expats and foreign residents: choice of law, coordination with the will abroad, execution and custody. Fixed fee quoted within 24 hours.

Q: Is my English will valid in Cyprus?
A: A foreign will can be admitted for Cyprus purposes, so validity is rarely the real problem. The practical problems are speed and interaction: administering Cyprus assets under a foreign will is slower, and a will drafted at home without the Cyprus assets in mind may say nothing about which law governs them. A separate Cyprus will confined to the assets here, drafted so that neither will revokes the other, usually serves the estate better.

Q: Do I need a separate Cyprus will for my property here?
A: Often it is sensible, and the answer depends on what the foreign will says and what assets sit here. A separate Cyprus will dealing only with the Cyprus assets can make administration here considerably faster, but the two documents have to be drafted so that neither revokes the other and nothing falls between them.

Q: Can I choose English law to govern my estate?
A: Under Article 22 of Regulation (EU) No 650/2012, a person may choose the law of a State whose nationality they hold to govern the succession, and the choice has to be made in the will. Without it, the default under Article 21 is the law of habitual residence, which for a foreign resident living in Cyprus means Cyprus law. Whether the choice improves the position is worked out on the facts before the will is drafted.

Q: Does the Cyprus reserved portion apply to me?
A: It may, if Cyprus law governs the succession. The exemption foreign nationals once relied on, section 42 of Cap. 195, was deleted in 2015. Which relatives survive determines whether a reserved portion arises and in what fraction, and whether a choice of national law changes the outcome is part of what the questionnaire establishes.

Q: How is the will signed and stored?
A: The will is executed in the form the Wills and Succession Law requires, and it can be lodged for safe custody at the probate registry. Execution is arranged at our offices in Nicosia, or coordinated where you are, depending on where you will be when the will is ready.

Q: What does it cost?
A: The fee is fixed, not hourly. Fixed fee quoted within 24 hours of receiving your questionnaire, and no work starts before you have the figure and approve it.

## Debt Recovery Lawyers in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/debt-recovery-cyprus
Debt recovery in Cyprus for businesses and individuals: letter before action, court proceedings, enforcement against property and bank accounts.

Q: Is my debt too old to recover?
A: The general period for a claim on a contract, which covers invoices, loans and commercial dealings, is six years from the date the cause of action arose, under section 7(1) of the Limitation of Actionable Rights Law, Law 66(I)/2012. The fee of an independent professional carries a three year period under section 7(2). The clock is interrupted and starts again under section 17, on a written acknowledgment of the debt or on a part payment exceeding fifty per cent of the debt together with interest. Do not assume a debt is dead or alive without advice: send the paperwork and we will confirm the position.

Q: The debtor is ignoring me. Does a lawyer's letter really work?
A: Often, yes. A letter before action signals that proceedings are genuinely next, sets a deadline, and warns of costs and interest consequences. Debtors who ignore chasing emails frequently pay, or start negotiating, when the letter comes from a law firm.

Q: What happens if the debtor does not respond to a court claim?
A: If a properly served debtor does not appear, judgment in default can be sought without a full trial. Judgment is then enforced against assets: property, bank accounts, receivables or movables. A debtor cannot avoid a claim just by staying silent.

Q: The debtor has no assets. Is it worth suing?
A: Sometimes not, and we will say so plainly. Before recommending proceedings we consider what is known about the debtor's property, business and banking position, and we can take steps to examine the debtor's means. Litigation makes sense when there is something to enforce against, or genuine settlement leverage.

Q: Can you recover debts from a company that is still trading but refuses to pay?
A: Yes. Apart from a court claim, a company that cannot or will not pay its due debts may face a statutory demand followed by winding-up proceedings. The prospect of a winding-up petition concentrates minds; it is a serious step and we advise carefully on when it is appropriate.

Q: I have no written contract, only invoices and emails. Is that enough?
A: Frequently it is. What has to be shown is that a sum became due and has not been paid, and invoices, delivery records, a statement of account and correspondence can establish that between them. The absence of a signed contract makes the terms harder to prove where the terms are the argument, so it matters much more in a disputed claim than in an admitted one. Send what you have and we will tell you which of those you are in.

Q: The debtor keeps promising to pay. Should I keep waiting?
A: Promises are useful evidence and poor strategy. Ask for the promise in writing, because a debtor who accepts the sum in an email has narrowed the argument considerably, and then set a date after which you will act. Waiting indefinitely does two things that cost you money: it lets time run, and it gives the debtor the opportunity to deal with assets before there is anything registered against them.

Q: Can I recover my legal costs from the debtor?
A: A successful claimant generally recovers a contribution towards legal costs from the debtor, and interest may also be claimed. A contribution is not the whole bill, so the recoverable element is one input into the decision rather than a reason to assume the exercise is free. We set out the likely position on costs at the assessment stage, before you commit.

Q: The debtor is abroad, or the company is foreign. Can you still act?
A: Often, yes, but the first question is where the assets are rather than where the debtor lives. Where there is a Cyprus company, a Cyprus bank account or immovable property here, there is usually something to work with. Where there is not, the sensible course may be to pursue the claim where the assets sit, and we will tell you that rather than issue here for the sake of issuing.

Q: How long does it take?
A: An admitted debt that settles at the demand stage is a matter of weeks. A claim that has to be issued and served, and is then not defended, is longer and is largely governed by service and by court timetabling. A genuinely defended claim is measured in a different unit again, which is precisely why the assessment at the outset matters: it is what tells you which of those three you are looking at.

## Energy
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/energy
Renewable energy projects in Cyprus at the contract level: land and lease arrangements, licensing, grid connection, and power purchase agreements.

Q: Do I need a licence from CERA for a rooftop solar installation?
A: It depends on the capacity and on what the electricity is for. Section 27(1) of Law 130(I)/2021 puts generation up to 20kW, generation for own use up to 30kW, and generation from renewable sources up to 50kW under a general licence, which is taken up by submitting a notification form to CERA rather than by applying for anything. Above those figures, section 27(4)(a) allows CERA to grant an exemption from the licence requirement for own use above 30kW and up to 1MW, and for renewable generation above 50kW and up to 8MW. Above 8MW, a licence under section 26 is required.

Q: How long does the general licence take to come into effect?
A: One month. Section 27(3)(a) allows a person who meets the conditions to carry on the activity on submitting the notification form. Section 27(3)(b) gives CERA one month from receipt to assess it and to ask in writing for corrective steps or further information. Section 27(3)(c) provides that the general licence takes effect one month after CERA received the form, provided CERA has not acted under paragraph (b). Where CERA has asked for something, it takes effect on the date CERA is satisfied that enough has been supplied.

Q: Does a CERA licence let me build?
A: No. Section 25(1) requires a licence from CERA under sections 26 and 27 and, separately, any other licence, approval or opinion required by any other law. Section 25(2) names what the other authorities weigh: public health and safety, protection of the environment, land use and siting, the use of public land, and the contribution of the generating capacity to reducing emissions. A project that has cleared CERA and not planning is not a project that can be built.

Q: Does energy storage need a licence?
A: Section 26(1)(ιγ) puts the installation or operation of an electricity storage installation on the list of activities requiring a CERA licence, and excepts storage installations operating exclusively for own use. Section 25(1) treats storage the same way as generation for the purposes of the other consents, and section 30(2)(ζ) requires CERA, when deciding on new generating capacity, to weigh the alternatives to building it, naming demand response and energy storage among them.

Q: CERA refused my application. What can I do?
A: Section 31(1) requires the refusal to be notified in writing with reasons that are objective, fair, well-founded and substantiated, so the first step is to read what those reasons actually say. Section 31(2) gives a right of recourse to the Administrative Court under Article 146 of the Constitution and section 20 of Law 129(I)/2021. The deadline runs from the decision reaching you, so send us the letter and the date you received it before anything else.

Q: Can a licence be extended if the project is running late?
A: Section 32(1) makes a licence or exemption subject to amendment, suspension, revocation, termination, transfer or extension under CERA's Regulations. Section 32(2)(a) sets what an extension for a generating station or a storage installation requires: a request with the documents justifying it and evidencing the reasons for the delay, satisfaction that the holder's conduct supports an intention to implement, satisfaction that the holder has the technical, economic and financial capacity to do so, and that the applicant has approached the single point of contact. An extension is a reasoned decision, not a formality.

Q: How quickly can a customer change electricity supplier?
A: Section 119(1)(a) requires the switch to be carried out within the shortest possible period and at most three weeks from the date of the request. Section 119(1)(b) provides that from January 2026 the technical switching process takes up to 24 hours and is possible on any working day. Section 119(2) requires the right to be given without discrimination as to cost, effort or time, and section 119(3) entitles household customers to take part in collective switching schemes.

Q: Can a supplier change a fixed-price contract during its term?
A: No. Section 118(1)(b) requires suppliers to offer every final customer a fixed-term fixed-price supply contract of at least one year, and a proviso states that suppliers do not unilaterally amend the terms and conditions of such contracts and do not terminate them before they expire. A further proviso preserves the customer's participation in demand response and energy sharing, so a fixed price is not a reason to be excluded from either.

Q: Can I hold more than one supply contract at once?
A: Yes. Section 116(b) gives customers the right to conclude more than one electricity supply contract or energy sharing agreement at the same time, and for that purpose to have more than one metering and billing point covered by the single connection point for their installations, where the smart metering systems developed under section 125 make it technically possible.

Q: What does a breach carry?
A: Section 133(1) carries up to three years' imprisonment or a fine of up to EUR 90,000, or both, for breaching a condition of a licence, exemption or Order, breaching a regulatory decision of CERA, discriminating between system users, failing to supply information CERA or the Minister requires, obstructing an authorised officer, or knowingly or negligently making a false or misleading statement to one. Section 133(2)(a) carries up to five years or a fine of up to EUR 350,000, or both, for a breach of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 1227/2011, which prohibits a person holding inside information about a wholesale energy product from dealing in it, from disclosing it outside the normal course of their employment, profession or duties, and from recommending or inducing another to deal on the basis of it.

Q: What is the right order to assemble a solar project?
A: Land rights, then licensing and the planning and environmental approvals, then grid connection, then contracting the output. Projects rarely fail on the technology. They fail because land rights were taken before the grid position was known, or because a licence condition made an already signed contract impossible to perform. The sequence is the strategy.

Q: Do you file the licence applications themselves?
A: We work at the contract level: land and lease arrangements, installation and connection agreements, power purchase agreements, project financing, and the disputes that follow. Where a matter is a technical regulatory filing, we say so, help you frame the question, and work alongside whoever you appoint. Knowing what you are buying before you instruct us matters more here than in most work.

## Enforcing a Judgment in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/enforcing-a-judgment-in-cyprus
You won; now collect. The enforcement routes under the Civil Procedure Rules 2023, the ten-year charge over land under Cap. 6, and how the right measure gets you paid.

Q: For how long can a Cyprus judgment be enforced?
A: Execution is available as of right while the judgment is fresh; once twelve years have passed from the judgment or order, or the parties entitled or liable have changed, the creditor needs the leave of the court, sought by application without notice, under rule 47.1 of the Civil Procedure Rules 2023. Separately, a registration of the judgment against land under Cap. 6 holds, as a rule, for ten years and can be extended by court order before it lapses.

Q: The debtor has appealed. Does that stop enforcement?
A: No. Under the Civil Procedure Rules 2023 an appeal does not operate as a stay of execution except to the extent that the court orders, and the court can require security before a stay order is filed. Until a stay is actually granted, the enforcement measures remain open.

Q: I do not know what the debtor owns. Where do we start?
A: With searches, not writs. We run the firm's own searches at the District Land Office and the Registrar of Companies, and combine them with what you already know: employer, bank, tenants, vehicles, trading names. The route is chosen from the asset picture, because a writ aimed at assets that do not exist buys costs and nothing else.

Q: The debtor owns property but I do not want a forced sale yet. Is there a middle step?
A: Yes. Under sections 53 and 54 of the Civil Procedure Law, Cap. 6, the judgment can be registered at the District Land Office against immovable property in which the debtor is beneficially interested, making it security for the judgment debt. The property cannot cleanly be dealt with until the debt is addressed, and the sale under Part 49 of the rules remains available if the pressure alone does not produce payment.

Q: The debtor is a company. Is execution still the best route?
A: Often the statutory demand is faster: an unpaid demand opens the road to winding-up proceedings, and few solvent companies let it get that far. Execution against the company's assets and attachment of its receivables remain available alongside. Which lever to pull first depends on the company's state, which the searches show.

Q: My judgment is from another country. Can you enforce it in Cyprus?
A: Yes, after recognition. The route depends on the country and the order: the EU instruments, a bilateral treaty, or an action on the judgment at common law. Once recognised, the judgment enforces with the same measures as a Cyprus judgment. Send us the judgment and we reply within one business day with the applicable route.

Q: What methods of execution does a Cyprus judgment actually give me?
A: The rules set them out as separate parts, and they are separate decisions: sale of movable property, sale of immovable property, seizure and arrest for disobedience to an order, attachment of a debt or of property in the hands of a third party, a warrant of possession, and a warrant of delivery. Which of them is worth issuing depends entirely on what the debtor has and where it is. That is why the asset position is established first, rather than after a wasted writ.

Q: Somebody else owes the debtor money. Can that be caught?
A: Yes. The rules provide for execution by attachment of a debt, or of property, in the hands of a third party. That is the route to a bank balance, to rent payable to the debtor, or to a sum a customer owes them. Against a debtor who has no equity in anything but is still trading it is often the fastest method there is, and it turns entirely on knowing who owes them what.

Q: Can the debtor be made to disclose what they own?
A: Yes. After judgment the rules allow the judgment creditor to apply for disclosure of documents in order to locate assets, and there is a separate provision tying execution to the register of motor vehicles. A debtor who will not answer is a debtor about whom the court can be asked to make orders, which is a materially different position from having no information at all.

Q: A third party says the seized goods are theirs. What happens then?
A: The rules have a procedure for it, so it is determined rather than left to the officer executing the writ. A claim by a third party to property that has been seized is decided as a question of evidence about ownership, and the sale waits on the answer. It is a common response from a debtor whose goods are about to be sold, and it is sometimes true.

Q: My judgment orders property to be returned rather than money paid. How is that enforced?
A: Through a different writ. A warrant of possession is the instrument for recovering possession of land or premises and a warrant of delivery is the instrument for recovering goods, each on its own prescribed form under the rules. They are not interchangeable with a money writ, and issuing the wrong one loses time that a debtor already in possession will use.

## Estate Administration Lawyers in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/estate-administration-cyprus
Administering an estate in Cyprus: probate and letters of administration, the administrator's duties in order, debts before distribution, and property to heirs.

Q: How long does an administration take?
A: The honest answer is a range: a simple estate moves in months, an estate with property, several heirs or a foreign element takes longer, and the grant stage is usually the fastest part. What we commit to is that no stage waits on us: the file moves as fast as the registries and banks allow.

Q: Do I need a lawyer to administer an estate?
A: The law does not require one. In practice, the grant application, the order of payments, and the property registrations are exactly where unrepresented administrators create the problems we are later paid to fix. The assessment costs little; the redo costs more.

Q: One of the heirs is abroad and not responding. Are we stuck?
A: No. The rules deal with both problems: a person entitled ahead of others who stays silent after formal notice loses the preference, and a person abroad can act through an attorney under a power of attorney. The estate does not wait indefinitely on anyone.

Q: Who pays for the administration?
A: The estate. Funeral and administration expenses, including the proper costs of the administrator's work, come out of the estate with priority, before the debts and before any distribution.

Q: I do not want the inheritance. Can I refuse it?
A: Yes, and the window is short. Under section 51 of Cap. 189 an heir may renounce the inheritance unconditionally within three months of first learning of the death and of being an heir, by filing a declaration in the court registry. A renouncing heir takes no benefit and bears no liability for the deceased's debts. Two cautions: the renunciation is unconditional, not a bargaining position, and one made to defeat the heir's own creditors can be annulled on a creditor's application.

Q: Can the deceased's debts reach the heirs personally?
A: The debts are the estate's, and the statutory sequence exists to pay them out of the estate before anything is distributed. The two ways a person acquires a problem of their own are distributing before the debts are dealt with, which is the administrator's personal risk, and accepting an inheritance where the debts may exceed the assets instead of considering renunciation under section 51 while the three months run. Both are questions to ask at the start, not after.

## EU GDPR Representative, Article 27
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/eu-gdpr-representative
Kleanthous & Platis acts as EU representative under Article 27 GDPR for non-EU companies: fixed €750 annual fee, appointed within one business day.

Q: Does my company need an EU representative?
A: If it has no establishment in the Union but offers goods or services to people in the Union, or monitors their behaviour, Article 27 requires it to designate a representative in the Union in writing. The exemption in Article 27(2) covers only processing that is occasional, includes no large-scale special category or criminal conviction data, and is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of individuals. A business processing customer or user data as part of its ordinary operations rarely fits that exemption.

Q: Can the representative be in Cyprus?
A: Yes. Article 27(3) requires the representative to be established in one of the Member States where the data subjects are. Cyprus is a Member State, so where a company serves or monitors people across the Union, a representative in Cyprus satisfies the Article. Where processing targets only specific other Member States and not Cyprus, we say so and decline rather than leave a compliance gap.

Q: What does the representative actually do?
A: The representative is the company's point of contact in the Union: named in the privacy notice, addressed by supervisory authorities and by data subjects on all issues related to the processing, and holding the record of processing activities under Article 30. When a letter or request arrives we notify the company the same business day and forward it, and we hold the record so it can be produced to an authority on request.

Q: Is an EU representative the same as a Data Protection Officer?
A: No. The representative under Article 27 is a contact point in the Union for a company established outside it. A Data Protection Officer under Article 37 is an oversight role with independence requirements, and some companies need both. Acting as your representative does not make us your DPO, and the two should not be combined in one appointment.

Q: What does it cost and how fast is it in place?
A: A fixed fee of €750 per company per year, plus VAT where it applies, with no charge for receiving and forwarding correspondence. After a conflict and client check we return the signed representative agreement within one business day, together with the exact wording to add to your privacy notice.

Q: We are a UK company. Do we need this after Brexit?
A: Since the end of the transition period the United Kingdom is a third country, so a UK company with no EU establishment that offers goods or services to people in the Union, or monitors them, needs an EU representative under Article 27 like any other non-EU company. The reverse also exists: the UK GDPR requires a UK representative of EU companies serving the UK, which is a separate appointment we do not provide.

## The EU Succession Regulation (650/2012) and Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/eu-succession-regulation-cyprus
Which law governs a cross-border estate with Cyprus assets: habitual residence under Article 21, and choosing the law of your nationality under Article 22.

Q: Which law applies to my Cyprus property when I die?
A: Under Article 21 of Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 the default is the law of the State in which you were habitually resident at the time of death, and it governs the succession as a whole rather than property by property. Article 22 allows you to choose instead the law of a State whose nationality you hold, and that choice has to be made in the will.

Q: I am British. Does the Regulation apply to me at all?
A: It applies to your estate when the estate is dealt with in Cyprus, because Cyprus is bound by the Regulation even though the United Kingdom is not. Recitals 82 and 83 record that the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark did not take part. Article 20 provides that any law specified by the Regulation applies whether or not it is the law of a Member State, so a Cyprus court can apply the Regulation and arrive at the law of a part of the United Kingdom.

Q: What is habitual residence, and how is it decided?
A: It is a factual question about where a person's life was actually centred, rather than a matter of registration or of how much time was spent in each place. For someone who genuinely divided their year between two countries it can be arguable, which is a reason to make an express choice of law under Article 22 rather than rely on the default.

Q: Can I avoid the Cyprus reserved portion by choosing my national law?
A: Sometimes, and sometimes the choice works the other way. Under the Wills and Succession Law, Cap. 195, a reserved portion can arise so that part of the estate is distributed by law whatever the will says, and whether it arises and in what proportion depends on which close relatives survive. Whether a choice of national law improves the position has to be worked out on the facts before it is made.

Q: I have assets in three countries. Do I need three wills?
A: Often yes, one per jurisdiction, drafted so that they do not revoke one another. That last point is where the damage usually happens: a later will with a general revocation clause can cancel an earlier one made elsewhere without anyone intending it.

Q: What is the European Certificate of Succession?
A: A certificate introduced by the Regulation for heirs, legatees, executors and administrators who need to invoke their status in another Member State. It is presumed to demonstrate accurately the elements established under the law applicable to the succession. It operates between Member States, so it does not answer what a country that did not take part will require.

## Our Fixed Fees
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/fixed-fees
The services this firm quotes at a published fixed fee, and those quoted within 24 hours of your details, with what each fee covers and where it stops.

Q: Why publish fees at all?
A: Because the alternative wastes everyone's time. A reader who cannot find out what something costs writes an email to ask, waits, and often decides in the meantime. Where the work is genuinely standard, the figure is knowable in advance and there is no reason to keep it behind an enquiry.

Q: Why is some work not on this page?
A: Because a fixed fee is only honest where the work is predictable. Contested proceedings, cross-border estates and disputes are quoted by stage, before each stage is begun, so you decide whether to take it. What is not predictable is not priced here rather than priced badly.

Q: Is VAT included in these figures?
A: No. The figures are exclusive of VAT, which is added where it applies, and exclusive of disbursements such as court fees, Land Registry fees and courier charges, which are passed on at cost.

Q: Can a fee change after it is quoted?
A: Not for the work quoted. If something emerges that changes the scope, we say so before doing the work and quote the additional step separately, so nothing appears on a fee note that you have not agreed.

Q: What does a fee quoted within 24 hours mean?
A: That you send the details through the form on the relevant page, and we reply within one business day with a fixed figure for the work described. No work starts before you have the figure and approve it.

## Wills Made Abroad and Cyprus Property
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/foreign-wills-and-cyprus-property
Whether a will made in England, Australia or the United States reaches immovable property in Cyprus, and when a separate Cyprus will is worth making.

Q: Can I leave my Cyprus property to whoever I like?
A: Not necessarily. Under section 41 of Cap. 195, where a spouse and a child, or a child or a child's descendant, survive you, the will directs at most one quarter of the net estate; with a spouse or a parent but no children, at most one half. Section 5 applies the regime to immovable property in Cyprus whatever your domicile, and the old absolute-freedom exception for certain foreign testators was deleted in 2015. What can genuinely change the outcome is a valid choice of the law of your nationality under the EU Succession Regulation, made properly in the will itself: whether that route is open to you is the first question worth asking.

Q: I own the Cyprus property jointly with my spouse. Does it pass automatically on death?
A: Do not assume so. What passes, and to whom, depends on how the property is actually registered and on the succession rules that apply, not on how the arrangement is described in conversation. Send us the registration details and we will tell you what the register says. This is one of the most commonly repeated assumptions in this area and it is worth checking rather than inheriting.

Q: My will was drafted by a solicitor in London. Is that a problem?
A: No, and we would not suggest replacing it. The question is a narrower one: whether it deals sensibly with the Cyprus assets, whether it describes them well enough to be acted on, and whether anything done later has revoked or undermined it. Where a change is needed we would ordinarily want to work with your solicitor rather than around them.

Q: Does my will have to be in Greek?
A: The formal requirements for a valid will, in section 23 of Cap. 195, concern execution, not language: writing, signature at the foot or end, two or more witnesses present at the same time who attest in the presence of the testator and of each other, and every sheet signed or initialled. The section says nothing about the language of the text, and wills in English are made and probated here. What remains true is procedural: a document produced to a Cypriot institution or court generally has to be in Greek or accompanied by a translation made by a sworn translator, and a document made abroad is legalised before it is translated.

Q: Where should the will be kept?
A: Somewhere the executor will find it, and the original rather than a copy. Cyprus offers an official home: under section 9 of the Administration of Estates Law, Cap. 189, a testator may deposit the will with the probate registrar for safe keeping, where it is recorded in a central register and cannot be removed without the court's approval except by the testator personally. Families abroad regularly lose a will that was made in Cyprus decades earlier, and an estate then proceeds on the basis that there was none. Wherever it lives, tell your executor which registry or firm holds it and in which country.

## Fraud and Asset Recovery in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/fraud-asset-recovery-cyprus
Civil fraud claims and asset recovery in Cyprus: deceit and conspiracy, freezing injunctions, and Norwich Pharmacal disclosure against banks and third parties.

Q: Is there a separate claim for "fraud" in Cyprus, or only deceit?
A: The Court of Appeal has confirmed that, strictly speaking, there is no self-standing civil wrong of fraud: what the common law sometimes calls fraud is in substance identical to the tort of deceit under section 36 of Cap. 148. Practically, you plead section 36 and set out the representation.

Q: What do I have to prove?
A: Six things: a false representation of fact; knowledge of its falsity, absence of belief in its truth, or recklessness; an intention to deceive you specifically; that you were in fact deceived; that you acted on the representation; and loss caused by doing so.

Q: Is the standard of proof higher because it is fraud?
A: No. The Supreme Court confirmed in 2025 that the civil standard applies, the balance of probabilities. What is higher is the pleading and evidential specificity: the case law requires evidence identifying the form the fraud took, and general allegations will not do.

Q: Can I find out who is behind an account or where my money went?
A: Often yes. A Norwich Pharmacal order compels a third party mixed up in the wrongdoing, even innocently, to identify the wrongdoer or the trail. A Bankers Trust order is directed at banks and other holders of assets for tracing purposes, and does not require the bank to have been involved in the wrongdoing at all.

Q: Will the court order disclosure just because it would help?
A: No, and this is the usual reason these applications fail. Necessity has to be shown. The Cyprus courts have adopted the test that what matters is not convenience or desire, but the necessity of the exercise, so if the same information can be obtained another way, the order will not be made.

Q: Can I use what the bank discloses for a different claim?
A: Not without permission. The Supreme Court confirmed in 2025 that there is an implied undertaking not to use information obtained under a Norwich Pharmacal order for a purpose other than the one for which the order was granted.

Q: My money went to a crypto exchange. Do these orders work?
A: That is genuinely untested in Cyprus. There is no Cyprus judgment applying Norwich Pharmacal or Bankers Trust to a crypto exchange, so any application would be argued by analogy with the existing case law on involved third parties holding relevant information. We would tell you that before you spent anything, not after.

Q: Can the freezing order be set aside?
A: Yes, and the most common ground is failure to give full and frank disclosure of material facts on the ex parte application. It is an absolute duty. Orders against banks in particular have been stayed or quashed on judicial review in a series of Supreme Court applications.

Q: How fast do we have to move?
A: Fast. The value of a freezing order is what it catches, and the value of a disclosure order is the trail that still exists when it is served. The transfers and the correspondence matter before the file is complete, not after, so tell us early.

## Freezing Orders in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/freezing-orders-cyprus
Freezing injunctions in Cyprus: when the court will freeze assets, what an applicant must show and undertake, and how to respond if you are served with one.

Q: How quickly can a freezing order be obtained in Cyprus?
A: In genuinely urgent cases, within days. The preparation is mostly evidence: tracing the assets, documenting the dissipation risk, and drafting the disclosure. If the case justifies moving, we say so and move; if it does not, we say that too, because an application that fails on discharge costs more than it ever protected.

Q: Can assets be frozen before I file my claim?
A: Yes. Section 32(A1) of the Courts of Justice Law 14/1960 allows an application for interim relief at any time, including before a claim is filed and after judgment, and rule 25.4 of the Civil Procedure Rules 2023 says the same on the procedural side. The order is then maintained through the proceedings it protects.

Q: The main case is abroad. Can Cyprus assets still be frozen?
A: Yes. Section 32(A1) of the Courts of Justice Law 14/1960 extends the power to judicial or arbitral proceedings held, being held or to be held outside the jurisdiction, and section 32(AB1) sets out when a Cyprus court will take such an application: where the respondent is here, or where the property or the subject matter of the relief is here, or where there is such other connection with the Republic as makes this court the appropriate one. Any one of the three will do. This is one of the most common reasons foreign teams bring us in.

Q: I have been served with a freezing order. What do I do first?
A: Comply, immediately and visibly, and take advice the same day. The grounds for discharge are established and are argued properly or not at all. What you must not do is move assets: breach is contempt, and early transfers become the applicant’s best evidence.

Q: What does the court have to be satisfied of before it freezes anything?
A: Under the Civil Procedure Rules 2023 (13/2023) an interim injunction is weighed on whether there is an arguable case, whether damages would be an adequate remedy for the respondent, where the balance of convenience lies, and what preserves the status quo. A freezing order asks one thing more, and it is the thing that decides most applications: a real risk that the assets will be moved or dissipated before a judgment can be enforced against them. An arguable case without that risk is not a freezing order, it is an ordinary claim.

Q: Can the court order a search of premises as well?
A: It can, and it is the most intrusive order the rules provide. A search order is granted where the claim is very strong, where serious damage would follow if the other side were told first, and where there is reasonable ground to believe that documents or property are there and would not survive notice. Execution is carried out under the supervision of an advocate, which is a condition of the order rather than a courtesy. Search orders are rare, and rightly.

Q: Can an order reach assets that are in someone else's hands?
A: Yes. The rules provide for protective and prohibitory orders against third parties holding property, which is how a bank, a nominee or a company holding an asset for the respondent is brought inside the order. There is a separate power to order documents or property to be delivered up. Which of them fits depends on where the asset actually sits, which is why the tracing work is done before the application rather than after it.

Q: Can a freezing order be suspended once it has been made?
A: Yes, on application. Rule 25.8 of the Civil Procedure Rules 2023 allows an interim order to be stayed on application, and section 32(2) of the Courts of Justice Law 14/1960 lets the court set aside or vary any interim order at any time on proof of reasonable cause. Separately it can be discharged on the established grounds, of which the one most often relied on is a failure to make full and frank disclosure at the stage when the respondent was not there to answer. That is why the disclosure in the supporting affidavit is drafted as carefully as the order itself. An application that succeeds on the day and is discharged three weeks later has cost the client twice.

Q: Is freezing the only interim order worth considering?
A: No, and choosing wrongly is expensive. The schedule to Part 25 of the rules sets out three forms: an order appointing an interim receiver, a freezing order, and a search order. They answer different problems. A freezing order stops assets moving. A receiver takes control of something that has to keep running or keep its value. A search order preserves evidence that would not survive notice. The choice is made from the facts about the asset, not from the strength of feeling about the respondent.

## Immigration & Employment
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/immigration-employment
Residence and work permits in Cyprus, employment contracts and terminations, and the position of staff relocating to a Cyprus company, acting for both sides.

Q: How long do I have to bring a termination claim?
A: Short enough that it decides cases. The claim goes to the Industrial Disputes Court, and the time limit is the first thing to check on the facts of your own dismissal rather than from a general statement. Tell us the date of termination and the date you were told, because the two are not always the same and the difference has decided claims.

Q: I was employed for five months. Do I have a claim?
A: Under section 3(1) of the Termination of Employment Law, 24/1967, the entitlement to compensation requires at least 26 weeks of continuous employment, which is about six months. Below that the statutory compensation claim is not available, though other claims may be, and the qualifying period can be extended to 104 weeks only by a written contract made at the time of hiring. If your contract says 104 weeks and was signed later, that is worth checking.

Q: My employer says the dismissal was for redundancy. Do I have to disprove that?
A: No, and this is the provision that decides most cases. Section 6(1) presumes that the termination was not for a reason in section 5 until the employer proves otherwise. The burden is on the employer to establish the lawful reason it relies on, not on you to disprove it.

Q: How much can be awarded, and who pays it?
A: Compensation is capped at two years' wages, with the employer paying up to one year's and the Redundancy Fund the excess. Where the employer has more than nineteen employees and the dismissal was manifestly unlawful, or unlawful and in bad faith, the Industrial Disputes Court may order re-employment together with compensation for actual loss of up to twelve months' wages.

Q: How much annual leave is an employee entitled to?
A: Under section 5(1) of the Annual Holidays with Pay Law, 8/1967, twenty working days on a five day week and twenty four on a six day week. Section 7(1) requires that the leave include one continuous period of at least nine days, so a year taken entirely in single days does not comply. Section 6(1) keeps public holidays, maternity and paternity leave, days of incapacity through accident or illness, and days of strike or lock-out out of the leave account altogether.

Q: Does a work permit follow the employee or the employer?
A: In the ordinary case the permission is tied to the employment it was granted for, which is why a change of employer is a permit question and not only a contract question. Tell us who the employer is, what the permission was granted for and when it expires, before anyone resigns or is dismissed.

## Kleanthous & Platis LLC
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/
Kleanthous & Platis LLC, advocates in Nicosia. Property, construction, litigation and debt recovery, corporate and commercial, and private client matters.

Q: Where is the firm, and what does it cover?
A: Kleanthous & Platis LLC is in Nicosia, at Florinis 7, Greg Tower. We act for Cypriot and international clients across six areas: property, construction, litigation and debt recovery, corporate and commercial, wills and succession, and personal injury claims. It is a registered law company of the Cyprus Bar Association, HE 441973.

Q: Do I need a lawyer to buy property in Cyprus?
A: We recommend it without reservation, and not because we act for buyers. No notary presides over a Cyprus purchase: the contract is drafted and negotiated by the parties and their advocates, so nothing in the procedure supplies impartial scrutiny by default. The lawyer carries out the Land Registry search that confirms the seller's title, any mortgages and any unauthorised works, drafts and reviews the contract of sale, deposits it with the Department of Lands and Surveys within the period the law allows, and sees the transfer of title through.

Q: Can a non-EU national buy property in Cyprus?
A: Yes. Citizens of an EU member state buy without any permit, on the same footing as a Cypriot. Nationals of countries outside the Union may also buy, but ordinarily need the approval of the Council of Ministers before the title can be registered in their name, and that application is one we make on the buyer's behalf.

Q: What do your fees look like?
A: For standard property transactions we give a fixed completion fee before we take the matter on, so the cost is known in advance. For everything else we agree the basis of the fee with you before any work starts. The published fixed-fee services are set out on the fixed fees page.

Q: Can I buy a property that has no title deed?
A: Yes, though it needs to be structured carefully. Many Cyprus properties, including newly built homes, units bought at auction and assignments of contractual rights, still have no separate title deed of their own. The buyer's protection in the interval comes from depositing the contract of sale at the Land Registry under the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law of 2011, Law 81(I)/2011, which carries a deadline.

Q: How do I reach you?
A: Write to office@kleanthousplatis.com. We reply to every enquiry within one business day. The office is at Florinis 7, Greg Tower, 2nd Floor, Office 202, 1065 Nicosia, open Monday to Friday, 08:00 to 18:00, and if you would rather speak to someone the number is +357 22 680 330.

## Inheriting Property in Cyprus From Abroad
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/inherited-property-in-cyprus
What it means that a Cyprus property is registered in a dead parent's name, how undivided shares between siblings work, and what must happen before a sale.

Q: One of my brothers is in Cyprus and has been using the land for years. Does that change who owns it?
A: Use is not the same as ownership, and a family arrangement is not the same as an entry on the register. Whether long use has any legal consequence at all depends on the facts, on what was agreed at the time and on the register itself. It is a question to put to us with the search certificate in hand, and it is one of the reasons to obtain the certificate before opening a conversation within the family.

Q: Can I sell just my share?
A: Dealing with a single undivided share alone is a different transaction from a sale of the whole parcel, and the market for it is much thinner. Before deciding, it is worth establishing what the whole is worth and whether the other co-owners would in fact agree to a sale, because the answer often changes when the figures are in front of everyone.

Q: We do not agree with each other. Can you act for all of us?
A: Not where interests conflict. We can act for one of you, or for all of you jointly where there is genuinely no conflict, and we carry out a conflict check before accepting instructions. Where the family is divided, each side needs its own advocate, and saying so at the beginning is cheaper than discovering it later.

Q: The property has no title deed of its own. Does inheritance still work?
A: Properties bought under a contract of sale where no separate title deed was ever issued are common in Cyprus, particularly in developments built in the 1990s and 2000s. What passes in that case is contractual rather than a registered parcel, and the analysis is different. Our guide to buying property without a title deed explains what those rights are, and the deposit of a contract of sale explains the protection that may or may not have been put in place at the time.

## Injured Abroad, or on Holiday in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/injured-abroad-or-in-cyprus
Which country's courts and which law govern a cross-border injury claim, why that decides the time limit, and what evidence to collect before you travel home.

Q: I was injured in Cyprus but I have gone home. Do I need to come back?
A: Much of this work is conducted by email and without the client returning to Cyprus. Some steps require a personal attendance and some do not, and a power of attorney drafted here and signed where you live covers a good deal of it. We would tell you at the outset which steps in your matter need you in person. The general position on acting for people who are not in Cyprus is set out under clients abroad.

Q: My travel insurer says it will deal with everything.
A: An insurer's obligations to you come from the policy, and what the policy covers is not necessarily the same as what a claim against the party responsible would cover. The two can run alongside each other. Send us the policy and whatever the insurer has written to you, and do not sign anything closing a claim until somebody has read it. Where the accident happened at a hotel, the position of the operator and of the tour organiser is dealt with separately in our guide to a hotel accident claim in Cyprus. Where the claim is governed by Cyprus law, a receipt, a discharge and a settlement agreement are contracts that bind you once they satisfy section 10 of the Contract Law, Cap. 149, and they are set aside only for coercion under section 15, undue influence under section 16, fraud under section 17, misrepresentation under section 18, or common mistake as to a material fact under section 21.

Q: I live in Cyprus and was hurt abroad.
A: Send us the details early, and in particular the date, because the period within which the claim must be brought may be governed by the law of the country where it happened rather than by the three-year period under the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012. That question is the first one to answer, and it is answered on the facts of your matter.

Q: Everything I have is in Greek, or in a language I cannot read.
A: Send it anyway. We correspond in English and will tell you what each document says. Documents issued in one country and produced in another commonly need to be legalised and translated, and the order in which that is done matters, so do not arrange translations before asking.

Q: Which country will decide my case?
A: Two separate questions: which country's courts may hear it, and which country's law decides the substance. They do not always have the same answer, and it is entirely possible for a court in one country to apply the law of another. This page asserts no rule, because the answer comes from your facts and your documents rather than from a general statement.

Q: I signed a disclaimer before the activity.
A: Send it to us as you signed it, with the ticket and the terms of the activity. What a disclaimer achieves depends on the applicable law and on its own wording, and this page does not prejudge it. Do not assume either that it binds you or that it does not. Where Cyprus law applies, the document is a contract and it is set aside only on the grounds the Contract Law provides, and section 59 of the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148, has its own limits: the defence of voluntary assumption of risk does not apply where the wrong was a failure to perform a duty imposed by an enactment, and it is not available at all against a child under twelve.

Q: The accident involved a hire car in Cyprus.
A: Liability between drivers, the direct right of action against the insurer and the position where the other vehicle was uninsured or was never traced are dealt with on the road traffic page. The position of the hire company and the terms of your rental agreement are separate, and both should be sent to us as they were issued.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim?
A: A claim brought in Cyprus is subject to a three-year period under the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012. Where the case has a cross-border element, do not assume that is the period which applies to you, which is why the date and the place of the accident are the first two things we ask for. Where Cyprus law does apply, section 6(2) runs the period from the day the cause of action was complete, or from the day the injured person knew of the injury if that was later.

## For International Law Firms
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/international-law-firms
Cyprus correspondent counsel for foreign law firms: service of documents, enforcement of judgments and awards, registry searches, and local court appearances.

## Klitos Platis, Advocate in Nicosia
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/klitos-platis
Advocate and partner at Kleanthous & Platis LLC, Nicosia: litigation and arbitration, property and construction, corporate and commercial, debt recovery, wills and estates.

## Law Firm in Nicosia, Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/law-firm-in-nicosia-cyprus
Kleanthous & Platis LLC is a law firm in Nicosia, Cyprus, advising on property, construction, litigation, corporate and private client matters.

Q: Where exactly is Kleanthous & Platis LLC located in Nicosia?
A: Our office is at Florinis 7, Greg Tower, 2nd Floor, Office 202, 1065 Nicosia, Cyprus, in the city centre.

Q: Do you only handle cases in Nicosia, or across Cyprus too?
A: While our office is based in Nicosia, we act for clients throughout Cyprus and internationally, including remote and overseas clients who complete transactions by power of attorney. Litigation, property and corporate matters are handled regardless of where in Cyprus the property, court or counterparty is located.

Q: How quickly will a lawyer respond if I contact your Nicosia office?
A: We aim to respond to every enquiry within one business day. For urgent matters, you can contact Klitos Platis directly at klitos@kleanthousplatis.com.

Q: Do I need to visit your Nicosia office in person, or can everything be handled remotely?
A: Many matters, including property purchases completed by power of attorney, can be handled remotely by phone, email and courier. Where a matter benefits from an in-person meeting, we can arrange this at our Nicosia office.

## The Sources Behind This Site
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/legal-sources
Every law and case this site relies on, with its official title, where it was verified and when. The register the build enforces, published in full.

## Litigation and Debt Recovery Lawyers in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/litigation-arbitration
Claims and defences before the Cyprus District Courts and in arbitration: commercial disputes, debt recovery, interim relief and personal injury claims.

Q: Is contact before proceedings compulsory?
A: It is not always optional. Depending on the matter the first step may be a letter before action, a demand for payment, a contractual notice, a request for documents or an invitation to negotiate. Under the Civil Procedure Rules 2023 that pre-action contact is not optional in certain categories of case, and a failure to make it is taken into account on costs.

Q: What about a judgment from a foreign court?
A: Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and arbitral awards is part of the department’s work. Which route applies depends on where the judgment was given and under what regime, and it is answered from the documents rather than in the abstract.

Q: How long does a civil case take in Cyprus?
A: It depends far more on what is disputed than on the subject matter. A claim that is not defended, or that settles once it has been properly put, is resolved in a fraction of the time of one that is fought to trial on contested facts with expert evidence on both sides. That is why the assessment at the outset matters: it tells you which of those you are in, and it lets you make a commercial decision while you still have all your options.

Q: Will my case go to trial?
A: Most do not. The great majority of civil disputes are resolved by agreement at some point between the first letter and the trial date, and the better the claim is prepared at the start, the earlier that point tends to arrive. Preparing a case properly is not in tension with settling it: a claim that has been set out clearly, with the documents behind it, is both easier to answer and easier to settle than one that has not.

Q: I have been served with a claim. What should I do first?
A: Take advice immediately and do not wait to gather a full answer first. Deadlines run from service and missing one can convert an arguable case into a judgment against you. Tell us the date you received them and how they were served, and preserve everything relevant rather than tidying it. What the claim is really alleging, and how strong it is, can be assessed once the procedural position is safe.

Q: Can I get an urgent order to stop assets being moved?
A: The Cyprus courts can grant interim relief, including freezing injunctions, disclosure injunctions, garnishee proceedings and search orders. Whether that relief is realistically available in your case depends on the evidence you can put before the court now and on where the assets sit. Applications of this kind carry obligations for the party bringing them and are not made lightly. We will tell you at the outset whether yours is a realistic candidate.

Q: Our contract says disputes go to arbitration. Does that change anything?
A: It changes where the dispute is resolved, and it is the first thing we look for. Where the parties have agreed to arbitrate, that agreement is capable of being enforced, and proceedings issued in disregard of it may be halted. The clause is read at the outset rather than at the point of issuing, because discovering it late is expensive.

Q: Do you act for defendants, or only claimants?
A: Both, and deliberately. In the personal injury field we act for injured claimants and for insurers. Having argued the same kind of case from both sides is what makes a valuation credible rather than optimistic, and it is directly useful when advising whether an offer on the table is a good one.

Q: What will it cost?
A: Litigation is priced by stage and each stage is estimated before it is begun, so you decide whether to take the next step with the cost of it in front of you. Fixed fees are used where the work is genuinely definable, such as an assessment, a demand or a single application. A successful party generally recovers a contribution towards its legal costs from the other side, which is a contribution rather than the whole bill.

Q: Court or arbitration: which is better for my dispute?
A: Neither in the abstract. The dispute resolution clause in the contract decides where the dispute is heard, by what procedure, in how long, at what cost, and how easily the result is enforced, and it was written when everything was going well. The comparison, without the clichés, is set out in Arbitration or Court: What That Clause Actually Decides.

## Medical Negligence Claims in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/medical-negligence-claims-cyprus
What a medical negligence claim in Cyprus has to establish, why causation is the hard part, which records to obtain and how to ask for them, and the time limit.

Q: Will you tell me straight away whether I have a claim?
A: No, and anybody who does is guessing. What we can do early is tell you what has to be established, obtain the complete records, and say whether there is enough in them to take further. The records, not the account of what happened, are what answer the question.

Q: I have already complained to the hospital.
A: Send us everything: what you wrote, what they replied, and when. A complaint and a claim are different processes with different purposes, and the outcome of one does not determine the other. Do not assume that a complaint pauses the limitation period.

Q: I do not want to sue the doctor. I want to know what happened.
A: That is a common and entirely legitimate starting point, and obtaining the complete records is the step that serves it. Understanding what the file shows comes first in any event. Whether anything follows from it is a decision you take afterwards, with the file in front of you.

Q: The treatment was several years ago.
A: Tell us the dates, including when you first realised something had gone wrong, because that second date is sometimes relevant. Do not conclude on your own that it is too late, and equally do not assume that it is not. It is the first question we would look at.

Q: The hospital is refusing to give me my records.
A: Put the request in writing and keep the reply. Section 18 of the Patients' Rights Law 1(I)/2005 gives the patient a right of access to the file, including a copy or an extract, directly or through a legal representative, and it can be refused or limited only on the grounds the section states. A refusal that names no ground, or a summary offered in place of the file, is not compliance with it, and pressing the request properly is often the first step we take.

Q: Is there an official body I can complain to?
A: Yes. Under the Patients' Rights Law 1(I)/2005 every health services provider, other than the smallest, names a Patients' Rights Officer, and a Complaints Examination Committee sits in each district. What those routes cannot do is decide a negligence claim: section 23 expressly withholds from the Committee any competence over questions of medical negligence or claims for compensation. A complaint may produce a useful written account of events, and it does not move the claim forward by itself or pause the limitation period.

Q: I signed a consent form. Does that mean I accepted the risk?
A: The consent form is one document, read together with the notes of the discussion that preceded it, and it does not by itself answer whether the information given was adequate. The measure of adequacy is in sections 11 and 12 of Law 1(I)/2005: informed consent following complete medical information, covering the diagnosis, the proposed treatment, the alternatives and the risks. What was said before the form was signed therefore matters as much as the signature on it.

Q: How long do I have to bring a medical negligence claim?
A: Three years, under the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012. When the period began to run is asked early and answered on the facts, so tell us both the date of the treatment and the date you realised something had gone wrong. Under section 6(2) the period runs from the day the cause of action was complete, or from the day the injured person knew of the injury if that was later, and section 6(3) gives the court a discretion not to apply the limitation provisions to a personal injury claim, not exercisable more than two years after the limitation date.

## Getting Documents Out of a Cyprus Public Authority
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/access-to-public-information-cyprus
The right of access to public sector information under Law 184(I)/2017: the thirty day deadline, the absolute exemptions, and the binding complaint.

Q: Do I have to explain why I want the information?
A: No. Section 8(1) gives the right to any person who makes a written request. Unlike a recourse to the Administrative Court, there is no requirement to show an interest in the subject matter.

Q: How long does a public authority have to answer?
A: Thirty days from receipt under section 12(1). Section 12(3)(a) empowers the Council of Ministers to make Regulations extending that to up to fifty days from the same date. Where fees are imposed, the period between being notified of them and paying them does not count towards the thirty days.

Q: What can I do if the authority refuses?
A: Complain to the Information Commissioner under section 42, on the prescribed form. Under section 44(1) the Commissioner issues a decision and that decision is binding on the authority.

Q: Can the Commissioner’s decision be challenged?
A: Yes, twice over. Either side may object within fourteen days under section 45(1), and the Commissioner re-examines within twenty days under section 45(3). Section 47 then makes the decisions subject to recourse under Article 146 of the Constitution.

Q: How is a request written so that it works?
A: Specifically: by naming documents, periods and subjects, rather than asking for everything relating to the matter.

Q: Is there anything that can never be disclosed?
A: Five categories are absolute exemptions under section 19(1): information reachable by another route, information relating to or supplied by the security bodies, court records, parliamentary information, and information given subject to confidence. Everything else is a non-absolute exemption, which means disclosure may still be required.

## Adverse Possession in Cyprus: Thirty Years on the Land
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/adverse-possession-cyprus
No title is acquired by adverse possession against a registered owner in Cyprus. Where the thirty years of Cap. 224 still count, and where they stopped in 1946.

Q: I have farmed the same field for over thirty years. Is it mine?
A: Almost certainly not, if it is registered to someone else. Section 9 of Cap. 224 provides that no title to immovable property is acquired by any person by adverse possession against the Republic or against a registered owner, however long the possession lasted.

Q: What counts as adverse possession under Cyprus law?
A: Cap. 224 defines it as possession by a person not entitled to it, where the express or implied consent or licence of the person entitled to the possession was not given or obtained. Use with the owner's permission, express or implied, is therefore not adverse, no matter how long it continues.

Q: Does adverse possession still exist at all in Cyprus?
A: Yes, but subject to section 9. Under section 10, proof of undisputed and uninterrupted adverse possession for the full period of thirty years entitles the possessor to be deemed the owner and to be registered. Because section 9 excludes claims against the Republic and against registered owners, the rule matters mainly for unregistered property and for periods completed under the legislation in force before Cap. 224 commenced.

Q: Which thirty years count?
A: Under section 13 of Cap. 224, the thirty year period is the period immediately preceding the date on which a claim under section 10 can be raised. A thirty year stretch of possession that ended in the past does not satisfy the section.

Q: Can long use give me a right of way even if it cannot give me ownership?
A: Yes, and the distinction matters. Section 11(1)(b) of Cap. 224 allows a right of way or other easement over another's property to be acquired by thirty years of uninterrupted exercise, though not against property of the Republic. Long use can create a right over the land where it cannot create title to the land.

Q: How does the Turkish invasion affect adverse possession?
A: Section 10Α excludes it in both directions. No title is acquired by adverse possession over property in the area made inaccessible by the Turkish invasion against an owner belonging to the Greek Community or a foreigner, nor over property in the free area against an owner belonging to the Turkish Community.

## Generative AI at Work: Employer Duties
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/ai-at-work
What an employer should have in place before staff use generative AI: an approved tool list, rules on what may be entered, and human oversight of decisions.

Q: Can I monitor staff use of these tools?
A: With care, and not by every means. Monitoring is itself processing of personal data, and where the employee works remotely it engages section 8 of the Regulation of the Framework for the Organisation of Telecommuting Law of 2023, Law 120(I)/2023, which prohibits monitoring employees through a camera or another application of a similarly intrusive character in order to check performance. Decide what will be logged, tell staff, and keep it proportionate to the risk being managed.

Q: Can I discipline someone who breached the policy?
A: Only if the policy was communicated first. An employer cannot discipline an employee for breaching a rule that was never communicated, so issuing it, and having evidence that it was acknowledged, comes before enforcing it. Where an incident has already happened, the sequence of events is reviewed before anyone is disciplined.

Q: When do the Artificial Intelligence Act obligations start?
A: Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 entered into force on 1 August 2024. The prohibited practices and the AI literacy obligations have applied since 2 February 2025, the general purpose AI and governance rules since 2 August 2025, and the Regulation applies generally from 2 August 2026. Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 then deferred the high risk obligations to 2 December 2027 for the Annex III use cases and to 2 August 2028 for high risk systems embedded in regulated products.

Q: Should we allow staff to use generative AI at all?
A: That is not the decision in front of an employer. Staff are already using these tools, on their own accounts if not the company's, and an employer with no position has taken one by default: unrestricted use, no record of what has been entered, and no way of knowing what has left the business.

Q: What is the exposure, in order of how often it materialises?
A: Information leaving the business, which arrives first and cannot be undone: anything typed into a public tool has been disclosed to whoever operates it, on that operator's terms, and where the material is a client's confidential information, a counterparty's draft, personal data or the business's own unpublished work, the disclosure may breach a contract, a duty of confidence or data protection obligations. Then output that is wrong, because confident, fluent and false is these systems' characteristic failure and it survives casual reading. Then bias, which matters most where the output touches people: recruitment, promotion, performance assessment and allocation of work.

Q: Is a line in the staff handbook enough?
A: No. None of the three risks is managed by a paragraph saying that employees should be careful. A usable policy is short, specific and enforceable, and it is cheaper before the first incident than after.

Q: What has to be in the policy?
A: An approved tool list of named products with named account arrangements, with personal accounts prohibited for work purposes, and the rest of the items the article sets out. A policy that omits any of them is not one we would sign off.

## AI and Liability: Who Answers When It Fails
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/ai-meets-law
Who bears the loss when an AI system gets it wrong: the contract chain, negligence and product liability, and what to negotiate before deployment.

Q: Who is liable when an AI system produces a costly output?
A: A person or a company, never the model: the business that deployed the system, the business that supplied it, or the business that built it. Which of the three, and for how much, is settled largely before the loss occurs, in the documents signed at procurement, and the law of negligence and product liability then fills the gaps the contracts left.

Q: Which contract provisions actually decide the outcome?
A: The warranties given about performance and accuracy, the exclusions of liability and the caps on it, the indemnities for third party claims, the allocation of responsibility for the training data and for intellectual property in the output, and the change control provisions.

Q: Why does change control matter so much here?
A: Because it is specific to this technology and routinely overlooked. A model updated by the supplier without notice is a different system from the one that was tested and accepted, and where a business has assessed a deployment and documented it, silent updates make the assessment untrue. Require notice of material changes and a right to test before they take effect.

Q: We use a consumer AI product for business work. Does that matter?
A: It does. Mass market AI services continue to be supplied on click-accept terms, so a business using a consumer product for business purposes has agreed to terms it did not negotiate, in a context where the exposure is the business's own.

## Annual Leave in Cyprus: 20 Days, and the 48 Hour Week
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/annual-leave-working-time-cyprus
Twenty working days of leave on a five day week and twenty four on a six day week under Law 8/1967, and the forty eight hour average over four months under Law 63(I)/2002.

Q: How many days of annual leave am I entitled to?
A: Twenty working days where you work a five day week, and twenty four where you work a six day week, under section 5(1) of Law 8/1967, provided you have worked at least forty eight weeks in the leave year. Where a contract or collective agreement gives more, the longer entitlement applies instead.

Q: I was off sick for two months. Does that cut my leave?
A: No. Section 5(3) treats temporary absence through accident or illness as a period of work for the purposes of the proportionate calculation, along with maternity leave and absence on parental, paternity or carer's leave or leave for reasons of force majeure. And under section 6(1) days of incapacity through accident or illness cannot be counted as days of annual leave at all.

Q: My employer counted a public holiday as one of my leave days.
A: Section 6(1) does not allow it. Public holidays established by law, custom or agreement are not days of annual leave, and neither are maternity or paternity leave, days of incapacity through accident or illness, or days of strike or lock-out.

Q: Can I be paid for my leave instead of taking it?
A: Only when you are leaving. Section 8(2) of Law 63(I)/2002 allows the minimum period of paid annual leave to be replaced by an allowance in lieu only where the employment relationship is terminated. While the employment continues, the leave has to be taken, and section 7(1) of Law 8/1967 requires at least one continuous period of nine days.

Q: Can leave be carried into the following year?
A: By agreement, and up to a limit. Section 7(2) of Law 8/1967 allows leave to be accumulated by agreement between employer and employee up to a maximum equal to the leave the employee is entitled to in respect of two years.

Q: I regularly work more than forty eight hours. Is that lawful?
A: It depends on the average and on consent. Section 7(1) of Law 63(I)/2002 caps working time at forty eight hours a week on average including overtime, section 7(3) averages it over four months, and section 7(2) keeps annual leave and sick leave neutral in that average. Section 7(4) permits an opt-out, but only where you consented, suffer no detriment for refusing, and the employer keeps a record available to the competent authority, which may prohibit or restrict the excess on health and safety grounds.

Q: Am I entitled to a break during the day?
A: Where daily working time exceeds six hours, yes. Section 5(1) of Law 63(I)/2002 gives a continuous break of at least fifteen minutes during which you are entitled to leave your workstation, and it cannot be given contiguously with the start or end of the working day. Separately, section 4(1) requires eleven consecutive hours of rest in each twenty four.

## Cyprus now has an anti-SLAPP law, and it takes effect in May 2026
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/anti-slapp-cyprus
Law 24(I)/2026 gives a defendant sued over a matter of public interest security for costs, early dismissal and full costs back. Discontinuing does not escape it.

Q: What is a SLAPP, in the words of the Cyprus statute?
A: Section 2 defines abusive court proceedings against public participation as proceedings in which unfounded claims are brought whose main purpose is not the genuine exercise or protection of a right but the prevention, restriction or punishment of public participation, among other things by exploiting the imbalance of power between the parties. It then lists four indications: a disproportionate, excessive or unreasonable subject matter, including an excessive value put on the dispute; multiple claims on similar matters by the same claimant or persons connected with them; intimidating, harassing or threatening conduct by the claimant or its representatives before or during proceedings or in similar or parallel cases; and bad faith or delaying use of the procedure, including delay, fraudulent or abusive forum shopping, and bad faith discontinuance at a later stage.

Q: Does the Law protect me if the whole case is Cypriot?
A: Not on its own terms. Section 4(1) applies the Law to civil or commercial matters with cross-border implications, and section 5(1) says a case is not cross-border where all three of the following hold: both parties are domiciled in the Republic, the court hearing it sits in the Republic, and every element relevant to the case is in the Republic. Miss any one of those three and the case is within the Law. Section 4(4) also preserves any more favourable protection in another law, so the Law is a floor rather than a ceiling.

Q: What can a defendant actually apply for?
A: Three things, under section 6, at the commencement of proceedings brought against them for engaging in public participation. Security for costs under section 10, which lets the Court order the claimant to deposit a sum for the defendant's estimated costs, subject to the right of access to justice. Early dismissal of a manifestly unfounded claim under section 11. And the remedies in Part IV against abusive proceedings. Section 7 lets the Court deal with any of those applications by summary judgment.

Q: Who has to prove what on an early dismissal application?
A: Section 12(1) puts the burden of proving that the claim is well founded on the claimant who brought it. Section 12(2) goes further: where the defendant applies for summary judgment dismissing the claim at an early stage, it is the claimant who must put forward the material necessary for the Court to assess whether the claim is manifestly unfounded. The defendant does not have to disprove the case.

Q: Can the claimant escape by discontinuing?
A: No, and this is the provision that changes the arithmetic. Section 8 provides that any later amendment of the claim or the pleadings by the claimant, including withdrawal of the claim, does not affect the defendant's ability to seek the Part IV remedies. A claimant who files, applies pressure for a year and then walks away is still exposed to a costs order and to damages.

Q: What are the costs consequences?
A: Section 14(1) lets the Court order a claimant who has brought abusive proceedings to pay the defendant's costs. Section 14(3) is the unusual part: those costs include the whole of the defendant's legal representation costs, unless they are found to be excessive. Section 15 adds that the Court may impose any other effective, proportionate and dissuasive measures, in particular damages payable by the claimant, where the defendant has included them in a counterclaim.

Q: Which court hears these applications?
A: Section 2 defines Court, for the purposes of this Law, as the Nicosia District Court, including any judge of it having jurisdiction over the matter. Jurisdiction is concentrated in one court whatever the district in which the underlying dispute arose.

Q: What if the claim is brought abroad?
A: Two provisions reach it. Section 16 requires the Court to refuse recognition or enforcement of a third-country judgment if it considers the proceedings that produced it manifestly unfounded or abusive. Section 17(1) allows a person domiciled in the Republic, sued in a third country by someone who is not resident in an EU member state, to claim before the Court damages for the loss and the costs incurred before that third-country court. Section 17(2) lets the Court stay its own jurisdiction while the foreign proceedings are pending.

Q: When does it start, and does it reach a claim already filed?
A: Section 23 brings the Law into force on 7 May 2026. Section 22 provides that proceedings within the scope of the Law that are pending or were filed before commencement continue and are completed before the court seised, without prejudice to the provisions of the Law.

Q: Does this change the law of defamation?
A: No. It is procedural. The elements of defamation and injurious falsehood under the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148, and the one-year limitation period in section 6(4) of Law 66(I)/2012, are untouched. What changes is what a defendant can do about a claim brought to silence rather than to win.

## Arbitration under Cap. 4: the clause, the award, the court
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/arbitration-cap4-cyprus
The domestic Arbitration Law: what the First Schedule reads into your clause, the stay you must ask for before pleading, setting aside, and enforcement as a judgment.

Q: We have been sued despite an arbitration clause. What do we do first?
A: Apply to stay under section 8, and do it before anything else. The application may be made at any time after appearance but before delivering any pleadings or taking any other step in the proceedings. Filing a defence is a step, and it is usually what loses the right. The Court may stay if satisfied there is no sufficient reason why the matter should not be referred, and that you were at the commencement, and remain, ready and willing to do everything necessary for the proper conduct of the arbitration.

Q: Can we change our minds about arbitrating?
A: Not unilaterally. Section 3 provides that the arbitration agreement, unless a contrary intention is expressed in it, is irrevocable except by leave of the Court. Section 4(1) adds that it is not discharged by the death of a party.

Q: Our clause says nothing about how many arbitrators. What happens?
A: You get one. Section 6 reads the First Schedule into the agreement unless a contrary intention is expressed, and the first of those provisions is that where no other form of reference is provided, the reference is to a single arbitrator. The Schedule also supplies the disclosure obligation, the finality of the award, the arbitrators' discretion on costs, and their power to make an interim award.

Q: Can an arbitrator order specific performance of a property contract?
A: No. Item 8 of the First Schedule gives arbitrators the same power as the courts to order specific performance of any contract, but expressly excepts a contract relating to land or any interest in land. That is worth knowing before an arbitration clause goes into a contract of sale, because it removes the remedy the buyer usually wants.

Q: The other side will not produce documents. Can the arbitrator make them?
A: Partly, and the court fills the gap. Item 4 of the First Schedule obliges the parties to produce all books, contracts, agreements, accounts, writings and documents in their possession or power that may be required. For a third party, section 17 lets any party apply to the Court for a writ of subpoena compelling attendance or production, subject to the limit that nobody can be compelled to produce a document he could not be compelled to produce at the trial of an action. Section 26 and the Second Schedule also allow the Court to order discovery and interrogatories.

Q: We think the arbitrator has gone wrong. Can we challenge the award?
A: Only on the grounds in the Law. Under section 20(2) the Court may set an award aside where the arbitrator or umpire has misconducted himself or the proceedings, or where the arbitration or the award has been improperly procured, and under section 20(1) it may remove the arbitrator for misconduct. Section 19(1) offers the middle course of remission for reconsideration, in which case section 19(2) requires the award within three months of the order. Disagreement with the result is not a ground: item 6 of the First Schedule makes the award final and binding.

Q: The arbitration is dragging on past its deadline.
A: Two provisions help. Section 18 lets the Court extend the time for making the award, expressly whether or not that time has already expired, so a lapsed deadline is not fatal. Section 13(1) lets the Court remove an arbitrator or umpire who fails to use all reasonable dispatch in entering on and proceeding with the reference and making an award.

Q: Is an award worth anything if they do not pay?
A: Yes. Under section 21 an award made under an arbitration agreement may, by leave of the Court, be enforced in the same manner as a judgment or order to the same effect, and judgment may be entered in the terms of the award. Section 22 adds interest from the date of the award at the same rate as a judgment debt unless the award directs otherwise, and what follows from a judgment is set out in enforcing a judgment in Cyprus.

Q: Our contract says each side bears its own costs whatever happens.
A: That clause is void. Section 23(1) makes a provision that the parties, or any of them, shall in any event pay their own costs of the reference or the award void, and applies the Law as if it were not in the agreement. The one exception is where the provision forms part of an agreement to submit a dispute that had already arisen when it was signed. If the award itself is silent on costs, section 23(2) gives you fourteen days from publication to apply to the arbitrator for a direction.

Q: Does the limitation clock stop while we arbitrate?
A: The limitation laws apply to arbitrations as they apply to court proceedings under section 24(1), and section 24(3) fixes when an arbitration commences: when one party serves on the other a notice requiring the appointment of an arbitrator, or requiring the reference where the agreement names the person. Section 24(2) stops a clause deferring accrual until an award: the cause of action is deemed to arise when it would have arisen without that term.

## Arbitration or Court: What That Clause Actually Decides
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/arbitration-or-court-cyprus
An arbitration clause is enforced, and the stay must be sought before any other step. When arbitration is worth it, and where clauses go wrong.

Q: When is it too late to ask for a stay?
A: Under section 8 of Cap. 4, once you deliver pleadings or take any other step in the proceedings. The application may be made at any time after appearance but before that point. Filing a defence is taking a step, and so, generally, is any application engaging the merits. Under Article 8(1) of Law 101/1987 the line is drawn at the first statement on the substance of the dispute.

Q: Will the court definitely stay the case?
A: Under Cap. 4, not necessarily. Section 8 says the Court "may" order a stay, and only if satisfied that there is no sufficient reason why the matter should not be referred to arbitration under the submission, and that the applicant was when the proceedings began, and still remains, ready and willing to do everything necessary for the proper conduct of the arbitration. Under Article 8(1) of Law 101/1987 the court shall refer the parties to arbitration, unless it finds the agreement null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed.

Q: Does the court case stop the arbitration in the meantime?
A: No, at least not under the international law. Article 8(2) of Law 101/1987 provides that the bringing of the action does not prevent the arbitral proceedings from beginning or continuing, or an award from being made, while the matter is pending before the court.

Q: Can an award be challenged?
A: Section 20(1) of Cap. 4 allows the Court to remove an arbitrator or umpire who has misconducted themselves or mishandled the case, and section 20(2) allows it to set aside the award where there has been misconduct or mishandling, or where the arbitration was conducted or the award made irregularly. These are narrow grounds: an award is not reopened because it is wrong.

Q: How is an award turned into something enforceable?
A: Section 21 of Cap. 4: an award made under a submission may, by leave of the Court, be enforced in the same manner as a judgment or order to the same effect. Leave is a separate application, and it is where a defective arbitration is most often exposed.

Q: Can I ignore an arbitration clause and go to court?
A: No. In international commercial arbitration the Cyprus court must refer the parties to arbitration if asked in time, unless the agreement is null and void or inoperative. In domestic arbitration the court has a discretion exercised on established conditions.

Q: When must the stay be applied for?
A: After appearance and before any other step in the proceedings. Taking part in the litigation amounts to a waiver of the arbitration agreement.

Q: Is arbitration cheaper?
A: Not automatically, and this is the point most often assumed rather than checked. The parties pay the arbitrators and the institution, which a court does not charge for. Its stronger arguments are enforcement across borders, privacy, technical expertise and procedural flexibility.

Q: When is the court the better forum?
A: Where both parties and the assets are in Cyprus, the cross-border enforcement argument largely disappears, and the court offers interim relief with real teeth, a public record, an appeal, and no obligation to fund a tribunal.

## Opening a Bank Account for a Cyprus Company
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/bank-account-cyprus-company
What a Cyprus bank asks for when a company opens an account, why applications are refused, and how to prepare the file so it opens in weeks.

Q: How long does it take?
A: Weeks rather than days for a straightforward file, and considerably longer where the ownership chain is layered, documents need certification abroad, or the business model needs explaining. The variable is the file, not the bank's speed.

Q: Do the directors have to come to Cyprus?
A: It depends on the bank. Some require a face-to-face meeting or a video identification, others accept certified documents remotely. Ask before you plan travel.

Q: Can the company open an account before it has any business?
A: Yes, but expect to substitute a credible plan and the founders' background for trading evidence, and expect more questions rather than fewer.

Q: The bank refused. Can it be appealed?
A: An acceptance decision is commercial and is not usually reversed by argument. The realistic route is a different institution whose policy fits the business, with a file that answers the questions the first one asked.

Q: Does a Cyprus company have to bank in Cyprus?
A: No. Where the company banks is a commercial decision. It does affect practicalities, from how quickly local payments settle to what your auditors and counterparties expect to see.

Q: Will using a lawyer guarantee the account opens?
A: No, and anyone who says otherwise is selling something. It improves the quality and consistency of the file, which is what most refusals are actually about.

## Opening a Bank Account in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/bank-account-cyprus
Account opening in Cyprus is a compliance decision rather than an administrative one. What the bank is actually assessing, and why applications fail.

Q: Which section makes the bank ask?
A: Section 60 of Law 188(I)/2007 applies due diligence whenever a business relationship is established, and even without one for occasional transactions of fifteen thousand euro or more or on any suspicion, whatever the amount. Section 61 requires verification from reliable, independent sources and identification of the beneficial owner through any chain of entities. Section 62 requires verification before the relationship is established, and for a company the collection of proof of the beneficial ownership register entry. Section 64 names source of funds and source of wealth expressly among the enhanced measures for higher-risk situations.

Q: Are anonymous accounts allowed?
A: No. Section 66(2) of Law 188(I)/2007 prohibits outright anonymous or numbered accounts, and accounts in names other than those appearing on official identity documents.

Q: Can a Cyprus bank refuse to open an account without giving reasons?
A: Yes. The bank is making a risk decision about the customer, the source of the money and the purpose of the account, and it can decline without explaining. A refusal recorded at one institution also makes the next approach harder, which is why the file should be complete before any bank is approached.

Q: What is the difference between source of wealth and source of funds?
A: They are two questions, not one. Source of wealth asks how the customer came to have money at all: a business built and sold, a career, an inheritance, an investment portfolio. Source of funds asks where the specific money arriving in this account comes from. Both must be evidenced with documents rather than described in a covering letter, and this is the single most common point at which applications fail.

Q: Can a company with no office in Cyprus open a Cyprus bank account?
A: It is a harder proposition than its owners usually expect. For a corporate customer, banks look for a real link to the jurisdiction: local directors, an actual office, local employees, and contracts and counterparties that make sense. A company with no presence beyond a registered office address starts at a disadvantage.

Q: Why do Cyprus bank account applications get refused?
A: Mostly on inconsistency: the stated business activity does not match the company's objects, the projected turnover does not match the business described, the beneficial owner's stated occupation does not explain the funds, or the addresses on different documents disagree. Applications also fail on staleness, because certificates, utility bills and register extracts have limited currency and a file assembled over three months usually contains something expired by the time it is submitted.

Q: What should I do if my Cyprus bank account is frozen?
A: Respond in documents, promptly and in writing: identify what changed, and produce the underlying evidence for the transactions in question. Banks are often constrained in what they can tell the customer about why. Where funds are held and an explanation is refused, there are legal routes to press the point, but they work best when the underlying paperwork already exists.

## Your Bank Sold Your Loan: What It Had to Do First
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/bank-sold-my-loan-cyprus
Selling loans in Cyprus under Law 169(I)/2015: the forty five day right of a borrower to buy their own credit facility, and who may lawfully buy it.

Q: Can my bank sell my loan without telling me?
A: Not where part of the portfolio is being sold. Section 18(1)(b) requires the seller to notify the borrower, the guarantors and the security providers by letter. On a sale of the whole portfolio, section 18(1)(a) requires publication in the Official Gazette and three daily newspapers, and the letter is optional.

Q: Can I buy my own loan?
A: Yes, and that is the point of section 18(1). Borrowers, guarantors and security providers may submit an offer to buy the credit facility being sold, within forty five days of the publication or of the date the letter was sent. The offer may be made only once.

Q: What happens if I do nothing within the forty five days?
A: Section 18(1)(b)(iii) presumes that you do not wish to make an offer. The right is lost by silence rather than by refusal.

Q: When must I be told the loan has actually been transferred?
A: Within fifteen working days of the transfer, by registered letter from both the assignor and the purchaser, under section 19(2). The notice must give the contact details of those handling the facility and the new account numbers.

Q: Who is allowed to buy a Cyprus loan?
A: Only the five categories listed in section 4(1): a credit acquiring company, a licensed credit institution, an EU credit institution entitled to operate here, a financial institution that is a subsidiary of an EU credit institution operating through a branch, or a non-credit institution under the Credit Agreements for Consumers relating to Residential Immovable Property Law.

Q: I have a deposit with the bank. Can I still set it against the loan?
A: It depends on the transfer documents. Section 25(1) allows a right of set-off against credit balances held with the assignor to be created or preserved on the transfer, section 25(2)(a) requires the documents to describe its scope precisely, and section 25(2)(b) requires assets at least equal to the amounts subject to set-off to be blocked in the purchaser's favour and kept out of the assignor's general estate.

## Ten Clauses in a Building Contract
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/before-you-sign-a-building-contract-in-cyprus-ten-clauses-that-protect-you
Ten clauses that protect you before signing a building contract in Cyprus: price and variations, delay, defects, retention, termination and disputes.

Q: Which clause causes the most disputes?
A: The scope. Most arguments about extras are in truth arguments about a scope that was never defined by complete drawings, technical specifications and a bill of quantities incorporated into the contract.

Q: How should the payments be staged?
A: Against certified progress of the works, on certificates issued by the supervising architect or engineer, rather than by the passage of time. Advance payments should be secured.

Q: Do I need a liquidated damages clause?
A: Yes, at a pre-agreed rate, so that loss does not have to be proved for every day of delay. The provision behind it is section 74(1) of the Contract Law, Cap. 149: where a contract names a sum to be paid in case of breach, reasonable compensation not exceeding that sum may be awarded, whether or not actual damage or loss is proved. The agreed figure is a ceiling rather than an automatic entitlement, which is a reason to set it at a defensible rate rather than an intimidating one. Together with a binding completion date and an extension of time clause, it is the machinery that makes the programme enforceable.

Q: How should changes to the works be handled?
A: Through a written instruction and pricing procedure. No change should be made on a verbal understanding, because that is exactly where the dispute about what was agreed, and at what price, is born.

## Changing the Board of a Cyprus Company: Documents and Traps
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/board-changes-cyprus-company
Appointing and removing directors of a Cyprus company: the fourteen-day filing, the documents the Registrar expects, and the traps that appear in groups.

Q: How long do we have to notify a board change?
A: Fourteen days from the change, on form HE4 to the Registrar of Companies.

Q: Does the director stop being a director when the form is filed?
A: No. The change takes effect by the company's internal act, the resolution or the resignation, under the articles. The filing records it.

Q: Do we need a Cyprus-resident director?
A: Not as a matter of company law: Cap. 113 imposes no residence or nationality requirement. The practice comes from tax law, where the company is treated as tax resident in Cyprus if management and control are exercised here. If tax residence matters to you, that question is for your tax adviser and it drives the composition of the board.

Q: What happens if we file late?
A: The obligation is a statutory one and late compliance is not cost-free. Regularise it rather than leaving it, and expect the Registrar's records to be the version the world relies on until they are corrected.

Q: The outgoing director will not sign anything. Now what?
A: Check the articles for the removal power and who exercises it, because a properly convened removal does not need the departing director's cooperation. Their signature is convenient, not essential.

Q: We changed the board six months ago and never filed. Is that a problem?
A: It is fixable and it should be fixed now. In the meantime the register shows people who are not directors and omits people who are, which affects banks, counterparties and anyone relying on a company search.

## A Bounced Cheque in Cyprus: the Holder's Rights Under Cap. 262
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/bounced-cheque-cyprus
The drawer's statutory engagement, the notice of dishonour that discharges the careless, interest from presentment, and why these claims suit summary judgment.

Q: Is a bounced cheque a crime in Cyprus, or only a debt?
A: Both, and they run in parallel. Section 305A of the Criminal Code, Cap. 154, inserted by Law 18(I)/2006, makes it an offence to issue a cheque that is presented and not paid for lack of available funds or because the account was closed, and which then remains unpaid for fifteen days from presentation. The penalty on conviction is up to three years' imprisonment or a fine of up to ten thousand euro or both. Section 36 of Cap. 155 keeps the civil claim untouched: it is not suspended or affected because the same facts are also an offence.

Q: Can I bring the criminal case myself, or must the police and the Attorney General do it?
A: You can bring it yourself. Under section 37 of Cap. 155 a prosecution begins with a charge laid before a Court, and under section 38 the charge is signed by or on behalf of the person laying it; neither section confines that person to a public prosecutor. The Law recognises private prosecutions expressly: section 7A is about the accused's access to the prosecutor's material in a private criminal proceeding, and section 141(1)(b) requires the Chief Registrar to notify the private prosecutor rather than the Attorney General where the case is a private one. The limit worth knowing before you start is section 3B(2)(a), which preserves the Attorney General's constitutional power to take over, continue or discontinue any proceedings.

Q: What does taking on a private prosecution actually require of us?
A: A prosecutor's file, prepared before the charge is laid. Section 7A entitles the accused, on written request, to free access within twenty one days to all documents and evidential material the prosecutor holds, including a named list of prosecution witnesses, a signed written statement from each complainant covering the evidence on all the facts, and a summary of any other prosecution witness's evidence, with the same obligation for material or witnesses that arrive later. That is the standard to build to at the outset.

Q: The drawer stopped the cheque rather than letting it bounce. Does that avoid the offence?
A: Not by itself. Section 305A(2) makes it the same offence, with the same penalties, to cause the non-payment of your own cheque by any act, without reasonable cause, at any time before or on the date it became payable. The proviso sets out how the defence is preserved: reasonable cause may be relied on where, on or before presentation, the drawer stated in writing to the credit institution the reason or reasons for the stop instruction. A stop given without written reasons to the bank at the time forfeits that.

Q: Is there a case where section 305A does not apply at all?
A: Yes. Section 305A(6) disapplies the section where the cheque was issued in payment of a debt relating to a transaction or act contrary to good morals or to any law. A cheque given for an unlawful arrangement is outside the offence, whatever the civil position may be.

Q: What must the bank write on the returned cheque?
A: The actual reason and the date. Section 305A(3) requires the drawee institution, under signature, to stamp or note on the returned cheque whether non-payment was for lack of available funds, a closed account or a stop instruction, together with the date of presentation. That stamp is accepted as evidence in court and is a rebuttable presumption of the truth of its content, and complying with the duty is expressly not a breach of customer confidentiality. Section 305A(4) applies the same scheme to electronic presentment, and section 305A(5) makes breach of those duties an offence by the bank officer responsible. Do not take the cheque back without the stamp.

Q: The cheque bounced. Do I have to prove the whole underlying deal?
A: The instrument does most of that work. Under section 55 of Cap. 262 the drawer, by drawing the cheque, engages to compensate the holder if it is dishonoured, provided the proceedings on dishonour are duly taken. Between the immediate parties the underlying transaction can still be raised as a defence, but the starting position is the statutory engagement written into the signature, which is why these claims are strong candidates for summary judgment.

Q: What must I do in the first days after the dishonour?
A: Give notice of dishonour, in writing, to the drawer and to every indorser you may need to pursue. Under section 48 a drawer or indorser who is not given notice is discharged, and for cheques the reasonable time is fixed by reference to the Cyprus Clearing House under section 82Ζ. Send the notice the day the cheque comes back and keep proof of sending; the letter before action can follow, the notice cannot wait for it.

Q: How much can I recover beyond the face amount?
A: Section 57 gives the statutory measure: the amount of the cheque, interest from the date of presentment for payment, and the expenses of noting or protest where protest was necessary. Interest from presentment rather than from judgment is the part claimants routinely under-claim.

Q: I sat on the cheque for months before presenting it. Have I lost the claim?
A: Usually not. Under section 74, delay in presentment discharges the drawer only to the extent of actual damage suffered through the delay, in the scenario where the drawer had the funds and the banker fails in the interval, and even then the holder becomes the banker's creditor for that amount. The practical problems of a stale cheque are at the bank counter; the claim on the instrument is measured by the six year contract period. Present it, record the dishonour, and give the notices.

Q: The drawer says he stopped the cheque, so it was never going to be paid.
A: A stop instruction explains the dishonour; it is not by itself a defence to the drawer's engagement under section 55. What the drawer needs is a real defence on the instrument or the underlying transaction between you, and that is tested on the documents. From the holder's side, treat a stopped cheque exactly like any other dishonour: notice under section 48, then the claim.

Q: Should I report it for prosecution instead of suing?
A: The two processes are separate and serve different ends. Whatever the authorities do about a cheque issued without funds, a prosecution does not pay you: the money comes from the civil claim on the instrument, which runs on its own timetable and its own rules. Deciding whether to report is your choice; deciding to preserve the civil claim, starting with the notice of dishonour, should not wait on it.

## Building Defects in Cyprus: Remedies
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/building-defects-cyprus
Found building defects in Cyprus? What counts as a defect as against wear and tear, developer obligations, defects liability periods and the remedies open to you.

Q: What is the difference between a building defect and normal wear and tear?
A: A building defect stems from a fault in design, materials or workmanship that means the property falls short of what was contractually promised. Wear and tear is the ordinary deterioration that comes from time and normal use, and is not, on its own, a defect.

Q: Do I need an expert report to make a building defects claim?
A: In practice, yes. An independent engineer, architect or surveyor's report identifying the defect, its likely cause and the cost of remedial works is central to negotiating with a developer and to any later court or arbitration proceedings.

Q: How long is a defects liability period in Cyprus?
A: There is no single statutory period that applies to every contract. The length and scope of a defects liability period depend entirely on what the specific sale or building contract provides, so it needs to be checked directly in the contract documents for your property or project.

Q: What can I do if the defects liability period has already expired?
A: A claim may still be available under the general law of contract, most likely as a claim for breach of contract or damages, subject to the general limitation period. It is worth taking advice on the specific facts rather than assuming the expiry of a contractual period ends your options.

Q: How long do I have to bring a building defects claim in Cyprus?
A: It depends on how the claim is put. On the contract, six years from when the cause of action accrued, under section 7(1) of the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012. In negligence against the architect, the engineer or the contractor, three years, under section 6(2). Time runs from the defective work or from delivery, not from the day the defect appeared, unless it was deliberately concealed. Confirm your specific dates with a lawyer.

Q: Can I get the developer to repair the defect instead of paying damages?
A: Often, yes, particularly where a defects liability period applies and the contract contemplates repair as the primary remedy. Whether repair, damages, or another remedy is the right approach depends on the nature of the defect and how the developer responds.

Q: Is the developer responsible for defects in a property bought off-plan?
A: Generally yes, to the extent the finished property does not match the plans, specifications and standard of workmanship promised in the sale contract, though the precise scope of responsibility depends on the wording of that contract.

Q: Should I get legal advice before signing a settlement with the developer over a defect?
A: Yes. A settlement can affect your ability to pursue further remedies later, including for defects that only become apparent afterwards, so it is worth having the terms reviewed before you sign. By Klitos Platis, Advocate Published 14 July 2026

## Selling Property in Cyprus: The Seller's Side
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/buying-and-selling-property-in-cyprus-key-considerations
What a seller of Cyprus property must deliver before a transfer can be registered: clear title, discharge of any mortgage, tax and municipal clearances.

Q: What does a seller have to produce before a Cyprus property transfer?
A: A transfer is completed only when it is registered at the District Lands Office. Before that day can be fixed the seller needs a clean position on the register, a release of any mortgage, confirmations from the tax authority and the municipality or community that liabilities are settled, any outstanding common expenses dealt with, and the capital gains tax assessment addressed.

Q: Can I sell a property in Cyprus that has a mortgage on it?
A: Yes, but the transfer cannot be registered free of the mortgage until the lender releases it. In the ordinary case the release is funded out of the purchase price, so the contract has to say precisely how: what part of the price goes to the lender, on what evidence, and at what point in the sequence. Where the property is a unit in a development mortgaged as a whole, the bank's waiver for the specific unit has to be obtained before the transfer date.

Q: What can stop a transfer at the Cyprus Land Registry?
A: Any entry standing against the property: a mortgage, a memo registered by a judgment creditor, a prohibition from old proceedings never formally withdrawn, or a note for unauthorised works, as well as unsettled taxes and charges. Each takes months rather than days to remove, which is why the seller should obtain and read a search certificate for their own property at the start of the sale.

Q: What happens once the buyer deposits the contract of sale?
A: Once the contract is deposited at the Department of Lands and Surveys under the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law of 2011, the seller's freedom to deal with the property is effectively at an end. The deposited contract secures the buyer's priority and preserves the buyer's right to compel the transfer, and the position is very difficult to unwind.

Q: When is capital gains tax dealt with on a Cyprus sale?
A: The assessment has to be dealt with before the transfer can be completed. The reliefs and deductions available depend on how and when the property was acquired and what has been spent on it since, so the documents proving the original purchase price and the cost of subsequent works are worth locating early. They are frequently the difference between a computed gain and a much smaller one.

## Buying Off-Plan Property in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/buying-off-plan-property-in-cyprus-protections-when-purchasing-from-a-developer
Protections when buying off-plan from a Cyprus developer: staged payments, bank waivers, delivery dates, specifications, defects and title guarantees.

Q: How long do I have to lodge the contract?
A: Six months. Section 3(1)(c) of Law 81(I)/2011 requires the contract to be lodged within six months of the date it was signed, at the district land registry of the district where the property is. Provisos adjust the start where the property is not yet registered in a seller's name, where the contract is one of exchange, and where the buyer is an assignee.

Q: What does lodging actually give me?
A: Section 5(1) provides that lodging the contract constitutes a charge over the property, and that the charge takes its priority from the date of lodging. That is the whole of the protection: it puts you in the queue on the title, ahead of anything registered after you and behind anything registered before.

Q: I missed the six months. Is specific performance gone?
A: Not necessarily, but it becomes discretionary. Section 6(2) allows the Court to order specific performance of a written but unlodged contract, or an oral one, where it considers that just and reasonable and provided third-party rights from earlier charges or prohibitions are not affected. Section 12 allows the Court, on application, to permit lodging or the bringing of the action out of time for contracts still in force. Both depend on nobody else having registered anything in the meantime.

Q: Is there a deadline for the action itself?
A: Yes. Section 6(1)(b) requires the action for an order of specific performance to be brought within the limitation period provided by the law in force for claims arising from breach of contract. Lodging protects your priority; it does not stop the clock on the claim.

Q: What can the order require the seller to do?
A: Section 7(1) allows the Court to order specific performance on any terms it considers necessary. Section 7(2) allows the order to include a direction to take all necessary measures and steps to obtain the certificates, permits or approvals required under any law in force for a separate registration. On an off-plan purchase that is often the operative part: the obstacle is a missing certificate rather than an unwilling seller.

Q: What do I check first when buying off plan?
A: The land, not the brochure. A Land Registry search establishing whether the developer actually owns the plot, whether it is mortgaged, and which encumbrances would rank ahead of your rights, together with verification of the planning and building permits.

Q: The plot is mortgaged. Is that a problem?
A: It is the rule rather than the exception on a development, and it is dealt with by obtaining the lender's waiver or confirmation for the specific unit, so that the bank's security does not take priority over your contract.

Q: How should the payments be staged?
A: Against construction stages that can be verified, not against dates. The contract should also fix a delivery time with consequences if it is missed, say what happens if the permits do not issue, and state who carries the cost of regularising any irregularity.

Q: When will I get the title deed?
A: The separate title issues after the division of the parent property is completed, which requires the necessary permits and certificates of approval. In practice the buyer lives with the contract for years, which is why the quality of that contract is the buyer's real position.

## Cyprus Property: Dutch Buyers
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/buying-property-cyprus-dutch-nationals
Dutch nationals need no permit to buy in Cyprus. The differences are in the machinery of the purchase and, in a development, in what is shared and who pays.

Q: Do Dutch nationals need a permit to buy property in Cyprus?
A: No. As citizens of an EU member state, Dutch nationals acquire immovable property on the same footing as Cypriot citizens, with no permit, no limit on the number or type of properties, and no distinction in the register between their title and anyone else's. EU status removes exactly one thing: the requirement, applying to buyers from outside the Union, to obtain the approval of the Council of Ministers before title can be registered, and the months that step can take.

Q: Who handles the purchase, if there is no notary?
A: The parties and their lawyers. A Cyprus purchase is not conducted by a notary: the contract of sale is drafted and negotiated rather than settled by an officer acting for the transaction as a whole, and no part of the process supplies the buyer with impartial scrutiny by default. That scrutiny comes from having your own lawyer, instructed by you and paid by you, which is why the firm acts for the buyer and only for the buyer, and takes no commission or referral fee from an estate agent, a developer or a seller.

Q: Once we sign, is the property ours?
A: Not until the transfer is registered at the District Lands Office, and on a new development months or years can pass in between. The buyer's protection in that interval comes from depositing the contract of sale at the Department of Lands and Surveys under the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law of 2011, Law 81(I)/2011, which carries a deadline.

Q: Is any duty payable on the contract?
A: None. Stamp duty was abolished in Cyprus from 1 January 2026, when the Stamp Duty (Repeal) Law of 2025, Law 239(I)/2025, repealed the Stamp Duty Laws. Nothing is due on a contract of sale signed today, and the Land Registry will accept it for deposit without any stamping.

Q: What should we ask about a holiday home in a development?
A: What is shared and who pays for it, before signing rather than after: a unit in a development comes with communal areas, communal services and a share of the cost of maintaining them, and who decides what is spent, how a share is calculated and what happens when an owner does not pay are questions with answers. Ask for the current charge and the last set of accounts. Ask also about the security over the site, because where a development was financed the charge is frequently registered over the entire site rather than the individual unit, which changes who has to consent to a release and when. That is a matter for the contract rather than for an assurance.

## Cyprus Property: German Buyers
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/buying-property-cyprus-german-nationals
German nationals need no permit to buy in Cyprus. What differs is the machinery: no notary conducts the sale, and the contract is filed at the Land Registry.

Q: Does a German national need permission to buy property in Cyprus?
A: No. Citizenship of a member state confers an entitlement identical to a Cypriot's: nothing to apply for, no ceiling on how many properties may be held or of what kind, and a register that draws no line between one owner's title and another's. Exactly one requirement falls away compared with a buyer from outside the Union, who needs the Council of Ministers to sanction the acquisition before title can be entered in their name, along with the months that can consume.

Q: Is there a notary, as there would be in Germany?
A: There is not, and this is the first thing to absorb. No notary presides: the transaction belongs to the parties and to the advocates they instruct, and the contract of sale is drafted and bargained over rather than settled by an official serving the deal as a whole. Neutrality is absent from a Cyprus purchase, and nothing in the procedure hands the buyer disinterested examination as a matter of course. That comes from an advocate of your own choosing, whom you instruct and whose fee you pay.

Q: We have signed the contract. Does the property belong to us?
A: Not yet. Title stays vested in the vendor until the transfer is recorded at the District Lands Office, and the interval between signature and registration is measured in months, sometimes in years. What stands in the buyer's favour during it is the contract of sale lodged with the Department of Lands and Surveys under Law 81(I)/2011, the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law of 2011. A deadline attaches to that lodging, and it is the most useful single step a buyer takes.

Q: Is stamp duty still payable on the contract?
A: No. The Stamp Duty Laws ceased to have effect on 1 January 2026, repealed by the Stamp Duty (Repeal) Law of 2025, Law 239(I)/2025. A contract executed today attracts no such charge, and stamping is no longer a precondition of lodging it at the Land Registry.

Q: What should be checked before an offer goes in?
A: Whether the property has a deed of its own, and where the answer is no, why not, because everything downstream turns on it. Then what is registered against it: a charge secured over the development as a whole, a memo entered by a creditor or an order prohibiting dealings bites on a German purchaser exactly as on anyone else. And whether the property was built one way and permitted another, which is the check that turns something up more often than any other on a resale, because a dwelling can be finished, occupied and duly registered and still contain works no permit ever covered.

## Cyprus Property: Polish and EU Buyers
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/buying-property-cyprus-polish-nationals
Polish nationals buy property in Cyprus on the same footing as Cypriots, with no permit required, but EU status removes only one of the risks in a purchase.

Q: How long do I have to lodge the contract?
A: Six months. Section 3(1)(c) of Law 81(I)/2011 requires the contract to be lodged within six months of the date it was signed, at the district land registry of the district where the property is. Provisos move the start where the property is not yet registered in a seller's name, where the contract is one of exchange, and where the buyer is an assignee under an assignment made within that period.

Q: What does lodging give me that signing does not?
A: Section 5(1) of the same Law provides that lodging the contract constitutes a charge over the property, and that the charge takes its priority from the date of lodging. It does not make you the owner. It puts you in the queue on the title, ahead of anything registered after you and behind anything registered before, which is the whole of the protection.

Q: Must the seller attach anything to the contract?
A: Yes, since the 2023 amending Law. Section 4(1A) requires the seller to include, as an integral part of the contract, a search certificate for the property, dated no more than five working days before the date of signature. Section 4(1B) allows the Director to impose an administrative fine of up to EUR 10,000 for non-compliance, regardless of any criminal liability. A contract handed to you without one does not comply.

Q: Can the seller mortgage the property after I sign?
A: Not without lodging your contract first. Section 4(1) obliges the seller, before mortgaging property that is the subject of a contract the buyer has not lodged, to lodge that contract under section 3. The obligation is conditional on the buyer having performed their contractual obligations up to the date of lodging, so a buyer who has fallen behind on an instalment may have released the seller from the duty that was protecting them.

Q: What if I miss the six months?
A: Specific performance becomes discretionary rather than a right. Section 6(1) makes lodging under sections 3(1) and 3A a condition, along with bringing the action within the limitation period for breach of contract. Section 6(2) allows the Court to order specific performance of a written but unlodged contract, or an oral one, where it considers that just and reasonable and provided third-party rights from earlier charges or prohibitions are not affected. Section 12 allows the Court, on application, to permit lodging or the action out of time. All of them depend on what has been registered in the meantime.

Q: Can a Polish citizen buy property in Cyprus?
A: Yes, on the same footing as a Cypriot. Membership of the Union means no authorisation to seek, no cap on how much or what kind of property may be held, and a register that records the title in identical terms to anyone else's.

Q: What exactly does EU citizenship remove?
A: One thing. A buyer from outside the Union cannot have the title registered until the Council of Ministers has approved the acquisition, and that consent, with the months it may take, forms no part of a Polish purchase. Searches, then the agreement, then the transfer at the registry, with no consent to wait for at any stage.

Q: What should be established before an offer is made?
A: Whether a deed has been issued for the property, and where none has, why not, because that governs how the transaction has to be assembled and how much the buyer is putting at stake. Then what is registered against it: a mortgage covering the development, a memo lodged by a creditor, or a prohibition, each of which binds a Polish buyer exactly as it binds anyone else.

## Buying Property in Cyprus: The Steps, in the Right Order
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/buying-property-cyprus-steps-in-order
Each step protects the next and none protects the ones before. Search before money, contract on the findings, deposit on time, and transfer last.

Q: What is the single commonest mistake?
A: Taking a step before the step that should have preceded it: paying a deposit before the search, signing before the title is read, or depositing the contract late or not at all. Each step protects the next and none of them protects the ones before.

Q: The seller wants money before I can do the checks. What do I do?
A: Use a reservation agreement that is conditional and refundable if the checks fail, rather than a payment described as a deposit and treated as final. That reconciles the seller's need for commitment with your need to look first.

Q: Why does the contract come after the search?
A: Because the findings become the terms: what must be discharged before transfer and by when, what happens if a permit does not arrive, who clears an irregularity, and what entitles you to walk away with your money. A contract drafted before the search is drafted blind.

Q: I have already skipped a step. Is it too late?
A: Usually not fatal on its own. A late search still tells you what you bought, a contract can be renegotiated while the seller still wants the sale, and the court can permit a late deposit. What cannot be repaired is the time spent not knowing, because rights can attach to the property in the meantime.

## UK Buyers of Cyprus Property After Brexit
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/buying-property-cyprus-uknationals
What changed for UK nationals buying property in Cyprus after Brexit: the Council of Ministers permit, how to sequence a purchase around it, and succession.

Q: Do British buyers need permission to buy in Cyprus now?
A: Most acquisitions do. EU nationals acquire immovable property without restriction; since Brexit UK nationals are treated as buyers from outside the EU, which means that most acquisitions require the approval of the Council of Ministers. The requirement extends to companies controlled by non-EU nationals, so buying through a company is a decision to take with the permit in mind rather than a way around it.

Q: Does the permit delay the purchase?
A: Not if the purchase is sequenced correctly, and this is the point that decides whether the permit costs a buyer anything: the approval is required for the registration of the title in the buyer's name, not for signing the contract of sale. The buyer completes due diligence, signs, deposits the contract at the Department of Lands and Surveys under the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law of 2011, Law 81(I)/2011, pays and takes possession in accordance with the contract, and the permit application runs in parallel.

Q: What protects the buyer while the permit is pending?
A: The deposited contract, which secures the buyer's priority against later mortgages and sales in the meantime and preserves the right to compel the transfer.

Q: What should the contract say about the transfer date?
A: It should express the transfer date in a way that accommodates the permit, so that a buyer awaiting a decision is not in breach.

Q: Can the permit be moved to someone else later?
A: It is granted for a specific buyer and a specific property, so a later change, adding a spouse or substituting a company for an individual, has to be dealt with properly rather than assumed.

## Cyprus Property Guide for Lithuanians
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/buying-property-in-cyprus-a-complete-guide-for-lithuanian-nationals
A complete guide for Lithuanian nationals buying property in Cyprus: EU buyer rights, due diligence, the contract of sale, taxes and title transfer.

Q: How long do I have to lodge the contract?
A: Six months. Section 3(1)(c) of Law 81(I)/2011 requires the contract to be lodged within six months of the date it was signed, at the district land registry of the district where the property is. Provisos move the start where the property is not yet registered in a seller's name, where the contract is one of exchange, and where the buyer is an assignee under an assignment made within that period.

Q: What does lodging give me that signing does not?
A: Section 5(1) of the same Law provides that lodging the contract constitutes a charge over the property, and that the charge takes its priority from the date of lodging. It does not make you the owner. It puts you in the queue on the title, ahead of anything registered after you and behind anything registered before, which is the whole of the protection.

Q: Must the seller attach anything to the contract?
A: Yes, since the 2023 amending Law. Section 4(1A) requires the seller to include, as an integral part of the contract, a search certificate for the property, dated no more than five working days before the date of signature. Section 4(1B) allows the Director to impose an administrative fine of up to EUR 10,000 for non-compliance, regardless of any criminal liability. A contract handed to you without one does not comply.

Q: Can the seller mortgage the property after I sign?
A: Not without lodging your contract first. Section 4(1) obliges the seller, before mortgaging property that is the subject of a contract the buyer has not lodged, to lodge that contract under section 3. The obligation is conditional on the buyer having performed their contractual obligations up to the date of lodging, so a buyer who has fallen behind on an instalment may have released the seller from the duty that was protecting them.

Q: What if I miss the six months?
A: Specific performance becomes discretionary rather than a right. Section 6(1) makes lodging under sections 3(1) and 3A a condition, along with bringing the action within the limitation period for breach of contract. Section 6(2) allows the Court to order specific performance of a written but unlodged contract, or an oral one, where it considers that just and reasonable and provided third-party rights from earlier charges or prohibitions are not affected. Section 12 allows the Court, on application, to permit lodging or the action out of time. All of them depend on what has been registered in the meantime.

Q: Does a Lithuanian buyer need a permit?
A: No. As citizens of an EU member state, Lithuanian nationals acquire immovable property in Cyprus on exactly the same footing as Cypriot citizens, and the permit non-EU nationals must obtain under the Acquisition of Immovable Property (Aliens) Law, Cap. 109, does not apply. There is no restriction on the number or type of properties, whether a holiday apartment, a family home, a plot or an investment portfolio.

Q: How does the purchase run?
A: It typically begins with a reservation agreement and a modest fee that takes the property off the market. The lawyer then carries out due diligence: a Land Registry search confirming the seller's title and revealing any mortgages, memos, prohibitions or notes, a review of the permits and certificates for the building, and, on newer developments, verification of the developer's position. The contract of sale follows, and then the transfer.

Q: If no permit is needed, what actually matters?
A: The sequence. What is signed before anything has been checked, what the contract says about the things due diligence turned up, when the contract is deposited, and what taxes and costs attach at each stage.

## Buying Property Without a Title Deed
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/buying-property-without-a-title-deed-in-cyprus-assignment-of-contractual-rights-explained
How to buy and sell property in Cyprus that has no separate title deed, using assignment of contractual rights: what the deposited contract protects, and the risks.

Q: What is a note of irregularity?
A: An entry against the property recording unauthorised works, which may prohibit any dealing until the position is regularised. It is among the first things a search has to be read for.

Q: I am buying at a fund auction. Does that change anything?
A: The mechanics are the same; the tempo is not. The time available to investigate is short and the terms are not negotiated. The work has to be done before the bid, because afterwards there is no room left.

Q: What do I actually receive when I buy a property that has no title deed?
A: Not ownership. You become the substituted purchaser: you step into the contractual position of the original purchaser under the deposited contract of sale, and acquire the right to demand the transfer of the property into your name if and when transfer becomes legally possible.

Q: Is buying by assignment of contractual rights safe?
A: It carries specific risks that a titled purchase does not. The issue of a separate title deed depends on steps in the hands of third parties and may never occur; sellers in this market expressly give no title guarantee and disclaim warranties; the purchase must usually be funded in cash; and the value of what is bought depends on the integrity of the contractual chain, from full payment of the original price to the validity and deposit of every assignment.

Q: Why does the property have no separate title deed in the first place?
A: Separate deeds for units in a development are issued after completion of the division of the parent property, which requires the necessary permits and certificates of approval. The deed may be delayed or blocked for years where works were carried out without or in deviation from the permits, where the developer has not pursued the division, or where fees due to the authorities remain unpaid.

Q: What should I check before buying by assignment?
A: Obtain and review the original contract of sale and every assignment in the chain, in unredacted form. Obtain a fresh Land Registry search, which will reveal the registered owner, mortgages, memos, prohibitions, notes of unauthorised works and outstanding fees. Identify who is responsible for the pending division and any regularisation, confirm the VAT treatment, budget for the future transfer fees, and file the assignment agreement with the Department of Lands and Surveys immediately on completion.

Q: Can a bank finance a purchase by assignment?
A: Generally not: banks do not usually accept properties without separate title deeds as security, so the purchase must typically be funded in cash.

## Challenging a Government Decision in Cyprus: 75-Day Deadline
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/challenging-government-decision-cyprus
How to challenge an administrative decision in Cyprus: the 75-day recourse deadline, which decisions can be challenged, and what the Court can order.

Q: How long do I have to challenge an administrative decision?
A: 75 days under Article 146(3) of the Constitution, running from publication of the decision or, where it is not published, from when it came to your knowledge. Because it is measured from a specific date and cannot be extended by correspondence, advice should be taken immediately on receiving the decision.

Q: Does asking the authority to reconsider extend the time?
A: As a general rule it does not. Pursuing an internal route while the deadline runs is a common way of losing the right to challenge.

Q: What is judicial review?
A: It is the court's examination of whether a public authority acted within its powers and followed lawful and fair procedures, focusing on the decision-making process rather than disagreement with the outcome.

Q: If I win, do I get the permit?
A: Not automatically. Annulment usually sends the matter back to the authority to decide again, correctly.

## Changing the Trustee of a Cyprus Trust
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/changing-the-trustee-of-a-cyprus-trust
A trustee change takes effect from the deed, not from registration, but the register must be updated within fifteen days. The sequence, and what is missed.

Q: Does the appointment take effect when the deed is signed, or when the register is updated?
A: When the deed is signed. Section 39(1) of Cap. 193 vests the trust property in the new trustees by the instrument of appointment itself, and section 42 gives a court-appointed trustee full powers whether or not the property has yet vested. Registration under Law 196(I)/2012 is a separate obligation with its own deadline and its own penalty; it does not condition the appointment.

Q: How long do we have to notify the change?
A: Fifteen days from the change, under section 25Α(8) of Law 196(I)/2012. A change of trustee is a change in the information the section covers, so the period runs whether the trustee retired, was replaced or was added.

Q: Which register, and who has to file?
A: One of three, depending on who the trustees are: the Cyprus Bar Association, ICPAC, or the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission as the residual authority under section 25Α(4). The obligation falls on every trustee resident in Cyprus. A change of trustee can move a trust from one register to another, which is worth checking before filing anywhere.

Q: What happens if we miss it?
A: The appointment stands. The exposure is administrative: section 37 of Law 73(I)/2009 allows fines of up to EUR 350,000, up to EUR 700,000 on repetition, and in certain cases up to double any benefit obtained, imposable on the officer responsible as well as on the entity.

Q: The trust owns land in Cyprus. Does that move automatically too?
A: No. Section 39(4)(a) of Cap. 193 takes immovable property out of the automatic vesting rule, so registered land has to be transferred at the District Lands Office in the ordinary way. This is the single most commonly missed step in a trustee change.

## The Civil Procedure Rules 2023: A Practical Guide
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/civil-procedure-rules-2023-cyprus-guide
What the Cyprus Civil Procedure Rules 2023 changed in practice: the overriding objective, the pre-action protocols, and costs tied to conduct.

Q: What actually changed in 2023?
A: The Civil Procedure Rules 2023 replaced rules based on the English rules of 1954 and apply to all District Court proceedings in civil jurisdiction. Control of the pace moved from the parties to the court, obligations now arise before a claim is filed, and the conduct of each side is connected to costs.

Q: What is the overriding objective?
A: Rule 1.2: dealing with cases justly and at proportionate cost. It covers equality between the parties, saving expense, proportionality to the amount, importance, complexity and the parties' financial position, expedition and fairness, the allotment of court resources, and enforcing compliance. Rule 1.4 requires the parties to help the court further it.

Q: What happens if I skip the pre-action steps?
A: Part 3, Section II with Appendix I imposes steps before proceedings are issued. Failing to comply is taken into account by the court, and it is felt in costs, including by a party who ultimately wins.

Q: Can I pause a case while I negotiate?
A: Not by agreement between the parties alone. The court sets the timetable and holds the parties to it, extensions are not a courtesy between advocates, and a missed step has to be explained.

## Co-Owned Land in Cyprus: Division, Auction and Pre-emption
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/co-owned-land-cyprus-division-and-pre-emption
Co-ownership remedies under Cap. 224: division on the application of one co-owner, forced auction where division is impossible, and the pre-emption right.

Q: Can one co-owner force the division of Cyprus land?
A: Yes. Under section 29(1) of Cap. 224 the Director may arrange for the separation of property held in undivided shares on the application of any one of the co-owners, and register the resulting parcels. A majority is not needed.

Q: What if the property cannot be divided?
A: Section 28(1) applies. Any co-owner may obtain a certificate from the Director that separation is impossible because of section 27, serve it on the others with notice that unless they agree within thirty days to assign the property to one person the Director will be asked to sell, and the Director may then sell by auction and distribute the proceeds.

Q: Does a co-owner abroad stop the process?
A: No. Section 28(1) allows the Director to proceed regardless of the absence from Cyprus of any co-owner, and where service is impractical the proviso allows notice to be published instead, with the publication date treated as the date of service.

Q: Can I sell my share to an outsider?
A: Only after the other co-owners have had their chance. Under section 25(1) the transfer is not registered unless, within sixty days of the declaration of sale, either the seller satisfies the Director that the others do not wish to buy at that price, or the intended purchaser publishes or serves notice and no co-owner takes the share.

Q: How long do I have to buy my co-owner’s share?
A: Thirty days from the publication or service of the notice, by depositing at the District Lands Office the price at which the share is being sold together with the registration fee, under section 25(2). The deposit is paid to the intended purchaser.

Q: What if several co-owners want to buy the share?
A: The proviso to section 25(2) divides it between those willing to proceed in the proportion their own shares bear to each other, with the Director making the adjustments and refunds.

## The Commercial Court, and the case heard in English
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/commercial-court-admiralty-court-cyprus
Law 69(I)/2022 legislates for a Commercial Court and an Admiralty Court, but jurisdiction moves only on a published notice. Until then the District Court keeps it.

Q: What makes a dispute commercial enough for the Commercial Court?
A: Two things, and they are separate. The subject matter has to fall within the definition of commercial dispute in section 2 of Law 69(I)/2022, which lists thirteen categories including a business document or contract, the sale, purchase, import or export of goods, carriage by land, air or pipeline, the exploitation of oil, gas or other natural resources, insurance and reinsurance, markets and exchanges, the supply of services, vehicle manufacture, commercial agency, competition damages actions, shareholder disputes in supervised entities, intellectual property, and arbitration. And the amount actually in dispute has to exceed two million euro, except in three of those categories where value does not matter at all.

Q: Which disputes go there regardless of value?
A: Three. Competition damages actions under the Actions for Damages for Infringements of Competition Law, matters of copyright and related rights under the Intellectual Property Law and the Patents Law, and arbitration matters. Section 3(1)(a) of Law 69(I)/2022 carves those out of the two million euro threshold, so an arbitration application belongs to the Commercial Court whatever the sum at stake.

Q: Is the two million measured on what I claim?
A: No, and this is the provision most likely to surprise. Section 3(1)(b) says the amount is what is genuinely in dispute between the parties, as it appears from the pleadings, or as admitted at any stage, or as determined by the Commercial Court on an application, regardless of what the claim asks for. Interest is left out of the calculation. If the Court concludes the real figure is below two million it can refer the case to the District Court, and the date of filing in the Commercial Court is kept.

Q: Can a Cyprus court really hear my case in English?
A: Section 15 allows it. Subject to Article 3.4 of the Constitution, a judge of the Commercial Court may, where the interest of justice requires, permit the proceedings to be conducted and the documents to be filed in English on the application of a party, and then designates English as the language of the proceedings and of the judgment. Section 29 gives the Admiralty Court the same power. It is a decision for the judge on the facts, not an election by the parties, but it exists.

Q: What is excluded from the definition altogether?
A: A claim or counterclaim for damages for personal injuries, and a claim, counterclaim or registration of an arbitral award concerning banking or financial matters. Both are excluded on the face of the definition in section 2, so neither reaches the Commercial Court by that route however large it is.

## Common Expenses in Cyprus Buildings
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/common-expenses-and-communal-areas-in-cyprus-owners-rights-and-disputes
Owner rights on common expenses and communal areas in Cyprus: what you must pay, how management committees work and how to resolve disputes.

Q: The developer still runs the management. Is that lawful?
A: It is one of the commonest disputes. Every jointly owned building must have a management committee under section 38ΚΒ of Cap. 224, and convening the meeting and holding the election is the first step, before any court proceedings.

Q: Can I refuse to pay common expenses because the building is badly maintained?
A: No. Non-payment is not a lawful remedy for poor management: an owner who withholds contributions can be sued by the committee. Where a charge is disputed, it is usually wiser to pay under protest and claim it back than to accumulate arrears, and the remedy for a failing committee is to challenge and replace it.

Q: How are common expenses shared between owners?
A: In proportion to the area of each unit. Section 38IA(1) of Cap. 224 provides that each owner's share is fixed by the Regulations on the basis of the area of each unit, and that basis is not open to the building to change: the Regulations work out the apportionment, they do not choose a different measure.

Q: Is a management committee compulsory?
A: Yes. Section 38KB of Cap. 224 requires every jointly owned building to have a management committee. Election by the owners is the normal route but not the only one: the Director can appoint a temporary committee after registration, and can appoint one where none was constituted or where it has stopped functioning.

Q: Can the building's regulations be changed?
A: Yes, and more easily than owners expect: owners of at least seventy five per cent of the common property may make, amend, replace or revoke them, unless a different percentage is specified. Once registered they bind every unit owner and every later owner, and where no Regulations are registered, the standard regulations in the Schedule are deemed registered.

Q: What can owners do about a failing management committee?
A: Ask for the accounts and the minutes, which the committee is obliged to keep. For persistent problems, owners holding the required share of the building can requisition a general meeting and replace the committee. Court proceedings, whether by the committee for recovery of arrears or by owners against a failing committee, are effective but should be the last step, not the first.

## Setting Up a Cyprus Company
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/company-cyprus-guide-israeli
The decisions taken at incorporation of a Cyprus company that are hard to reverse later, and the filing duties that begin the day it is registered.

Q: How long does it take to incorporate a Cyprus company?
A: A matter of days, and that speed conceals the fact that several decisions made during the process are permanent in practice. The share structure, the identity and number of the directors, the registered office and what the register records about ownership are all easy to settle at the start and awkward, sometimes expensive, to change later. The formation is a filing exercise; the choices inside it are not.

Q: Which company form is the working default?
A: The private company limited by shares, which covers almost every commercial case: liability is limited to the amount unpaid on the shares, the number of members is capped, and shares cannot be offered to the public. It can be wholly foreign owned and does not require a resident shareholder.

Q: When is a public company the right vehicle?
A: When capital is to be raised from the public, and rarely otherwise. It carries a higher minimum number of members, a minimum registered share capital fixed by section 4Α of the Companies Law, Cap. 113, which should be read from the current text before it is relied on, and materially heavier disclosure and governance obligations. It is the wrong vehicle for a closely held business that has merely been told it sounds more substantial.

Q: What are companies limited by guarantee for?
A: Associations, clubs, professional bodies and not-for-profit activity rather than trading ventures that intend to distribute profits. The members undertake to contribute a fixed amount on a winding up rather than to subscribe for shares.

## The Company Secretary and Registered Office in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/company-secretary-cyprus
What a Cyprus company secretary and registered office actually do: the annual return, the AGM, the statutory registers and the beneficial ownership filing.

Q: Does a Cyprus company have to have a secretary?
A: Yes. The secretary is one of the company's officers, alongside the directors, and changes to the office are notified to the Registrar within fourteen days on form HE4.

Q: When is the annual return due?
A: It is made up to the company's reference date and filed within twenty-eight days of that date.

Q: What happens if the annual return is late?
A: There is an automatic charge of fifty euro plus one euro per day, capped at one hundred and fifty euro for the breach, and separate criminal liability for the default under the Companies Law.

Q: How often do we have to hold an AGM?
A: Every year, with no more than fifteen months between meetings. A new company that holds its first AGM within eighteen months of incorporation is excused for the year of incorporation and the following year.

Q: How quickly must we update the beneficial ownership register?
A: Within fifteen days of the change or of knowledge of it, whichever is later.

Q: Can I use my own address as the registered office?
A: You can, provided it is a real address where documents are received and dealt with. The question is not whether it is permitted but whether post served there will actually be read, because service at the registered office is effective service on the company.

## Struck Off the Cyprus Register: Section 327 and the Way Back
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/company-struck-off-cyprus
Strike-off under section 327 of Cap. 113: the registrar's timetable, assets passing to the Republic under section 328, and restoration within twenty years.

Q: The company was struck off years ago. Is it too late to restore it?
A: Under section 327(7) of Cap. 113 the application may be made within twenty years of the publication of the strike-off. Inside that window the question is not lateness but grounds: that the company was in operation when struck off, or that restoration is otherwise just. Send the strike-off date first, because everything is counted from it.

Q: The company still owned land when it was struck off. Whose is it now?
A: On dissolution, section 328 passes the company's property to the Republic as bona vacantia, other than property the company held on trust for someone else. That is why the discovery so often happens mid-sale. Restoration under section 327(7) is the road back: the restored company is deemed to have existed throughout, and the court can add the directions needed to put everyone in the position they would have held.

Q: Does strike-off wipe out what the directors or the company owed?
A: No. The proviso to section 327(5) continues the liability of every director, managing officer and member as if the company had not been dissolved, and the court's power to wind up a struck-off company survives. A creditor of a struck-off company is also among the persons who can apply to restore it, which is often the practical first step in collecting from it.

Q: Can we simply strike off a company we no longer need?
A: If it is clean, yes: section 327(2A)(α) lets the directors apply in the prescribed form, provided the company has met its obligations under the Law, and section 327(3A) lets them withdraw the application before the three month notice period ends. If the company still holds assets or owes debts, the strike-off is the wrong instrument: distribute and resolve first, or use a liquidation, because property left in the company at dissolution goes to the Republic.

Q: We received the registrar's letter asking whether the company operates. Does it matter?
A: It is the first step of the section 327 machinery, and the timetable it starts is short: one month for the first letter, a second registered letter, another month, then the published three month notice. An answer, or an objection in the prescribed form by the company, a member or a creditor before the notice period ends, stops the conveyor. Silence lets it run to dissolution.

Q: Who bears the cost of a restoration?
A: The order routinely deals with it: under section 327(7)(γ) the court may order the filings that bring the register up to date, payment of the fees owed to the registrar, and the registrar's costs of the restoration process. In substance, the company buys back its own existence by putting its record in order.

## What a Cyprus Court Actually Awards for Personal Injury
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/compensation-heads-cyprus-injury
The heads of damage in a Cyprus personal injury claim: general and special damages, future losses, interest, and what is not awarded. Structure, not numbers.

Q: Who can claim when someone is killed?
A: Section 58(2) of Cap. 148 provides that the action is brought for the benefit of the deceased's dependants, and section 58(3) defines that widely: the spouse, any parent or other ascendant, anyone the deceased treated as a parent, any child or other descendant, a child of the family of any marriage the deceased was party to, and any brother, sister, uncle or aunt of the deceased or a child of any of them. Section 58(5) includes an unborn child.

Q: Is there a separate award for bereavement?
A: Yes, and it is fixed rather than assessed. Section 58(7) allows the action to include a claim for damages for bereavement, section 58(8) confines it to the spouse and children or, failing them, to the parents on the terms it sets out, and section 58(9) fixes the sum, expressed in the consolidated text as GBP 10,000. Section 58(10) divides it equally where more than one person is entitled.

Q: Who brings the action, and by when?
A: Section 58(11) requires the action to be brought by and in the name of the deceased's executor or administrator. Section 58(12) is the deadline that catches families out: where there is no executor or administrator, or where no action is brought by them within twelve months of the death, the action may be brought by and in the name of all or any of the persons for whose benefit it could have been brought. Section 58(13) allows only one action, so it has to be got right the first time.

Q: Does my own share of the blame end the claim?
A: No, it reduces it. Section 57(1) of Cap. 148 provides that where a person suffers damage partly through their own fault and partly through the fault of another, the claim is not defeated by their own fault, but the damages are reduced to the extent the Court thinks just having regard to their share of responsibility.

Q: Why will you not just tell me what my case is worth?
A: Because the honest answer at the start is a structure, not a figure. Once the medical position stabilises and the documents are in, a realistic range can be given, and it is built exactly the way the court will build it: head by head, against comparable cases.

Q: The insurer's offer is one round number. How do I judge it?
A: By decomposition: what does it implicitly allocate to each head, and how does that compare with your evidence under each? A round number that cannot survive that exercise is an opening position, not a valuation.

Q: Do I really need experts?
A: For the heads that reach into the future, effectively yes: future earnings and future care are proved, not asserted. For a modest claim that has healed fully, the medical file alone may carry it. The assessment tells you which case you have.

## Compulsory acquisition in Cyprus: deadlines and compensation
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/compulsory-acquisition-cyprus
How compulsory acquisition works under Law 15/1962: thirty days to object, twelve months for the order, fourteen months for an offer, and how compensation is fixed.

Q: How long do I have to object to a compulsory acquisition in Cyprus?
A: Thirty days, under section 4(1)(c) of Law 15/1962. They run from the latest of three dates: publication of the notice in the Official Gazette, service of the notice on you, or publication in at least two daily newspapers circulating in the district. Because it is the latest of the three, check all of them before assuming the period has expired.

Q: The notice was published more than a year ago and nothing has happened.
A: Then the acquisition may already be dead. Under section 7(2), if the acquisition order is not published within twelve months of the notice's publication in the Gazette, or the calculated compensation is not offered within fourteen months of it, the procedure lapses and the acquisition is deemed abandoned. Section 6(2) separately forbids issuing an order after twelve months. Under section 7(3) the authority must then pay the costs you reasonably incurred because of the notice.

Q: Can I take the money offered and still argue for more?
A: Yes, on the terms in section 8(2). You may accept the offer subject to the court fixing the amount, provided your acceptance is accompanied by written consent to immediate registration in the authority's name. You must then apply to the court within seventy five days of receiving the compensation. Miss that and agreement is deemed to have been reached at the authority's figure.

Q: At what date is my land valued?
A: At the time the notice of acquisition was published. Section 10(a) values the property at the amount it would fetch on a voluntary sale in the open market at that time, and section 10(b) disregards the fact that the sale is compulsory, except for acquisitions for mining purposes.

Q: Only part of my field is being taken and it ruins the rest. Is that compensated?
A: It is. Section 10(f) takes into account the increase or decrease in the value of other property you hold together with the part acquired, and section 10(g) adds the loss you suffer from the severance of the acquired part from the remainder. Section 10(m) confirms that the open market rule does not exclude compensation for matters not directly based on the value of the land taken.

Q: My business operates from the property. Do I get anything for the disruption?
A: Yes. Section 10(l) takes into account the loss directly suffered by reason of losing possession where, at the date of the notice, the property was used and would have continued to be used for a business, trade or profession. Where the property served a purpose for which there is no market and you genuinely intend to reinstate elsewhere, section 10(i) allows compensation on the basis of the reasonable cost of equivalent reinstatement.

Q: Is interest paid on the compensation?
A: Yes, at three per cent a year from the date the notice was published until payment, under section 10(n). For acquisitions where the notice was published before Law 61(I)/2014 came into force, interest at nine per cent continues to be payable for the period from publication of the notice to the date that Law came into force.

Q: The authority never used my land. Can I get it back?
A: Section 15(1) may give you that right. If within three years of the property passing to the authority the purpose was not achieved or was abandoned, or the property exceeds the authority's actual needs, the authority must offer it back to you at the price it paid. You have three months to accept in writing, and silence counts as refusal, then a further three months to pay. The right is defeated if the authority publishes a retention order under section 15(3) because the property has become necessary for another public benefit purpose.

Q: There is a mortgage on the land. Who receives the compensation?
A: The secured creditor is paid first out of it. Section 11(1) makes the owner the person entitled, but where the property is charged with a sum secured by mortgage, a registered judgment or another encumbrance, the compensation, or enough of it to discharge the debt, is paid to that creditor according to the existing priority of the security. Under section 13 the property passes to the authority free of every encumbrance once the compensation is paid or deposited with the Accountant General.

## Construction Claims in Cyprus: The Proof
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/construction-contract-claims
The main claims that arise under a Cyprus construction contract and what each one has to establish: entitlement, causation, quantification and notice.

Q: What is the hardest of the four to prove?
A: Causation. On a project where several things are late at once, showing that this event produced this effect is the difficulty, not showing that the event happened.

Q: Is it enough to claim a single global figure?
A: No. A lump sum with no build up behind it reads as an estimate and is discounted accordingly. Quantification is a build up, not a number.

Q: What does a construction claim have to establish?
A: Four things, whatever the claim is about: entitlement, meaning the clause or principle of general law that gives the right to what is asked; causation, meaning that the matter complained of actually caused the effect claimed for; quantification, meaning a figure with a build-up behind it rather than a round number; and procedure, meaning compliance with what the contract required, within the time it required.

Q: Why do most construction claims fail?
A: On those four points rather than on the merits. A claim that is obviously right on site can still fail because nobody identified the clause it arises under, because the loss was never separated from the loss caused by something else, because the figure was a lump sum with no build-up behind it, or because a notice went out three weeks late. Notice provisions are the single most common reason a good claim is met with a technical answer.

Q: Is an extension of time the same as a claim for money?
A: No. An extension of time protects the contractor against liquidated damages for the extended period and does not, by itself, produce any money. A loss and expense claim is separate and has to be proved separately: prolongation costs against the period of excusable delay, and disruption by comparing planned with actual output, not by asserting that the works became harder.

Q: How do liquidated damages work under Cyprus law?
A: Where the contract fixes a liquidated damages rate, section 74(1) of the Contract Law, Cap. 149 entitles the injured party, even where actual damage or loss is not proved, to reasonable compensation not exceeding the sum named in the contract. The rate is therefore a ceiling on recovery rather than a figure that follows automatically from late completion. Where there is no such clause, the employer must prove its actual loss in the ordinary way.

Q: Can I be paid for work done where there was no concluded agreement on price?
A: A claim for a reasonable sum for the work actually done may be available, as the Supreme Court accepted in Marios Kyriakou and another v. A/foi M & K Michael, Civil Appeal 203/2015, 1 February 2024. The same route can apply where a contract has been partly performed and then brought to an end.

## Construction Project Structure in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/construction-contracts-legal-structure
How the contracts on a Cyprus construction project fit together, who can sue whom, and why the procurement route decides where design responsibility sits.

Q: Can I sue the subcontractor directly?
A: As a rule no, if you have no contract with it: a party enforces only the contract it is a party to. The route has to be created in advance, by direct warranties or an assignment of rights in the employer's favour.

Q: Which contracts make up a project?
A: The building contract between employer and main contractor, the consultants' appointments with the employer, the subcontracts between contractor and subcontractors, and the supply contracts for materials and equipment.

Q: We were delayed because the employer's consultant was late. Who do we claim against?
A: Not the consultant, because you have no contract with it. The claim runs against the employer under the building contract, ordinarily as a request for an extension of time and the associated loss, rather than directly against the consultant.

Q: Why should every contract carry the same forum?
A: So that one dispute does not fragment into three parallel proceedings under different rules, with the risk of inconsistent outcomes.

## What a Cyprus trader must now tell a consumer
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/consumer-information-durability-cyprus
The harmonised notice on the two year guarantee, the label for a durability guarantee, the update period and the repairability score, owed before the consumer is bound.

Q: What is the harmonised notice?
A: It is the prescribed way of giving one piece of information: the reminder that a legal guarantee of conformity exists and what its main elements are, including its minimum duration of two years. Section 16(1)(e) of Law 112(I)/2021 requires that reminder to be given in a prominent manner using the harmonised notice provided for in section 17A, and section 17(1)(ib) does the same for distance and off-premises contracts. Section 17A(3) requires the notice and the label to be easily recognisable and understandable for consumers and easy for traders to reproduce, and provides that both meet the conditions and requirements set out in Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/1960.

Q: When does a trader have to use the harmonised label?
A: Where the producer offers the consumer, at no extra cost, a commercial guarantee of durability that covers the whole of the goods and lasts more than two years, and makes that information available to the trader. Section 16(1)(e1) and section 17(1)(ib1) of Law 112(I)/2021 then require the trader to give information about the existence of that guarantee and its duration, together with the reminder of the legal guarantee of conformity, and section 17A requires the harmonised label for it.

Q: Do we have to publish how long software updates will be supplied?
A: Where the producer or provider makes that information available to you, yes. Section 16(1)(e4) and section 17(1)(ib3) of Law 112(I)/2021 require the minimum period, expressed either as a period of time or by reference to a date, during which the producer or provider supplies software updates for goods with digital elements, digital content and digital services.

Q: What is the repairability score, and what if there is not one?
A: Section 16(1)(ia) requires the repairability score of the goods to be given where applicable. Where it does not apply, section 16(1)(ib) requires instead, provided the producer makes the information available to the trader, information about the availability, estimated cost and ordering process for the spare parts needed to keep the goods in conformity, and about the availability of repair and maintenance instructions.

Q: Does any of this change the fourteen day right to withdraw?
A: It does not shorten it, and it can lengthen it. The fourteen days under section 20(1) are unchanged, as is the thirty days under section 20(1A) for a contract made during an unsolicited visit or an organised excursion. What matters is section 21(1): where the trader has not given the information about the right of withdrawal required by section 17(1)(h), the withdrawal period ends twelve months after the end of the original period. Information duties and the withdrawal clock are the same subject.

## Contesting a Will in Cyprus: Grounds and Process
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/contesting-a-will-cyprus
The grounds on which a Cyprus will can be challenged, who can challenge it, the stage at which to act, and what happens to the estate if the challenge succeeds.

Q: What formalities does the law require of a will?
A: Under Cap. 195: a will in writing, signed at its foot or end by the testator, with the signature made or acknowledged before two or more witnesses present at the same time, who then attest and sign in the presence of the testator and of each other, and with every sheet of a multi page will signed or initialled.

Q: Who can contest a will in Cyprus?
A: Those with something to gain from its failure: persons who would take on intestacy or under an earlier will, persons whose reserved portion the will ignores, and in some cases creditors of the estate.

Q: Is there a deadline for challenging a will?
A: The practical deadline is probate: act before the grant, because everything is harder after distribution. A caveat filed before the grant holds the position while the dispute is brought to court. Specific limitation periods depend on the route, so the dates should be checked on your facts early.

Q: The will leaves a gift to one of the witnesses. Is that a problem?
A: The will itself can stand, but a gift to an attesting witness, or to that witness's spouse or child, is void. The witness still counts as a valid witness for execution.

Q: The will was made abroad. Can it still control Cyprus property?
A: It can touch it, but which law governs, and how the reserved portion applies, depends on the connections of the estate. This is exactly the case where advice must come before any step.

## Council of Ministers Permit in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/council-of-ministers-permit-non-eu-buyers-cyprus
The Council of Ministers permit for non-EU property buyers in Cyprus: who needs it, what it covers, how long it takes and how to avoid delays.

Q: Who counts as an alien for the permit?
A: Under section 2 of Cap. 109 an alien is a person who is not a citizen of the Republic, and it includes a company controlled by aliens, a foreign company, and a trust for the benefit of an alien. A company incorporated in Cyprus can therefore still be an alien for this purpose, which is the point most often missed.

Q: Who is outside the definition?
A: Four categories. A citizen of an EU Member State, and equally a citizen of a state party to the EEA, which is not the same thing as the EU. A legal person incorporated under the law of a Member State whose seat, central administration or principal place of business is in an EEA Member State. An alien Cypriot, meaning a person who is not a citizen but was born in Cyprus while his parents were ordinarily resident here, or whose father was so born. And the alien spouse of a citizen who is not judicially separated from that spouse.

Q: Does the size of the property matter?
A: It does. Section 3(1A) adds a threshold: where the acquisition exceeds what is absolutely necessary for a residence or professional premises, and in any event exceeds two donums, the permit is also subject to the conditions, restrictions and criteria set by Regulations made by the Council of Ministers and approved by the House of Representatives.

Q: Is the permit an obstacle to a normal purchase?
A: In practice it is a manageable formality, provided the purchase is structured around it from the start, because the approval is required for registration of the title rather than for signing the contract of sale.

## Substance in a Cyprus Company
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/cyprus-business-hub
What it takes for a Cyprus company to be treated as genuinely established here by tax authorities, banks and counterparties, and what happens when it is not.

Q: What makes a company tax resident in Cyprus?
A: Two limbs, and most discussions stop at the first. Section 2 of the Income Tax Law, Law 118(I)/2002, defines a resident in the Republic, in the case of a company, as a company whose control and management are exercised in the Republic, or a company incorporated in the Republic under the Companies Law, unless a double taxation treaty provides otherwise. A proviso adds that a company which has transferred its registered office or its seat to the Republic is treated as having been incorporated in the Republic.

Q: So does incorporating here make the company resident?
A: On the face of the definition, yes, subject to a treaty. The second limb of the section 2 definition attaches residence to incorporation under the Companies Law, and the carve-out is where a double taxation treaty provides otherwise. Control and management remain the first limb and remain the question a foreign revenue authority is most likely to ask, but they are no longer the only route into Cyprus residence.

Q: What if the company redomiciles to Cyprus?
A: The proviso to the section 2 definition deals with it directly: a company that has transferred its registered office or its seat to the Republic is considered to have been incorporated in the Republic. So a redomiciled company falls within the second limb from the transfer, without any separate analysis of where its board meets.

Q: Is a company on the Cyprus register a company established in Cyprus?
A: Not automatically, and the difference is tested by people who are not persuaded by a certificate of incorporation. The Cyprus tax authorities test it because corporate residence turns on where the company is managed and controlled. Foreign tax authorities test it because the state the business came from will ask whether the profits it has stopped taxing really belong to a company elsewhere. Banks test it because a corporate account is opened on the strength of a genuine business with a genuine local connection. The immigration authorities test it where the company seeks recognition as a company of foreign interests, and counterparties test it at the point of a transaction, when diligence asks for the board minutes.

Q: What does management and control actually mean?
A: It is the centre of the analysis, and it is not about where the shareholders are. It is about where the decisions that direct the company are actually made: whether the directors are resident here in fact and have the knowledge and authority to decide rather than signing what is sent to them, whether board meetings take place here with the directors present and produce minutes that record a discussion rather than a form, and how the bank mandates are operated.

Q: Can the evidence be assembled later, if someone asks?
A: That is the point of the exercise: everyone who asks is looking for contemporaneous evidence, and the records either exist at the time or cannot be created afterwards.

## Cyprus Citizenship by Naturalisation
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/cyprus-citizenship-new
The statutory criteria for naturalisation as a Cypriot citizen, why they operate cumulatively, and which periods of lawful presence do not count.

Q: How is the residence requirement for naturalisation calculated?
A: On physical presence under the immigration rules applicable to the individual, not on holding a permit: a permit held while the holder lived elsewhere does not produce qualifying residence. The applicant must have resided in the Republic lawfully and continuously for a defined period immediately preceding the application, with absences permitted within a stated total, and behind it sits a longer requirement of aggregate lawful residence, or civil service, within the preceding decade. Reconstructing the qualifying period is the first piece of work, and it decides whether the rest is worth doing.

Q: Does time spent in Cyprus as a student or asylum seeker count?
A: No. Time spent as an asylum seeker, as the holder of international protection, or as the holder of a student permit is excluded from the calculation. This exclusion defeats more applications than any other single provision, because those affected have often been lawfully present for many years and reasonably assume the whole of it counts. Where a person has moved between categories, the qualifying period must be reconstructed permit by permit.

Q: Do I need to speak Greek to apply for Cypriot citizenship?
A: Yes: sufficient knowledge of Greek, demonstrated by an approved certificate obtained on written examination. The required level and the accepted certificates should be confirmed against the legislation in force before a course is booked, because the certificate takes time to obtain and frequently delays an otherwise complete file.

Q: What can defeat an application on good character grounds?
A: The statute's non-exhaustive list includes a custodial sentence, in Cyprus or abroad, for a serious offence or one involving dishonour or immoral conduct; being sought by Europol or Interpol for such an offence; being subject to a sanctions regime; pending criminal proceedings for an offence carrying a substantial custodial penalty; unlawful entry or breach of the conditions of stay; and dealings amounting to acceptance of the illegal administration in the areas not under the control of the Republic, including occupying or interfering with property there belonging to a lawful owner, a provision that can catch an applicant who bought or occupied property in the occupied areas without appreciating the consequence.

Q: Which version of the law will my application be judged by?
A: Article 111B of the Civil Registry Law has been amended repeatedly, most recently by Law 224(I)/2025, and amendments in this field have been applied to applications already pending. Anyone whose application straddles a change in the law should assume it will be judged by the law as it stands when the application is reached, and the criteria should be read from the current consolidated text.

## Your Cyprus company changed size in 2023 and nobody told you
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/cyprus-company-size-thresholds
Law 28(I)/2025 raised every size threshold in section 141A of Cap. 113 by a quarter, and applied it to financial years beginning on or after 1 January 2023.

Q: What decides the size of a Cyprus company?
A: Section 141A of the Companies Law, Cap. 113. It sets four classes and each is measured on three criteria at the balance sheet date: the balance sheet total, meaning the total value of assets without deducting liabilities, the net turnover, and the average number of employees during the financial year. A company falls into a class if it does not exceed the limits of at least two of the three. The exception is the largest class, which is defined the other way round: a large company is one that exceeds at least two of the three.

Q: What are the current figures?
A: Very small companies: EUR 450,000 balance sheet total, EUR 900,000 net turnover, 10 employees. Small companies: EUR 5,000,000, EUR 10,000,000, 50 employees. Medium companies, meaning companies other than small ones: EUR 25,000,000, EUR 50,000,000, 250 employees. Large companies exceed at least two of EUR 25,000,000, EUR 50,000,000 and 250 employees.

Q: What did Law 28(I)/2025 change?
A: It raised every monetary threshold in section 141A by a quarter and left the employee counts alone. For small companies the balance sheet total went from EUR 4,000,000 to EUR 5,000,000 and net turnover from EUR 8,000,000 to EUR 10,000,000. For medium and large companies the balance sheet total went from EUR 20,000,000 to EUR 25,000,000 and net turnover from EUR 40,000,000 to EUR 50,000,000. The same six substitutions were made again in subsection (2), which does the same job for groups, and in Regulation 1(1) of the Thirteenth Schedule.

Q: When did that take effect?
A: Section 3 of the amending Law added a new subsection (5) to section 372A: the provisions apply for financial years beginning on 1 January 2023 and thereafter. The Law itself was published in Official Gazette No. 5030 on 28 March 2025, so it reaches back over two financial years that were closed and filed before it existed.

Q: Does crossing a threshold change my class immediately?
A: No, and this is the provision people miss. The proviso to section 141A(1) says that where a company exceeds or ceases to exceed the limits of two of the three criteria, the consequence follows only if that has happened for at least two consecutive financial years. One good year does not move you up and one bad year does not move you down.

Q: What actually changes if my company is small?
A: The accounting framework. Section 142(1)(a1) allows the directors of a small company to prepare the full set of financial statements under either the International Financial Reporting Standards or the Financial Reporting Standard for small-sized entities, where a company that is not small has no such choice. Section 143(2) then treats compliance with either as the route to a true and fair view.

Q: And if it is part of a group?
A: Section 151(b) exempts small groups and medium groups from the obligation to prepare a consolidated management report, unless one of the connected companies is a public interest entity. Regulation 8(1) of the Thirteenth Schedule carries the same exemption for the consolidated report.

Q: What is the Financial Reporting Standard for small-sized entities?
A: A domestic accounting framework being built for the companies that qualify. Law 2(I)/2026 adds a Sixteenth and a Seventeenth Schedule to Cap. 113 setting out the principles, the format and the content of annual financial statements for small companies: the balance sheet and profit and loss layouts, the recognition and measurement rules, the revaluation reserve, financial instruments at fair value, and what has to appear in the notes.

Q: Is Law 2(I)/2026 in force?
A: Not yet, apart from one section. Section 7(1) provides that the Law comes into force on 1 January of the year following the date on which the Financial Reporting Standard for small-sized entities is published in the Official Gazette. Section 7(2) brings section 5 into force on publication of the Law itself. So the framework exists in the statute book and waits on the standard being gazetted before it applies.

Q: Does size affect sustainability reporting?
A: Yes, and it is phased. Law 162(I)/2025 implements Directive (EU) 2022/2464 on corporate sustainability reporting together with Directive (EU) 2025/794, which postponed several of the application dates. Under section 396, small companies and medium companies whose transferable securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market come into the regime for financial years beginning on 1 January 2028 or later.

Q: Does being small remove the audit?
A: No. Nothing in section 141A or in the amending Law touches the obligation to have accounts audited. The size classes decide which accounting framework applies, what has to be disclosed and which consolidated documents can be omitted. They are not an audit exemption.

Q: Why does a change reaching back to 2023 matter now?
A: Because the class is measured over two consecutive financial years. A company that was medium on the old figures for 2023 and 2024 may be small on the new ones for the same two years, which changes the framework it should have applied and what its notes should have disclosed. That is worth checking before the next set is signed rather than after.

## Cyprus Digital Nomad Residence Route
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/cyprus-reopens-digital-nomad-visa
What the Cyprus digital nomad residence permit allows a remote worker to do, what it prohibits, and the conditions that must hold for the whole of the permit.

Q: Who can apply for the Cyprus digital nomad permit?
A: A national of a country outside the EU and the EEA who works remotely, either as an employee of a company registered outside Cyprus or as a self-employed person providing services to clients located outside Cyprus. It is the only Cyprus residence permit designed for a person whose work has no connection with Cyprus at all, which is both its attraction and its limit.

Q: Is the scheme open right now?
A: That has to be confirmed at the time rather than taken from an article. The permit is a discretionary permission administered by the Deputy Ministry of Migration and International Protection, which opens and closes the scheme, sets the criteria and revises them, and it has been opened, suspended and reopened, operating under a limit on the number of permits in issue at any one time.

Q: Can I take a Cyprus job or Cyprus clients while I hold it?
A: No. The permit confers no right to work in the Cyprus labour market: a holder cannot take employment with a Cyprus employer, cannot provide services to clients in Cyprus, and cannot carry on a business here. Doing so is not a technical irregularity to be corrected later, because it removes the basis on which the permit was granted, and it is visible in the bank records that support the next renewal.

Q: Does it lead to permanent residence or citizenship?
A: Not by itself. It may contribute lawful residence towards a later naturalisation application, but naturalisation has its own criteria and qualifying periods, and residence under certain categories of permit is disregarded when those periods are calculated. Anyone taking this route with citizenship in mind should have the sequence checked at the start rather than discovered at the end.

Q: Are the conditions tested once, at the counter?
A: No, and this is where applicants most often misread the scheme. The criteria describe how the holder must go on living for as long as the permit lasts, not a test passed once. The permit is granted on the basis that the holder earns abroad and spends here, and almost every condition attached to it exists to keep that relationship intact.

## Making a Will in Cyprus: Forced Heirship Explained
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/cyprus-will-forced-heirship
What you can leave by will in Cyprus, how the statutory portion restricts disposal, who inherits on intestacy, and the formalities a valid will must meet.

Q: I am a foreign national with property in Cyprus. Does forced heirship bind me?
A: Not necessarily. Which law governs your succession depends on your habitual residence, and you may, subject to conditions, choose in the will the law of your nationality. The answer needs a specific analysis before anything is drafted.

Q: Can I write the will myself?
A: The law allows it, if every formality is observed. In practice home made wills are the raw material of challenges: execution errors, ambiguity, and witnesses who should not have been. The cost of drafting it properly is small against the cost of a dispute between heirs.

Q: How much of my estate can I actually leave by will?
A: Section 41(1) of the Wills and Succession Law, Cap. 195, fixes it by who survives you. Leaving a spouse and a child, or a spouse and the descendant of a child, or no spouse but a child or a child's descendant, the disposable portion is not more than one quarter of the net value of the estate. Leaving a spouse, or a father or mother, but no child and no descendant of a child, it is not more than one half. Leaving none of them, the whole estate is disposable. A will that gives away more is reduced and abated proportionately under section 41(2) so as to be confined to the disposable portion.

Q: Do I need a Cyprus will if I own property in Cyprus?
A: Having a will that deals with your Cyprus assets can make administering your estate much simpler and faster for your family, and can help avoid uncertainty. If you own assets in more than one country, coordinated wills are often sensible.

Q: Can I leave everything to my spouse?
A: Often yes, and this is the one case where the statute is generous. The proviso to section 41(2) of Cap. 195 says that where a person dies leaving a spouse but no child, no descendant of a child and no father or mother, a will leaving more than the disposable portion is not cut down, and the excess may extend to the whole of the statutory portion, provided it was left to that surviving spouse. Where a child, a descendant or a parent also survives, a reserved portion does arise and part of the estate passes by law whatever the will says.

Q: Can a trust be used to get around the reserved portion?
A: A trust should not be set up for that purpose. Whether assets placed in trust form part of the estate for these purposes is a question that depends on the facts and on when and how the trust was created.

Q: What happens if the will is invalid?
A: The estate is distributed under the rules of intestacy, in fixed shares, regardless of what the document said.

## A Data Breach in Cyprus Is Criminal, Not Only a Fine
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/data-breach-cyprus-criminal-offence
What Law 125(I)/2018 adds to the GDPR in Cyprus: criminal offences for failing to report a breach, the age of consent at fourteen, and biometric data.

Q: Is failing to report a data breach a crime in Cyprus?
A: Yes. Under section 33(1) of Law 125(I)/2018 a controller who does not notify the Commissioner under Article 33(1) of the Regulation commits a criminal offence, as does a controller who does not communicate the breach to the data subject under Article 34. The penalty is imprisonment of up to three years, a fine of up to €30,000, or both.

Q: How long do I have to report a breach?
A: Article 33(1) of the Regulation requires notification without undue delay and, where feasible, not later than seventy two hours after becoming aware of the breach. The time runs from awareness, which is a question of fact.

Q: Can I avoid telling the people affected?
A: Only with permission. Section 12(1) allows relief from the duty to communicate for a purpose in Article 23(1) of the Regulation, but section 12(2) requires an impact assessment and prior consultation with the Commissioner, and section 12(4) allows the Commissioner to impose terms.

Q: What age can a child consent at in Cyprus?
A: Fourteen. Section 8(1) makes processing lawful where information society services are offered directly to a child on the child’s consent and the child is at least fourteen. Below that, section 8(2) requires consent given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility.

Q: Can biometric data be used for insurance?
A: No. Section 9(1) prohibits the processing of genetic and biometric data for health and life insurance purposes.

Q: Does Article 37 of the Regulation tell me whether I need a data protection officer?
A: Not by itself. Section 14(2) allows the Commissioner to publish a list of processing operations and cases requiring an officer in addition to those in Article 37(1) of the Regulation.

## Recovering a Debt in Cyprus, Step by Step
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/debt-recovery-steps-cyprus
From the demand letter to enforcement: assessment before expenditure, the pre-action protocols, the court process, and why enforcement is where cases are won.

Q: Does a lawyer's demand letter actually work?
A: It resolves a significant proportion of cases without a court. It also matters procedurally: under the Civil Procedure Rules 2023 pre-action contact is provided for by the protocols in certain categories of case, and failing to comply is taken into account when costs are awarded.

Q: What if the debtor never responds to the claim?
A: Where the debtor has been duly served and does not appear or file a defence, judgment in default can be sought without a full hearing. Where a defence is filed but is a pretext, summary judgment is the route.

Q: Is a settlement agreement enough?
A: Only if its terms carry weight: what happens on the first missed instalment, whether judgment can be entered without starting again, and what security stands behind the promise. Without those it is a delay with a signature on it.

Q: I have a judgment and still no money. What now?
A: A judgment is the right to take steps against assets, not the money itself. Its value depends on what the debtor still has and on whether you moved before other creditors did, which is why the assessment at the outset asks about assets and not only about liability.

## Cyprus Energy Law: Licensing and Grid Connection
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/deciphering-energy-law-in-cyprus-key-considerations
How energy projects in Cyprus are regulated: who licenses them, why grid connection decides viability, and what a power purchase agreement has to settle.

Q: Why do Cyprus energy projects usually fail?
A: Not on the engineering. They fail because the licence carried a condition the site could not satisfy, because the connection point turned out to be unavailable or years away, or because an offtake contract was signed before either of those was known. The regulatory position, the grid position and the contract are not three separate workstreams: each constrains the other two, and the sequence in which they are taken decides whether the project is viable.

Q: Who regulates the sector?
A: The Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority, the independent regulator for electricity and natural gas, originally established by the Regulating the Electricity Market Law of 2003, Law 122(I)/2003, and now constituted under the Establishment and Operation of the Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority Law of 2021, Law 129(I)/2021. Its functions include granting, monitoring, enforcing, amending and revoking licences and exemptions, and setting the criteria and procedures for licences for the transmission, distribution, supply and storage of natural gas.

Q: Is the regulator a formality at the end of the process?
A: No. Its decisions determine what the project is permitted to do, what it is permitted to charge for, and on what terms it may connect, and they need to be understood before land is committed and before capital is spent.

Q: Which activities need a licence?
A: In electricity, those listed in section 26 of the Regulating the Electricity Market Law of 2021, Law 130(I)/2021, which include the construction of a generating station and the generation of electricity, the supply of electricity to final and wholesale customers, and the functions of the transmission and distribution operators. The licence is the gate, and its conditions are where the risk sits.

## Defamation in Cyprus: the Claim, the Defences, the One Year
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/defamation-cyprus
Defamation under Cap. 148: the five imputations of section 17, why repeating and naming the source are no answer, truth, fair comment and privilege, and the one year limit.

Q: Someone posted it first and I only shared it. Am I safe?
A: No. Section 17(2) of Cap. 148 says expressly that liability is not less because the statement was made by way of repetition or hearsay, or because the source was named. Each publisher answers for their own publication. What can help a genuinely innocent sharer is section 22: a prompt, formal offer of amends.

Q: It was sent only to me. Can I sue?
A: Usually not in defamation: under section 18 publication means the defamatory meaning reaching, or being likely to reach, someone other than you or the publisher's spouse. A private insult delivered only to its target is not publication. The exception the section itself makes is the open letter or postcard, which counts even if addressed to you, because it is readable on the way.

Q: What I wrote is true. Does that end the matter?
A: If you can prove it, yes: truth is a complete defence under section 19(α), and where several distinct charges were made the defence survives even if a marginal one is unproved, provided what is unproved does not materially injure the reputation in the light of what is proved. The practical question is evidence: what you can prove, not what you know.

Q: I complained about a professional to their regulator. Can they sue me?
A: A complaint to a person or body with authority over the person complained of is a classic occasion of qualified privilege under section 21, protected if made in good faith. The protection has a perimeter: it covers the complaint to the authority, not the same accusations broadcast publicly, and the publication must not exceed what the occasion reasonably requires.

Q: A false review is destroying my business but it is about my products, not me.
A: That is the territory of section 25, injurious falsehood: the malicious publication of a false statement about another's goods, business or title. Malice and falsity must be proved, and special damage is required unless the words are in permanent form and calculated to cause pecuniary loss, or aimed at the business you carry on. It shares the one year limitation of defamation, so it moves on the same clock.

Q: How long do I have to bring a defamation claim in Cyprus?
A: One year, under section 6(4) of the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012, for defamation and for malicious falsehood alike. It is the shortest civil limitation period in ordinary use, and it is the first date checked in every reputation file. A separate development changes what a defendant can do about a claim brought to silence rather than to win: see Cyprus now has an anti-SLAPP law, in force from 7 May 2026.

Q: Will an apology reduce the damages?
A: It can. Section 23 lets a defendant prove in mitigation, on reasonable notice, an apology made or offered before the action or as soon as there was opportunity, along with provocation and the other matters the section lists. For a defendant, that is a reason to consider the apology early rather than late; for a claimant, an apology obtained quickly is often worth more than the increment of damages it displaces.

## Construction Delay Claims in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/delay-claims-construction-cyprus
Delayed on a Cyprus construction project? Extension of time, liquidated damages, the evidence to gather and limitation periods, from Nicosia lawyers.

Q: What is an extension of time in a Cyprus construction contract?
A: An extension of time is a contractual mechanism that moves the agreed completion date where delay is caused by events the contract identifies as excusable, such as employer-instructed variations or matters outside the contractor's control. It generally has to be claimed by following the notice procedure set out in the specific contract.

Q: Can an employer always claim liquidated damages for a late project?
A: Not automatically. Liquidated damages are usually only payable for delay not covered by a valid extension of time, and whether the clause has been properly triggered needs to be checked in each case.

Q: What happens if I miss the notice deadline for a delay claim?
A: Missing a contractual notice deadline can weaken, and depending on the clause wording may bar, an otherwise valid claim. Review the specific clause as soon as a delay becomes apparent.

Q: How long do I have to bring a delay claim in Cyprus?
A: A claim on the contract carries six years from when the cause of action accrued, under section 7(1) of the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012. A claim in negligence carries three, under section 6(2). The exact accrual date for a delay claim depends on the facts and the contract, so it is worth confirming your specific dates with a lawyer.

Q: Do I have to arbitrate a construction delay dispute in Cyprus?
A: Only if your contract contains a valid arbitration clause covering the dispute. Where that is the case, arbitration is usually the required route and a court may stay any litigation brought in breach of the clause. Where there is no arbitration clause, the District Court is the default forum.

Q: What evidence should I keep during a construction project in case of a delay dispute?
A: Site diaries, the approved programme and revisions, correspondence, formal delay notices, instructions and variation orders, weather records where relevant, photographs, and payment certificates. Keeping these organised as you go is far more effective than reconstructing them after a dispute starts.

Q: Can a subcontractor bring a delay claim against a main contractor in Cyprus?
A: Yes, in principle, under the terms of the subcontract, applying the same concepts of extension of time, notice and evidence discussed above. The specific subcontract wording governs and should be reviewed directly.

Q: Should I get legal advice before responding to a delay claim?
A: Yes. How you respond to a delay claim, whether accepting, rejecting or partially agreeing it, can affect your position under the contract and in any later dispute. Advice before responding formally helps avoid inadvertently weakening your position. By Klitos Platis, Advocate Published 14 July 2026

## Construction Delay: The First Two Weeks
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/delays-construction-contracts
The practical steps a contractor or employer should take in the first fortnight of a construction delay in Cyprus, before positions harden and notices expire.

Q: Is it enough to say it on site?
A: No. An oral notice, or a message to somebody who is not the recipient the contract names, frequently does not count. Many clauses impose a deadline, and a late notice can cost the entitlement itself rather than merely weaken it.

Q: What should I do first when a construction delay appears?
A: Read four clauses before writing anything: the completion date and how it is fixed; the extension of time clause, including which events it covers and who decides; the notice provisions, including whether notice is a condition of entitlement; and the liquidated damages or delay compensation clause and its rate. Everything done in the following fortnight is shaped by those four clauses.

Q: Should I wait until I can quantify the delay before giving notice?
A: No. Notice periods generally run from the occurrence of the event or from the point at which its effect became apparent, not from the point at which the analysis is finished. A short notice given on time, identifying the event and reserving the position on its effect, is worth far more than a detailed submission sent a month late, and there is no penalty for a notice that turns out to be unnecessary.

Q: What should an employer do when a delay notice arrives?
A: Respond promptly and precisely: silence in the face of a delay notice is not neutral. If the delay is considered the contractor's own responsibility, say so in writing, give the reason, and reserve rights under the delay clause rather than allowing the matter to drift.

Q: What records decide a delay dispute?
A: The contract programme in the form in which it was accepted, together with every revision issued since, and a record of where the works actually stood on the day the delay appeared: photographs with dates, the site diary, the last progress report and the last valuation. Securing these takes an afternoon and is the single most valuable thing either party can do in the first two weeks.

Q: Can the contractor stop work when the employer causes delay?
A: Not without checking whether the contract gives that right. Wrongful suspension can convert a defensible position into a repudiatory breach, and withholding payment as leverage is equally dangerous unless the contract permits it and the correct procedure has been followed.

## Developing a Solar Project in Cyprus: The Legal Sequence
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/developing-solar-project-cyprus-legal-sequence
The legal sequence behind a Cyprus solar project: securing land rights, grid connection, planning permission and licensing, and the order that matters.

Q: Does my project need a CERA licence?
A: It depends on capacity. Section 27(1) of Law 130(I)/2021 puts generation up to 20kW, generation for own use up to 30kW, and renewable generation up to 50kW under a general licence taken up by notification. Section 27(4)(a) allows CERA to grant an exemption for own use above 30kW to 1MW and for renewables above 50kW to 8MW. Above 8MW a licence under section 26 is required.

Q: How long does the general licence take?
A: One month. Section 27(3)(a) allows a person meeting the conditions to carry on the activity on submitting the notification form; section 27(3)(b) gives CERA one month from receipt to assess it and ask in writing for corrections or further information; and section 27(3)(c) provides that the general licence takes effect one month after CERA received the form, provided it has not acted. Where it has, the licence takes effect when CERA is satisfied enough has been supplied.

Q: Does a CERA licence let me build?
A: No. Section 25(1) requires a licence from CERA under sections 26 and 27 and, separately, any other licence, approval or opinion required by any other law. Section 25(2) names what the other authorities weigh: public health and safety, the environment, land use and siting, the use of public land, and the contribution of the capacity to reducing emissions. Clearing CERA and not planning leaves a project that cannot be built.

Q: What permits are needed for a renewable project in Cyprus?
A: Typically a combination of licences, planning and environmental approvals, and a grid connection agreement. The exact requirements depend on the technology, the size of the installation and its location.

Q: Should I secure the land before or after the grid position is known?
A: Where possible, secure an option or a conditional agreement first. Committing fully to a site before the grid position is understood is the most common and most expensive sequencing error.

Q: What makes a PPA bankable?
A: A term long enough to repay the debt, a creditworthy buyer or adequate credit support, a clear allocation of curtailment and change-in-law risk, and termination provisions that do not leave the lender short.

Q: Do you advise on oil, gas and offshore matters as well?
A: Yes. We advise on conventional and offshore projects including contracts, licensing, joint ventures and regulatory compliance.

## The DSA in Cyprus: what Law 122(I)/2025 requires of a provider
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/digital-services-cyprus
Cyprus named its Digital Services Coordinator, made a register of intermediary service providers compulsory, and set a daily fine of up to 5 per cent of worldwide turnover.

Q: Who is the Digital Services Coordinator in Cyprus?
A: Section 4(1) of Law 122(I)/2025 designates the Radio Television and Digital Services Authority, established under section 3 of the Radio and Television Organisations Law, as the Digital Services Coordinator under Article 49(2) of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065. It exercises all the powers the Regulation and this Law give the Coordinator. Section 4(2) requires it to act with impartiality, transparency and complete independence, free from any external direct or indirect influence, and neither to seek nor to take instructions from any public sector authority or any private body.

Q: Does the Law apply to my business?
A: Section 3 casts the net in four ways, and the fourth is the one people miss. The Law applies to providers of intermediary services established in the Republic; to providers whose legal representatives reside or are established in the Republic; to providers having a substantial connection with the Republic; and to providers who supply intermediary services in the Republic without having a substantial connection with it. A platform with no office and no representative here is still caught by paragraph (d) if it supplies into Cyprus.

Q: Is there a register, and must I be on it?
A: Yes to both. Section 13(1) required the Coordinator, within twelve months of the Law coming into force, to create, operate and maintain an electronic Register of Providers of Intermediary Services and publish it on its official website. The Law was published in Official Gazette No. 5047 on 11 July 2025 and carries no separate commencement provision, so that twelve months ran to 11 July 2026. Section 13(2) then makes registration compulsory for providers within the scope of the Law, within three months of the Register becoming operational or before beginning to provide intermediary services in the Republic.

Q: What has to go on the register?
A: Section 13(3)(a) sets a minimum for each provider: the registration number and date of registration; the name of the natural person or the corporate name of the legal person; the residential address of the natural person or the seat and registered office address of the legal person; and the contact details of a point of contact in the Republic for communications with the Coordinator, the competent authorities in the Republic, the competent authorities of other Member States, the European Commission and the European Board for Digital Services.

Q: What does a takedown order have to satisfy?
A: Section 12(1) requires the competent authorities to ensure that orders to act against illegal content which they issue meet the conditions in Article 9 of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065, and section 12(2) requires the Coordinator to follow the procedure and time limits Article 9 lays down. Section 12(3) does the same for orders to provide specific information about one or more identified individual recipients of the service, against the conditions in Article 10 of the Regulation. An order that does not meet those conditions is the first thing to test.

Q: How are administrative fines set?
A: Section 19(1) requires the Coordinator or the competent authority, according to their respective competence, to impose an administrative fine on providers under their jurisdiction applying Article 51(2)(c) and (d) of the Regulation. Section 19(2) applies Articles 51 and 52 of the Regulation and lists what is weighed: the nature, gravity and duration of the infringement; any intent or negligence of the provider that caused it; systematic or repeated non-compliance; the type, size and nature of the service and the provider's economic capacity; whether the provider operates in more than one Member State; and the degree of cooperation with the authority.

Q: Is a breach also a criminal offence?
A: Yes. Section 20(1) makes it an offence, without prejudice to the Law on the Application of Community Regulations and Decisions, for a person to do an act or make an omission in breach of any provision of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065. It carries imprisonment of up to one year or a fine of up to EUR 10,000, or both.

Q: What is the daily fine ceiling?
A: Section 20(2) is the provision to read before assuming the EUR 10,000 figure is the exposure. Where a fine is imposed under section 20(1), it shall not exceed five per cent of the average daily worldwide turnover or income of the provider concerned in the preceding financial year, per day, calculated from the date fixed in the relevant decision. For a large provider that is a materially different number from the headline.

Q: Can a court order more than a fine?
A: Section 20(3) gives the court trying an offence under the Law power to make any interim or final order, prohibitory, preventive, mandatory or suspensory, for the purpose of terminating or suspending the act or omission constituting the offence, or preventing its repetition.

Q: Are the Coordinator's decisions immediately effective?
A: Section 14(1) provides that decisions of the Coordinator are directly enforceable and that their application does not require the approval of any state or other body. Section 14(2) gives a recourse against decisions of the Coordinator or of the competent authorities to the Administrative Court under Article 146 of the Constitution. The deadline for that recourse runs from the decision reaching you, so the date it arrived matters as much as its contents.

Q: Will I have to pay an annual fee?
A: Section 17(1)(a) allows the Coordinator to impose an annual fee on persons within the scope of the Law, and section 17(1)(b) confines it to what is necessary and proportionate to cover the cost of the Coordinator's tasks. Section 17(2) allows the Coordinator not to impose it on persons whose total worldwide or national annual turnover from activities within the scope does not exceed a threshold, or whose activities do not reach a minimum market share, or are of very limited geographical reach, or who provide particular categories of intermediary service.

Q: Where does the Coordinator's money come from?
A: Section 16(1) provides that the revenue for the Coordinator's operation comes from the administrative fines and the fees imposed under the Law. Section 16(2) requires the Republic to ensure that the Coordinator and the other competent authorities have the financial resources to carry out their duties, including sufficient technical, financial and human resources to supervise the providers within their competence, as Article 50 of the Regulation requires.

## When a Cyprus Director Pays the Company's Debt
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/director-personal-liability-cyprus
The company owes its debts, not its director. The commonest exception is not an exception at all: it is a personal guarantee signed years earlier and unread.

Q: Exactly when is a director made to pay the company's debts?
A: Section 311(1) of Cap. 113 gives the main rule. Where it appears in the course of a winding up that any business of the company was carried on with intent to defraud its creditors or the creditors of any other person, or for any fraudulent purpose, the Court may, on the application of the official receiver, the liquidator, or any creditor or contributory, declare that persons who knowingly took part in carrying on the business that way are personally responsible, without any limitation of liability, for all or any debts the Court may direct. The operative word is "knowingly": failure is not enough, dishonesty is required.

Q: What if there was no dishonesty, only bad management?
A: Then section 312(1) applies instead. Where it appears in a winding up that a promoter, a past or present director, manager, liquidator or officer has misapplied or retained money or property of the company, or is guilty of any misfeasance or breach of trust in relation to it, the Court may, on the same applications, examine their conduct and compel them to repay or restore. It is a separate basis from section 311 and it does not require an intent to defraud.

Q: What do I risk by not cooperating with the liquidator?
A: Criminal liability. Section 307(1) makes it an offence for a past or present officer not to disclose fully and truly to the liquidator all the company's property, and how, to whom, for what consideration and when the company disposed of any part of it, other than in the ordinary course of business, or not to deliver up to the liquidator what belongs to the company. Section 308(1) goes further: destroying, altering or falsifying books or documents, or making or being party to a false or fraudulent entry, with intent to defraud or deceive, carries imprisonment of up to two years.

Q: Am I personally liable for my company's debts?
A: As a rule, no. A Cyprus limited company is a separate legal person, its debts are its own, and a creditor sues the company. Anyone dealing with a company takes, in principle, the risk of its solvency.

Q: Then why do directors end up paying?
A: Most often because of a personal guarantee signed to a bank, supplier or landlord, frequently years earlier and unread. A guarantee is a separate contract that survives the company and activates precisely when the company cannot pay.

Q: What changes when the company becomes insolvent?
A: The focus shifts from the company's separate personality to the director's conduct in the period before the collapse, and the interests that must be considered stop being only the shareholders' and start being the creditors'. What is examined is when the director knew the position was hopeless and what they did after that.

Q: Can I be liable outside company law entirely?
A: Yes. Statutory duties owed by directors personally in tax, employment and health and safety do not run through the company, and a director who commits a tort is not immune because a company benefited from it.

## Directors Duties When a Cyprus Company Is Insolvent
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/directors-duties-insolvent-cyprus-company
What changes for directors of a Cyprus company facing insolvency: the shift towards creditor interests, wrongful and fraudulent trading, and personal liability.

Q: Can a director become personally liable for company debts?
A: Directors are not automatically liable for the company's debts. Conduct after insolvency arises can change that, and section 311(1) of Cap. 113 is the provision that does it: where business was carried on with intent to defraud creditors or for any fraudulent purpose, the court may declare those knowingly party to it personally liable, without any limitation of liability, for such of the company's debts as it directs. Section 312(1) covers money or property that went astray, and section 301(1) voids a preference given in the six months before the winding up began.

Q: Should we keep trading?
A: That depends on whether there is a realistic prospect of meeting obligations. Continuing to trade is not automatically wrong; continuing while incurring debts that cannot be paid is where the risk lies.

Q: Can a payment already made be reversed?
A: Certain transactions entered into before insolvency proceedings can be challenged, including preferences and transactions at an undervalue. Payments to connected parties attract the closest scrutiny.

Q: What if we are a creditor rather than the company?
A: Creditors can pursue demands, court proceedings, or winding-up applications, depending on the debtor's circumstances and what assets are actually available. The petition route is set out on Winding Up a Cyprus Company.

## Directors' Duties Under Cyprus Law
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/directors-fiduciary-duties-under-cyprus-law-navigating-responsibilities-and-repercussions
The fiduciary duties a director of a Cyprus company owes, the transactions that most often breach them, and the remedies the company can pursue.

Q: Where do the duties come from?
A: From the common law and equity, alongside the requirements of the Companies Law, Cap. 113 and of the memorandum and articles. They are not written down exhaustively in any one place, which is why a director who has read only the articles has read only part of it.

Q: Which transactions attract the most scrutiny?
A: Transactions with connected persons, loans to or from management, opportunities found through the company and taken elsewhere, remuneration decided by its recipients, and guarantees given for other companies in the group.

Q: Who does a director of a Cyprus company owe duties to?
A: To the company itself. A director is not appointed to serve the shareholder who nominated him, the parent company that controls the group, or the bank that required his appointment as a condition of lending. A nominee director owes the same duties as any other director, and an instruction from the person who appointed him is not a defence to having followed it.

Q: Is a conflicted transaction acceptable if the terms were fair?
A: No. The rule against conflicts is prophylactic: it is not answered by showing that the transaction was in fact fair, because the law does not permit a fiduciary to put himself in a compromised position and then deny that his judgment was affected. The interest has to be declared, the decision taken by those who are free of it, and the reasoning recorded before the transaction, not after it is questioned.

Q: What happens if a director profits from his position?
A: He must account for any benefit obtained through the misuse of the company's property, information or opportunities, even where the company itself lost nothing. A business opportunity that reaches a director through the company belongs to the company, even if the company would have been unable to take it.

Q: Can a subsidiary give guarantees or transfer value for the benefit of its group?
A: Only after separate consideration of the subsidiary's own interests. Group arrangements where a subsidiary is asked to guarantee, lend or transfer value for the benefit of the group as a whole, without that separate consideration, are among the recurring situations in which breaches actually arise.

Q: Who can sue for a breach of directors' duties?
A: The claim belongs to the company, which is why breaches are often raised only after control of the company changes hands or a liquidator is appointed. The remedies include equitable compensation for the company's loss, an account of profits requiring the director to give up the gain even where the company lost nothing, and proprietary relief over property that can still be identified, and relief may run against a third party who knowingly participated.

## Norwich Pharmacal Orders in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/disclosure-order
What a Norwich Pharmacal order does, what the court has to be satisfied of before granting one, and what an application against a bank has to contain.

Q: How fast do we have to move?
A: At once. Money moves and accounts close, and an order applied for late arrives at a record that leads nowhere. The value of the order is the trail that still exists on the day it is served.

Q: Why are applications of this kind refused?
A: Usually on necessity, where the information was available elsewhere and that route was not tried, and on proportionality, where everything is asked for instead of the specific thing.

Q: What is a Norwich Pharmacal order used for?
A: Compelling a third party who has become mixed up in wrongdoing, usually a bank or an intermediary, to disclose information or documents it holds, so that a wrongdoer who is only a name on a payment instruction can be identified and sued. The classic respondent is innocent and cannot hand the material over voluntarily because it owes a duty of confidence to its own customer. The order is not a claim against that respondent: nothing is sought from them but the information, and their position is that of a witness compelled rather than a defendant sued.

Q: What is the legal basis for the order in Cyprus?
A: There is no dedicated statute. The Cyprus courts grant these orders under section 32 of the Courts of Justice Law 14/1960, which is the substantive source of the power to make interim orders, applying the principles of the English Norwich Pharmacal line of authority as a matter of equity, with procedure governed by the Civil Procedure Law, Cap. 6 and the rules of court.

Q: What does the court have to be satisfied of?
A: Four things, cumulatively, and an application that treats them as formalities is the one that fails. A good arguable case of wrongdoing, because the court is being asked to override a duty of confidence and will not do so on suspicion alone. Involvement of the respondent in the wrongdoing, even innocently and unknowingly, since a person merely likely to know something is a witness rather than a proper respondent. Necessity, because if the information can be obtained another way that is the answer to the application. And proportionality, since even where the requirements are met the order is discretionary and a request for everything held about a person over several years invites refusal on that ground alone.

Q: When is it worth applying?
A: Three situations recur. There is no defendant, because the wrongdoer is anonymous or hidden behind a corporate structure, which is common in payment fraud and anonymous online publication. Money has to be followed, because funds have moved through accounts and the chain has to be reconstructed before there is any prospect of recovery or of freezing what remains. Or the claim cannot be pleaded, because the wrongdoer is known but the documents needed to set out what was done are held by someone else. The order is most often sought before any proceedings have started, and can also be sought in an existing case.

Q: What makes an application weak?
A: Scope, more often than anything else. Disclosure should be requested category by category and confined by date range and subject matter, so that the respondent can identify what it holds and the court can see the order is limited to what is needed; a request framed as all documents relating to a person or an account is both hard to comply with and hard to grant. Two further points belong in the application rather than in an afterthought: who bears the cost of the respondent's compliance, since the respondent is a stranger to the dispute, and whether the wrongdoer is to be notified, because in a tracing case advance notice will frequently destroy the value of the order before it is complied with.

Q: Can we use the information for anything else once we have it?
A: Not on an assumption. Disclosure is granted for a purpose, and the application should ask for the order to define that purpose and restrict use accordingly. Information obtained in order to identify a defendant should not be treated as available for a different dispute, for publication, or for a regulatory complaint.

## Can You Disinherit a Child in Cyprus?
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/disinheriting-a-child-cyprus
Cyprus law reserves a statutory portion of the estate for close family that no will can touch. What that leaves disposable, and why an explanatory clause fails.

Q: Exactly how large is the disposable portion?
A: Section 41(1) of Cap. 195 gives three fractions. With a spouse and a child, or with a child and no spouse, the disposable portion shall not exceed one quarter of the net value of the estate. With a spouse or a parent but no child and no descendant of a child, it shall not exceed one half. With no spouse, no child or descendant of a child and no parent, the whole estate is disposable.

Q: If the will exceeds the limit, is it void?
A: Not as a whole. Section 41(2) provides that where a person has disposed by will of a part of the estate greater than the disposable portion, that disposition is reduced and abated proportionately so as to be confined to the disposable portion. The excess is cut back; the rest stands.

Q: Does property I already gave a child count?
A: Yes. Section 51 of Cap. 195 requires a child or other descendant who becomes entitled to the undisposable portion to bring into account, in calculating their share, any movable and immovable property received from the deceased at any time by gift inter vivos, under a marriage contract, as dowry, or by donation mortis causa. A proviso excludes anything the deceased expressly released by a special provision in the will.

Q: Can a will release a gift from being brought into account?
A: It can, and it is the only escape the Law itself provides. The proviso to section 51 states that no such property is brought into account if the deceased left a will containing a special provision against bringing it into account. The clause is one sentence, and its absence is why so many lifetime plans land somewhere other than where they were aimed.

Q: Can I disinherit my child in Cyprus?
A: As a rule, not entirely. Cap. 195 reserves a statutory portion for close family that the will cannot dispose of. The child takes their share from that portion whether the will mentions them or not.

Q: How much can I actually leave freely?
A: It depends on who survives you. In the most common and most restrictive case, where the testator leaves a spouse and a child, the disposable part does not exceed one quarter of the estate.

Q: Is a will that ignores the statutory portion invalid?
A: No. It is not invalid, it simply does not achieve what it says. The statutory portion is restored and the will operates on what remains, without any need to attack the validity of the document.

Q: Does a clause explaining why I am excluding someone help?
A: No. The law recognises defined circumstances in which an heir loses an entitlement, and keeps them for itself rather than leaving them to the testator. A clause expressing an intention to exclude reads as a wish and operates as nothing.

## Distance Selling in Cyprus: The Right to Withdraw
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/distance-selling-withdrawal-cyprus
The fourteen day right to withdraw in Cyprus, the cancel button a website has had to carry since June 2026, what a seller owes back, and where the right does not arise.

Q: Does my website need a cancel button?
A: If you sell to consumers through an online interface, yes, and it has been required since 19 June 2026. Section 22A of the Consumer Protection Law, added by Law 30(I)/2026, requires a withdrawal function labelled "Click here to withdraw" or a clear equivalent, legible, prominent, easily accessible, and continuously available for the whole withdrawal period. It has to collect the buyer's name, the details identifying the contract, and the electronic address for the confirmation; the buyer submits it through a second control marked only "confirmation of withdrawal"; and you then send an acknowledgement on a durable medium with the content and the date and time, without undue delay. Section 22A(5) treats the buyer as having withdrawn in time if they used the function before the deadline, so a button that does not work is your problem rather than theirs.

Q: Do I have to say why I am returning it?
A: No. Section 20(1) gives the right to withdraw from a distance contract without giving any reason. A seller asking for one may be gathering feedback, but it cannot make an answer a condition of the refund.

Q: The website says returns are accepted within seven days. Is that binding?
A: Not against the statutory period. The right in section 20 is fourteen days, and a term purporting to shorten it does not displace the Law. A policy that offers longer than fourteen days is a commercial promise the seller can be held to, so read the two together rather than assuming the shorter one governs.

Q: Who pays to send the goods back?
A: The consumer bears the direct cost of return under section 25(1), but only where the trader informed them that they would. Where the returns information is silent on it, or where the trader agreed to bear the cost, it falls on the seller. Outbound delivery is different again: under section 24(1) the standard delivery cost is refunded, and under section 24(2) any premium the consumer chose to pay for a faster method is not.

Q: I opened the box and tried it. Have I lost the right?
A: No. Section 25(2) makes the consumer liable only for diminished value resulting from handling beyond what was necessary to establish the nature, characteristics and functioning of the goods, which is broadly what you could have done in a shop. And where the trader never gave the notice of the right of withdrawal required by section 5(1)(h), the consumer is not liable for diminished value in any case.

Q: I sell digital downloads. Do I have to accept withdrawals?
A: Only where you did not collect the consent. Digital content not supplied on a tangible medium falls outside the right under section 27, but the exception applies where performance began with the consumer's prior express consent and their acknowledgement that they lose the right by starting. That is a checkout requirement rather than a drafting one: the record of it has to exist before the download begins.

Q: The parcel never arrived. Whose loss is that?
A: In the ordinary case the seller's. Under section 28(7) risk passes to the consumer when they, or a third party they indicated other than the carrier, take physical possession of the goods. It passes earlier only where the consumer instructed the carrier and the trader did not offer that option, and even then the consumer keeps its rights against the carrier.

## Do British expats need a Cyprus will?
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/do-british-expats-need-a-cyprus-will
Usually yes, for the assets here. The exemption British nationals relied on went in 2015, and a European regulation now decides by a default few expats chose.

Q: Does my English will still cover my Cyprus property?
A: It may be admitted for Cyprus purposes, but it no longer does what British nationals long assumed. Until 2015, section 42 of the Wills and Succession Law, Cap. 195, headed absolute freedom of disposition, gave certain foreign nationals a way around the Cyprus reserved portion. Law 96(I)/2015, published in the Official Gazette at Issue 4518 of 3 July 2015, deleted section 42, and since 17 August 2015 the governing framework has been Regulation (EU) No 650/2012.

Q: Which law governs my estate if I live in Cyprus?
A: Under Article 21 of the Regulation the default is the law of the State in which you were habitually resident at the time of death, and it governs the succession as a whole rather than asset by asset. For a British national living in Cyprus that default is Cyprus law, including the reserved portion in Cap. 195, unless the will says otherwise.

Q: Can I choose English law instead, and does Brexit stop me?
A: You can, and it does not. Article 22 allows a person to choose the law of a State whose nationality they hold, and the choice has to be made in the will. The United Kingdom never took part in the Regulation, but Cyprus is bound by it, and under Article 20 the law the Regulation points to applies whether or not it is the law of a Member State. A Cyprus court can therefore arrive at the law of a part of the United Kingdom, but only where the will actually makes the choice.

Q: What would the reserved portion do to my estate?
A: Under section 41 of Cap. 195, where the deceased leaves a child the portion that can be freely disposed of by will is capped at one quarter of the net estate; with no child but a surviving parent, one half; with neither, the whole. Section 41(2) softens the position for a spouse in defined circumstances, and the exact fractions for a particular family are worked out rather than assumed.

Q: Should I have one will or two?
A: An estate with assets in both countries is usually better served by one will per jurisdiction, drafted so that neither revokes the other. That is where the damage usually happens: a later will carrying a general revocation clause can cancel an earlier one made elsewhere without anyone intending it, so if you already hold wills in two countries, check the revocation clauses before anything else.

## EV Charging Points in Cyprus: Legal Questions
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/electric-vehicle-legislation
What has to be settled before a charging point is installed in Cyprus: who owns the space and cabling, whose consent is needed, and who is liable if it fails.

Q: What exactly is the parking space?
A: Before the cable comes the question of who owns what. The space may be registered as part of the unit, held under the contract of sale as an allocated space with no separate title, or form part of the common property with an exclusive right of use attached to a unit. The three are hard to tell apart from the keys alone and they lead to different answers.

Q: Why are charging point disputes usually property disputes?
A: Because a charging point looks like an appliance and is not one. It is a permanent electrical installation, fixed to a structure that someone owns, drawing power through a connection held in someone's name, and used by drivers who may be neither of those people. Almost every dispute the firm sees about charging infrastructure in Cyprus is a property or contract dispute rather than an energy one, and almost all of it could have been settled in writing before the equipment was ordered.

Q: Can I install a charger in my own parking space?
A: Rarely on your own. Section 38D of Cap. 224 allows the owner of a unit to carry out alterations, additions or repairs to that unit on three conditions: that they do not prejudice the rights of the owner of any other unit or interfere with that owner’s enjoyment of it; that they do not affect the common property, its proper functioning or its enjoyment in any way; and that they do not affect the walls supporting the building, its external walls or any part of its frame, endanger safety, or alter the external appearance of the building as the Regulations provide. The second condition is the one that bites, because a charging point serving one unit is usually fed from a riser, a meter room or a duct forming part of the common structure even where the space itself is privately held. Fixing equipment to common property, or running new cable through it, is not something a single owner can authorise alone.

Q: What has to be agreed in a jointly owned building?
A: Five things, before work begins. Who has to consent, in what form and at what majority, because a verbal indication from a committee member is worth nothing when the building is sold or the committee changes. The electrical capacity of the building, since the supply was sized for the building as designed and several independently added points can exceed it. Metering, because power must be measured to the user rather than absorbed into the common expenses. Reinstatement, meaning what happens to the equipment and cabling when the unit is sold or the owner leaves. And maintenance and insurance, including whether the building's policy has been told about the installation.

Q: What happens if a charger is wired into the common supply?
A: It transfers the cost of one owner's motoring to every other owner in the building, which is a dispute waiting to be brought. The power has to be measured to the user.

Q: What do the rules require in new buildings?
A: Requirements for charging infrastructure and pre-cabling in new buildings and in buildings undergoing major renovation derive from the EU rules on the energy performance of buildings, recast by Directive (EU) 2024/1275 of 24 April 2024, which repeals Directive 2010/31/EU with effect from 30 May 2026 and which Member States had to transpose in part by 1 January 2025 and in the remainder by 29 May 2026. The directive requires recharging points in new and renovated buildings, with obligations differing between residential and non-residential buildings and by the number of parking spaces, so the position for a particular project has to be established from the transposing measures in force when it is designed.

## Rent on Cyprus Property Must Now Be Paid by Electronic Means
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/electronic-rent-payments-cyprus
Since 1 July 2026 rent for property in Cyprus may be paid only by bank transfer, card or another recognised electronic means. It binds the landlord too.

Q: Can a landlord in Cyprus still accept rent in cash?
A: No. Since 1 July 2026 rent relating to immovable property in the Republic may be paid only by bank transfer, by debit or credit card, or by another recognised electronic means, under section 48A of the Assessment and Collection of Taxes Law N.4/1978. The Tax Department's announcements of 3 June and 1 July 2026 express it as a prohibition on the person receiving the money, so a landlord taking an envelope of cash is the person the rule is addressed to rather than a passive recipient of someone else's irregular payment.

Q: Does the rule apply to small rents, or to a room let to a student?
A: Yes. The Tax Department states that the obligation applies to all natural and legal persons, irrespective of the amount of the rent and irrespective of the type of use of the property. There is no small sums exception and no distinction between a residential flat and a warehouse.

Q: What is the penalty for taking rent in cash?
A: The published announcements set out no schedule of penalties and specify no sanction. They are equally silent on rent already paid in cash before 1 July 2026 and on the position where a tenant refuses to pay by any permitted route. Those gaps are a reason to fix the position in the tenancy documents rather than to wait and see how enforcement develops.

Q: Our tenancy was signed years before this rule. Does it still apply?
A: It does, because the rule reaches arrangements signed long before it existed. Most Cyprus tenancy agreements in circulation specify a sum and a date and say nothing useful about method, so the payment clause should now name the landlord's bank account, require payment into it, and record the obligation to pay by an electronic means permitted under section 48A. For an existing tenancy a short written variation signed by both sides does it.

Q: Does this cover deposits and arrears as well as monthly rent?
A: The prohibition is on accepting rent, so a landlord catching up on arrears, or settling a departing tenant's account, should route that money through the same electronic channel rather than treat the tail end of a tenancy as outside the rule.

Q: I live abroad and an agent collects my Cyprus rent. Does this affect me?
A: It does. Where an agent, a relative or a management company collects on an owner's behalf, the practical question is whether the money reaches the beneficiary through an electronic chain that can be evidenced. The purpose of the measure is traceability, and a landlord who can produce a clean run of bank credits matching the rent roll stands in a materially stronger position in a tax review and in a claim for arrears alike.

## AI and Client Confidentiality in a Law Firm
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/embracing-artificial-intelligence-transforming-the-legal-profession-in-cyprus
The confidentiality, privilege and supervision questions a law firm or professional practice has to answer before client material is put into an AI tool.

Q: Does the Digital Services Act reach a law firm's tools?
A: It reaches the providers, not the users. Law 122(I)/2025 implements Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 and applies, under section 3, to providers of intermediary services established in the Republic, whose legal representatives are here, who have a substantial connection with the Republic, or who supply intermediary services into the Republic without one. A firm using a tool is a recipient of the service; the question of who is regulated turns on who provides it, and where.

Q: Who supervises it in Cyprus?
A: Section 4(1) of Law 122(I)/2025 designates the Radio Television and Digital Services Authority as Digital Services Coordinator under Article 49(2) of the Regulation. Section 4(2) requires it to act with impartiality, transparency and complete independence, and neither to seek nor to take instructions from any public sector authority or private body. Section 14(1) makes its decisions directly enforceable, with a recourse to the Administrative Court under Article 146 by section 14(2).

Q: What happens if a provider we rely on is in breach?
A: Section 20(1) makes an act or omission in breach of any provision of the Regulation an offence carrying up to one year or a fine of up to EUR 10,000, or both. Section 20(2) sets the real ceiling: where a fine is imposed it shall not exceed five per cent of the average daily worldwide turnover or income of the provider in the preceding financial year, per day, from the date fixed in the decision. Section 20(3) allows the court to make interim or final orders to stop or suspend the act or omission.

Q: Is putting a client's document into an AI tool a disclosure?
A: Yes. A lawyer who pastes a client's draft agreement into a general purpose AI tool has disclosed that document to a third party, and so has an accountant who uploads management accounts or a consultant who summarises a confidential board pack. Whether the disclosure breaches the duty owed depends on questions about the tool that have to be answered before anyone uses it, and which almost nobody asks at the point of use.

Q: Can the firm decide for itself that a tool is safe enough?
A: No, because confidentiality in a professional relationship belongs to the client. The firm holds the information subject to it and cannot relax it for its own convenience, efficiency or margin, and the obligation continues after the retainer ends. The question is not whether the firm trusts the supplier but whether the client agreed that their information could be handed to that supplier at all.

Q: What is the exposure for an advocate specifically?
A: It is not only to the client. The Advocates Law, Cap. 2, provides in Part IV for the discipline of advocates and in section 17 for disciplinary offences and the procedure that follows, and a disclosure that would not survive scrutiny by the client is unlikely to survive scrutiny there either. Where the material contains personal data there is a separate and parallel exposure under data protection law.

## When a Cyprus Business Changes Hands, the Staff Come With It
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/employees-when-a-cyprus-business-is-sold
Transfers of undertakings under Law 104(I)/2000: contracts that move by law, the year on collective terms, and why a sale cannot justify dismissal.

Q: Do employees transfer automatically when a Cyprus business is sold?
A: In an asset sale, yes. Section 4(1) of Law 104(I)/2000 transfers the rights and obligations arising from contracts of employment existing at the date of the transfer to the buyer by virtue of the transfer itself. In a share sale the employer does not change, so the question does not arise.

Q: Can the buyer and seller agree that employees do not transfer?
A: No. The transfer operates by law under section 4(1). What they may agree, under the proviso to that subsection, is that they remain jointly and severally liable for obligations that arose before the transfer.

Q: Can employees be dismissed because of the sale?
A: Not for that reason. Section 5(1) provides that the transfer does not in itself constitute a ground for dismissal, though dismissals for economic, technical or organisational reasons entailing changes in the workforce are preserved. Under section 10(1) a dismissal by reason of the transfer that is not for those reasons is unlawful.

Q: What if the dismissal happens before completion?
A: Section 10(2) treats a dismissal by reason of the transfer carried out before the transfer as a dismissal by reason of the transfer.

Q: What if the buyer offers worse terms?
A: Section 5(2) provides that where the contract is terminated because the transfer involves a substantial change in working conditions to the employee’s detriment, the employer is regarded as responsible for the termination.

Q: How long do collectively agreed terms survive?
A: Under section 4(2) the buyer maintains them to the same extent until the collective agreement is terminated or expires or another takes effect, with a minimum period of one year.

Q: Does the Law apply if the company is insolvent?
A: Section 6 disapplies sections 4 and 5 where the transferor is subject to bankruptcy, liquidation or analogous proceedings instituted with a view to liquidating its assets under supervision. Section 9(1) makes abusive resort to insolvency proceedings to deprive employees of their rights an offence.

## Enforcing Foreign Judgments in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/enforcing-foreign-judgments-and-arbitral-awards-in-cyprus
Enforcing foreign judgments and arbitral awards in Cyprus: Brussels Ia, third-country judgments, New York Convention awards and interim measures.

Q: Do I have to litigate the case again in Cyprus?
A: No. The Cyprus court does not re-examine the merits. The question is whether the conditions for recognition are met: the jurisdiction of the foreign court, due service, finality, and compatibility with public policy.

Q: What about a judgment from another EU member state?
A: It circulates under the Brussels Ia Regulation with no declaration of enforceability: the creditor produces the judgment and the standard certificate and proceeds to enforcement measures, with the debtor confined to the limited grounds of refusal.

Q: Which ground of refusal is raised most often?
A: Service in the original proceedings. That is why the proof of it is prepared together with the judgment itself, rather than after the objection has been taken.

Q: What documents does a foreign arbitral award need in Cyprus?
A: Under Article IV of the New York Convention, ratified by Law 84/1979, the duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy, and the original arbitration agreement or a duly certified copy, with a certified translation where they are not in an official language. Under section 35(2) of Law 101/1987, which reaches an international commercial arbitration award whatever its seat, only the award itself, with a translation if the Court asks for one.

Q: Can the Cyprus court refuse to enforce an award because it disagrees with it?
A: No. Article V(1) allows refusal only at the request of the party resisting enforcement, and only on proof of one of five listed grounds. Article V(2) adds two the court may find for itself: that the subject matter was not arbitrable under Cyprus law, and public policy. The merits of the award are not among them.

Q: What should be done before anything else?
A: Locate the assets in Cyprus. Enforcement without a target is expenditure without a result, and where there is a risk of assets moving, a freezing order is considered in parallel.

## Examinership: Putting a Cyprus Company Beyond Its Creditors
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/examinership-cyprus-company-rescue
Examinership under Part IVA of Cap. 113: the reasonable prospect of survival test, the four month protection from creditors, and the twelve month ceiling.

Q: What is an examiner in Cyprus?
A: A person appointed by the Court under section 202Α of the Companies Law, Cap. 113, to examine the state of a company’s affairs and to put proposals for a compromise or scheme of arrangement to its members and creditors. It is a rescue procedure, not a liquidation.

Q: When does protection from creditors start?
A: On the date the application is filed, not when the examiner is appointed. Section 202Η(1) runs the protection from the date of filing for four months, or until the application is withdrawn or dismissed if that happens first.

Q: Can a creditor still enforce a judgment?
A: Not without the examiner’s consent. Section 202Η(2) prevents garnishee, sequestration, attachment and execution against the company’s property or effects while it is under protection, and restricts the realisation of security.

Q: How long can it last?
A: Four months initially, extendable by the Court under section 202Η(5) where negotiations have recorded progress. Section 202Η(6) caps the total at twelve months, and section 202Η(7) caps it at four where the centre of main interests was moved from another Member State in the three months before the application.

Q: What majority is needed to approve the proposals?
A: Under section 202ΚΔ(3), a majority in value of the total claims or interests in the class voting in favour. It is a value test, not a headcount, and under section 202ΚΔ(1A) only affected parties may attend and vote.

Q: Can any company apply?
A: No. Section 202Α(5) excludes credit institutions to which the Business of Credit Institutions Law applies and insurance undertakings. And under section 202Α(2) the Court must be satisfied there is a reasonable prospect of survival as a going concern.

## Shut Out of Your Own Company: What the Shareholder Can Do
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/excluded-shareholder-cyprus-steps
The inspection rights a Cyprus shareholder can exercise today under Cap. 113, what section 141 keeps for directors, and what section 202 is actually for.

Q: What can I force with ten per cent?
A: A meeting. Section 126(1) of Cap. 113 obliges the directors, notwithstanding anything in the articles, on the requisition of members holding at the date of deposit not less than one-tenth of the paid-up capital carrying the right to vote at general meetings, to convene an extraordinary general meeting. It is one of the few tools the majority cannot draft out of your hands.

Q: What is the remedy for being shut out?
A: Section 202(1) of Cap. 113. Any member complaining that the affairs of the company are being conducted in a manner oppressive to some part of the members, including themselves, may apply to the Court. Section 202(2) requires the Court to find both the oppression and that winding up would unfairly prejudice that part while the facts would otherwise justify a winding-up order on the just and equitable ground, and the Court may then make such order as it thinks fit, whether for regulating the conduct of the company's affairs in future or otherwise.

Q: Do I have to ask for a winding up to have leverage?
A: No. Section 211(f) allows a winding up where the Court is of the opinion that it is just and equitable, and that sits in the background as the benchmark. But an application under section 202 lets you ask for the order that solves the problem without destroying the business, which is usually the stronger position rather than the weaker one.

Q: What can I demand to see as a shareholder?
A: Under Cap. 113: the register of members, free, during business hours, with a copy within ten days and a court order available if refused (section 108); the register of charges (section 100); the minutes of general meetings, with a copy within seven days (section 140); and the audited financial statements, which are laid before the general meeting and filed with the Registrar (section 150).

Q: Can I demand the board minutes and the accounting books?
A: Not as a shareholder. Section 141 opens those to directors. Anyone promising you every book on a single request is preparing you for disappointment; the fuller picture is built from what you are entitled to now and from what disclosure produces later.

Q: What is section 202 for?
A: It is the remedy where a member's affairs are being conducted in a manner oppressive to them. It is not a mechanism for punishing the other side. Its reliable effect is to put a price on the exclusion, with the realistic outcomes being a purchase of the shares, a sale of the business, or a court-supervised rearrangement.

Q: Is being removed as a director the same complaint?
A: No. Removal from the board follows a defined procedure with its own rules, and irregularities in it are challenged on their own footing. The two are often run together but they are distinct.

## What an Executor Actually Has to Do in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/executor-duties-cyprus
The executor's role in a Cyprus estate from the inside: accepting or renouncing, probate, debts before distribution, accounts, personal risk, and remuneration.

Q: I was named executor and I do not want the role. What do I do?
A: Renounce before you touch anything: the renunciation is a prescribed form sworn before the probate registrar, and it is only available while you have not intermeddled in the estate. Once you start acting, the clean exit closes.

Q: Do I pay the administration expenses myself?
A: No. The expenses of taking on the role and discharging it properly are paid out of the estate in priority, ahead of the debts. A careful executor does not fund the estate out of their own pocket.

Q: Can I be paid for the work?
A: Only if the will provides for it or the court allows it: the default rule is that the office is gratuitous. Your proper expenses, however, are recoverable from the estate in any event.

Q: The heirs are pressuring me to distribute now. Can I?
A: Not before the debts, the expenses and the tax position are settled: distributing early is personal risk, and "the heirs insisted" is not a defence a creditor will accept. A short written explanation of the sequence usually ends the pressure.

Q: I am an heir and the executor has gone silent. What are my options?
A: Graduated ones: a formal request, an application for accounts or directions, and ultimately removal and replacement for wilful default or conflict of interest. The estate is not hostage to an inactive executor.

## Extensions of Time in Construction Contracts: How to Apply
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/extensions-of-time-construction
What an extension of time application must contain, how it is assessed, and why an extension of time moves the completion date without producing any money.

Q: Nobody applied for an extension. What is the position?
A: The completion date remains the original one and the contractor is in delay for a period it did not cause. Correcting that after the event is possible but harder, because the records that would have supported the application were never assembled at the time.

Q: Does an extension of time entitle the contractor to more money?
A: No. An extension of time moves the date for completion, and so removes the period it covers from any liability for late completion. That is its entire effect. Money for the prolonged period is a separate claim, made under a separate clause and proved by separate evidence of the costs incurred. Some events give both time and money, some give time only, and the contract says which.

Q: What should an extension of time application contain?
A: Five things: the delaying event identified specifically by date and description; the clause relied on, with the event shown to fall within it; the effect on the completion date demonstrated by reference to the programme rather than by assertion; the extension claimed, or the extension claimed so far with the balance reserved; and the supporting records, such as instructions, correspondence, site diary entries and weather data where the clause allows for it.

Q: What happens if the notice deadline is missed?
A: It depends on how the clause is drafted. Some clauses make notice a condition of entitlement, in which case late notice may defeat an otherwise good claim. Others treat it as a procedural requirement, in which case late notice weakens the claim without extinguishing it. The distinction turns on the words used, and should be established at the start of the project rather than after the deadline has passed.

Q: How is concurrent delay treated under Cyprus law?
A: The treatment of two causes of delay operating over the same period, one the employer's responsibility and one the contractor's, is governed in the first place by the contract, and some contracts address concurrency expressly. Where the contract does not deal with it, we are not aware of any Cyprus judgment settling how the overlap is to be treated, so the point should be approached as an open one and argued on the contract and the evidence.

Q: What if the contract gives no way to extend time when the employer causes delay?
A: A contractor may argue, drawing on the English common law prevention principle, that the employer cannot then insist on the original date and that time has become at large, so that the obligation is to complete within a reasonable time. These are arguments from common law reasoning rather than a rule of Cyprus law, we are not aware of a Cyprus judgment applying them, and they should be treated as unsettled. The preventative answer is an extension of time clause that covers acts of prevention by the employer.

## Unpaid for Construction Work Done
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/fair-compensation-over-work-done
Three routes to payment for construction work already carried out in Cyprus: enforcing a certificate, challenging a valuation, and claiming a reasonable sum.

Q: The work is done and we have not been paid. What kind of claim is it?
A: One of three, and they are proved in different ways and worth different amounts. The sum may have been certified and simply not paid, which is a debt claim. It may not have been certified at all, or certified at a figure you do not accept. Or the work may have been carried out with no agreed price to certify against, which is the most litigated of the three. Identifying which position you are in is the first step to being paid.

Q: What is the advantage of a certified sum?
A: A claim for a certified sum is a debt claim rather than a damages claim. The amount is fixed by the certificate rather than by an argument about value, and the burden shifts to the employer to establish a right to withhold. Interest runs where the contract provides for it, and the employer cannot decline to pay because it is unhappy about something else on the project: withholding requires either a right of set off or deduction under the contract, exercised in the manner and within the time the contract prescribes, or a cross claim it is prepared to plead. Deducting first and explaining later is itself a breach on most forms of contract.

Q: The valuation is too low. What should we do?
A: Deal with it through the contract machinery and at the time. Ask the certifier for the build up, the quantities allowed, the rates applied, the variations included and excluded, and the retention and deductions taken, then respond in writing item by item before the next certificate is issued. A contractor who accepts six under valuations in silence and objects to the seventh has a harder case than the arithmetic deserves. Interim certificates are ordinarily provisional and are corrected in later certificates and in the final account, but the final certificate is different: some contracts give it conclusive effect on some or all matters after a stated period unless proceedings have been commenced, so that clause should be checked before the period runs.

Q: How is retention usually lost?
A: Not by refusal but by inattention. Retention is a percentage of each payment held back as security for completion and for the remedying of defects, and the percentage and the stages at which each part falls to be released are whatever the contract says, so the clause has to be read rather than assumed. It is the employer's security, not its money. Record the retention held in each certificate so that the total is not reconstructed years later from arithmetic, and diarise the release dates, because retention is most often lost when nobody asked for it, the project moved on, and by the time anybody looked the contracting company had been wound up.

Q: What if there was never an agreed price?
A: Then the claim is for a reasonable sum for the work actually done, generally described as quantum meruit, and it arises where work is carried out under a letter of intent while the contract is still being negotiated, beyond the scope of a contract that was overtaken, or under an arrangement that never became binding. The evidence that carries it is the evidence that supports any valuation: records of labour, materials and plant, the drawings and specifications worked to, and any rates the parties had discussed, which remain good evidence of value even where they were never agreed as a contract price.

Q: Does the same rule apply to a professional appointment cut short?
A: It does. In ΜΑΡΙΟΣ ΚΥΡΙΑΚΟΥ κ.α. v. Α/ΦΟΙ Μ & Κ ΜΙΧΑΗΛ, Civil Appeal 203/2015, decided on 1 February 2024, architects had prepared the plans, obtained planning permission and carried out the supporting studies for a development the owners then abandoned before the building permit application was made, their fee having been agreed as a percentage of the final cost of a project that was never built. The Supreme Court dismissed the owners' appeal and treated the architects as entitled to a reasonable sum for the part of their obligations they had actually performed, rather than to the agreed percentage fee, which was referable to complete performance.

## Family leave and flexible working in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/family-leave-flexible-working-cyprus
Two weeks of paternity leave, eighteen weeks of parental leave a child, five days for a carer and seven for force majeure, and a flexible working request answered in a month.

Q: How much paternity leave is there?
A: Two consecutive weeks. Section 5(1) of Law 216(I)/2022 gives a working father who has a child through a natural mother, through surrogacy, or by adopting a child up to twelve years old, two consecutive weeks of paternity leave, to be taken within the period beginning in the week of the birth or the adoption and ending two weeks after the maternity leave period under the Protection of Maternity Law ends. Where the mother dies before or during childbirth, or during maternity leave, the entitlement increases by the number of weeks of maternity leave she would still have been entitled to.

Q: How much parental leave, and can it be shared?
A: Eighteen weeks for each child, under section 8(2), once the parent has six months of continuous employment with the same employer. Successive fixed term contracts with the same employer count towards those six months. Section 8(3) extends it to twenty weeks for a parent of a child with a disability or of a person with a disability, and to twenty three weeks for a widowed parent or a single parent where parental responsibility has been removed from the other parent or the child has not been recognised by them. Section 8(4) makes the right individual and non transferable, with one exception: up to nine weeks of the remainder of one parent's leave may be transferred to the other, and only for the period that carries no parental leave allowance.

Q: What is carer's leave, and what is force majeure absence?
A: Two different entitlements, both unpaid. Section 16 gives five working days a year of carer's leave where the need is documented, taken at once or in parts, with timely notice to the employer and appropriate medical evidence. Section 17 gives seven working days a year of absence for force majeure, meaning urgent family reasons connected with illness or accident that make the employee's immediate care of a person necessary, again at once or in parts, with notice to the employer as soon as the event occurs.

Q: Can I ask to work flexibly, and does my employer have to answer?
A: Section 19(1) gives the right to request flexible working arrangements for caring reasons to an employee who is the parent of a child up to fifteen years old, or a carer, with six months of continuous employment with the same employer. Section 19(2) requires the employer to examine the request and inform the employee of its decision in writing within one month. Under section 19(3) the employer weighs its own needs and the employee's and may approve the request and agree the period, postpone it, or refuse, but before postponing or refusing it must consider the employee's representations and give its decision in writing with reasons.

Q: Can I be dismissed for asking?
A: Section 23(1) prohibits an employer from terminating the employment, giving notice of termination, or taking any other preliminary step towards a possible dismissal, during the period that begins with the employee's written notice of an intention to exercise a right under sections 5, 8, 16, 17 or 19 and ends when the exercise of that right ends. Section 23(2) preserves termination for serious misconduct and the other cases it lists. Section 33 makes contravention of any provision of the Law an offence carrying a fine of up to 7,500 euro.

## Faulty Goods in Cyprus: Two Years, 25 Days, 30 Days
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/faulty-goods-cyprus
Consumer rights against the seller under Law 154(I)/2021: two years with the defect presumed, free repair within 25 days, rejection in the first 30, and refunds.

Q: The shop says the guarantee was only one year. Is that the end of it?
A: No. The commercial guarantee is a promise on top of the statute, never a substitute for it. Under section 10(1) of Law 154(I)/2021 the seller is liable for two years from delivery for a lack of conformity existing at delivery, and under section 19 a term cutting that down in advance does not bind the consumer. The one place a shorter period is allowed is used goods, by agreement, and never below one year.

Q: Do I have to prove the product was faulty when I bought it?
A: Usually the opposite. Under section 11(1), a lack of conformity that becomes apparent within two years of delivery is presumed to have existed at delivery, unless the seller proves otherwise or the presumption cannot fit the nature of the goods or of the defect. Your job is the practical one: notify the seller in writing within two months of discovering the fault, and keep the delivery date evidence.

Q: How long can the repair take?
A: Section 14 requires repair or replacement free of charge, within a reasonable time not exceeding twenty five days from your notification, extendable only with your express consent, and without significant inconvenience. You are also entitled, on request, to a written report of the technical inspection. A repair that drags past the period, or a fault that returns after it, moves you to price reduction or termination under section 13(4).

Q: It broke in the first week. Must I accept a repair?
A: No. Under section 13(7), where the lack of conformity appears within thirty days of delivery you may reject the goods and terminate, or demand immediate replacement, provided the defect is not insignificant, and it is the seller who must prove insignificance. On termination the return travels at the seller's expense and the refund is due within thirty calendar days of the return.

Q: The seller says I must claim from the manufacturer.
A: Your statutory rights under Law 154(I)/2021 are against the seller, who cannot redirect them. The seller who pays has a statutory right of redress up the chain under section 18, and that is the seller's business, not yours. A manufacturer's guarantee may give you an additional route; it removes nothing from the one you already have.

Q: I bought it second-hand from a dealer. Do the rights apply?
A: Yes: the Law covers used goods sold by a trader to a consumer. What changes is the permitted period: the parties may agree a liability period shorter than two years, but under section 10(1) it cannot be below one year. A purely private sale between individuals is outside the Law, which is why who the seller was is the first question in second-hand disputes.

## Cyprus FDI screening: what Law 194(I)/2025 stops you doing
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/fdi-screening-cyprus
Since 2 April 2026 a foreign investment of EUR 2m taking 25 per cent of a strategic Cyprus business needs the Ministry of Finance's written approval first.

Q: When did the Cyprus screening regime start?
A: Section 20 of Law 194(I)/2025 provides that the Law comes into force on 2 April 2026. It was published in Official Gazette No. 5061 on 14 November 2025, so there was a deliberate gap between publication and commencement. The regime has been live since 2 April 2026.

Q: Which three tests have to be met together?
A: Section 3(2) makes the notification obligation apply only where all three are satisfied cumulatively. The investment results in the acquisition of a qualifying holding as defined in section 3(3); its value, alone or combined with other transactions between the same parties within twelve months of the planned date, equals or exceeds EUR 2,000,000; and it concerns an undertaking of strategic importance. Miss any one and the obligation does not bite; meet all three and prior approval is compulsory.

Q: What is a qualifying holding?
A: Section 3(3) defines it as the acquisition, directly or indirectly, alone or in concert with other persons, of a percentage corresponding to at least twenty five per cent of the share capital and/or the voting rights, or an equivalent ability to exercise decisive influence over the activities of the undertaking. Section 3(4) adds that a further increase also counts where the proportion held moves from below 25 per cent to 25 per cent or more, or from below 50 per cent to 50 per cent or more.

Q: How is control defined?
A: Section 2 defines control of an undertaking as the ability to exercise decisive influence over its activities, in particular through the ownership or right of use, directly or indirectly, of all or at least 25 per cent of the voting rights or the assets; or through rights, contracts or other means which, alone or combined, and taking account of the relevant factual or legal circumstances, confer decisive influence over the composition, the votes or the decisions of the management bodies. A proviso catches the arrangement that looks short of the threshold: persons not holding those rights are treated as having acquired control if they have de facto power to exercise them.

Q: What makes a business one of strategic importance?
A: Section 2 defines it as an undertaking carrying on activities falling within particularly sensitive sectors as set out in the Annex. Paragraph A(a) of the Annex names critical infrastructure, physical or virtual, in energy, transport, water, health, education, tourism, communications, media, data processing or storage, aerospace, defence, electoral and financial services including systemic credit institutions, sensitive facilities, and land and real estate critical to the use of such infrastructure.

Q: What else does the Annex weigh?
A: Paragraph A also names the consequences for access to sensitive information including personal data or the ability to control it; media freedom and pluralism; critical and dual-use technologies as defined in Article 2(1) of Regulation (EC) 428/2009, including artificial intelligence, robotics, semiconductors, cybersecurity, aerospace, defence, energy storage, quantum and nuclear technologies, nanotechnologies and biotechnologies; and the supply of critical inputs including energy, raw materials and food security. Paragraph B turns to the investor: whether they are directly or indirectly controlled by a third-country government, including state bodies or armed forces, through ownership structure or significant funding, and whether they have already been involved in activities affecting the security or public order of a Member State.

Q: What has to go in the notification?
A: Section 4(1) sets it out: the details of the parties including name, trade name, registered address, seat, NACE code and registration number; the ownership structure of the foreign investor and of the target, including information on the ultimate investor and the beneficial owner and the capital participation; the approximate value of the investment; the products, services and business activities of both; the nature of the economic activities carried on in the Republic by the parties; the funding of the investment and its source; the date on which it is planned to take place; and the states under whose law the parties were incorporated or registered.

Q: How long does the authority have?
A: Two clocks. Section 5(1)(a) gives the Ministry of Finance twenty working days from receipt of the fully completed request to decide whether the investment is to be screened at all. If it is, section 5(4)(a) requires notification within five working days of that decision and then a decision within sixty five working days of the decision to screen. Both periods are suspended under sections 5(2) and 5(4) while a request for further information or clarification is outstanding, so the calendar is not the same as the timetable.

Q: When is the investment actually approved?
A: Only on written approval. The proviso to section 5(1)(a), repeated in section 5(4)(a), states that approval is not considered to have been given by the competent authority unless the investor has received its written approval. Silence is not consent, and the expiry of a period is not consent either.

Q: What can the authority do if it objects?
A: Section 5(6) allows it, depending on the case, to impose conditions, prohibit or reverse the screened investment. Section 6(1) repeats the powers, and section 6(2) provides that where the investor refuses or fails within the period the authority sets to comply with conditions notified to them, the authority prohibits, terminates or reverses the investment to the extent it concerns the undertaking of strategic importance.

Q: What happens between prohibition and compliance?
A: Section 6(3) is the provision that stops a deal dead. Where a screened investment is prohibited, terminated or reversed, or until the investor complies with any conditions imposed, the investor and any persons controlled by or acting in concert with them are barred from exercising any rights arising from or relating to the investment, including without limitation any voting rights and any rights of management or control of the undertaking of strategic importance.

Q: What if we simply do not notify?
A: Section 7 removes the question of judgement. Where a person connected with an investment within the Law fails to notify under section 3, the investment is automatically deemed to be in breach of the Law, and the authority may take all or any of the measures available to it to prohibit, terminate or reverse it. Section 12(1)(a) adds an administrative fine of not less than EUR 5,000 and not more than EUR 50,000 for the failure itself.

Q: What are the fines?
A: Section 12(1) sets four. Failure to notify under section 3: not less than EUR 5,000 and not more than EUR 50,000. Providing false or misleading information: up to EUR 100,000. Failure to provide information required under the Law: up to EUR 50,000. Failure to comply within the period in section 6(2) with a measure ordered: up to EUR 100,000, plus up to EUR 8,000 for each day the breach continues. Section 12(2) requires a duly reasoned decision, taking account of the gravity and duration of the breach, after the affected party has been given the opportunity to be heard.

Q: Does the transaction document need anything?
A: Section 8 answers it as a matter of law rather than drafting: contracts, agreements and transactions concerning acts for which the prior approval of the competent authority is required under the Law are deemed to be subject to the suspensive condition of obtaining that approval. The condition is there whether or not anyone wrote it in, which is a reason to write it in properly rather than to rely on it.

Q: Who actually decides?
A: The competent authority is the Ministry of Finance, under section 2. Section 5(1)(b) requires it to consult the Advisory Committee before deciding whether an investment is to be screened, and section 5(4)(b) before deciding whether it affects security or public order. Section 9(1) establishes that Committee with seven members, chaired under section 9(3) by the Director General of the Ministry of Finance or an authorised representative at scale A13 or above, with the Directors General of Defence, Energy Commerce and Industry, Foreign Affairs, the Interior, Justice and Public Order, and Transport Communications and Works as members under section 9(4).

Q: Can a decision be challenged?
A: Section 18 provides that decisions of the competent authority under the Law constitute administrative acts and are subject to a recourse before the Administrative Court under Article 146 of the Constitution. The deadline runs from the decision reaching you, so the date it arrived is the first thing to record. Section 5(7) also preserves the European Commission's jurisdiction to issue an opinion and other Member States' right to submit comments under Regulation (EU) 2019/452.

## Smart Contracts and Cyprus Property
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/featured-in-fintechview-proptech-real-estate-reimagined-smart-contracts-amp-digital-transactions
Whether a self-executing smart contract can be used in a Cyprus property transaction, what it cannot do about registration and title, and how it is proved.

Q: Is a smart contract legally binding in Cyprus?
A: It can be, and the question is answered by ordinary contract law rather than by anything about the technology. Under section 10(1) of the Contract Law, Cap. 149, contracts are agreements made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for lawful consideration and a lawful object, and they may be made in writing, orally, partly in each, or inferred from the conduct of the parties. Code that records what the parties agreed can satisfy that. Code that nobody understood well enough to consent to is a harder argument.

Q: Can a property be transferred by smart contract?
A: No. Title to Cyprus immovable property passes on registration at the Department of Lands and Surveys, and no private arrangement moves it. A smart contract can automate a payment, a release or a milestone within the transaction, but the transfer itself remains a registry act.

Q: Does the contract still need to be deposited?
A: If you want the protection, yes. The Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law, Law 81(I)/2011, provides in section 3 for deposit at the District Lands Office within six months of signature, and that deposit is what secures priority and preserves the right to compel transfer. A transaction structured in code and never deposited has automated the easy part and skipped the protective one.

Q: What happens when the deal changes after the code is deployed?
A: This is the practical difficulty rather than a legal one. Immutability is a virtue in a ledger and an obstacle in a transaction that is varied, extended or settled, which most property transactions are. Whatever the code does, the agreement needs an ordinary written route to variation, and somebody has to be able to stop the machine.

Q: How would this be proved in a Cyprus court?
A: By evidence, in the ordinary way. What the code did, what the parties understood it to do, and what they agreed outside it all have to be established, and that usually means expert evidence about the code alongside the correspondence. A dispute about a smart contract is not a technical proceeding: it is a contract case with an unusual document.

## The Fifty Fifty Company That Cannot Decide Anything
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/fifty-fifty-deadlock-cyprus-company
Deadlock in a two-shareholder Cyprus company is not solved by winning control. It is solved by rearranging the ownership, and the real fight is the valuation.

Q: Which section allows a winding up for deadlock?
A: Section 211(f) of Cap. 113: a company may be wound up by the Court where the Court is of the opinion that it is just and equitable that the company should be wound up. Neither insolvency nor wrongdoing is required; it is enough that the company can no longer operate as it was agreed it would.

Q: Is there anything short of winding up?
A: Yes, section 202. Any member complaining that the affairs of the company are being conducted in a manner oppressive to some part of the members, including themselves, may apply to the Court. Section 202(2) requires the Court to find both the oppression and that winding up would unfairly prejudice that part while the facts would otherwise justify it, and the Court may then make such order as it thinks fit, whether for regulating the conduct of the company's affairs in future or otherwise.

Q: What can the Court actually order under section 202?
A: Section 202(2) does not confine the remedy to a list: it permits such order as the Court thinks fit for the purpose of resolving the matters complained of, whether for regulating the conduct of the company's affairs in future or otherwise. That is why an application under section 202 is usually stronger leverage than a winding-up petition: it leaves on the table an outcome that keeps the business alive.

Q: Can I take control of a fifty fifty company?
A: Usually not, and that is the point of the structure: neither side can pass anything without the other. Deadlock is rarely resolved by one side winning the management. It is resolved by rearranging the ownership, through a buy-out, a sale of the business, or a separation of the assets.

Q: What is read first?
A: The articles of association and the shareholders' agreement, if one exists. A well-drafted agreement provides an escalation procedure, options or a buy-out formula for exactly this moment. Most Cypriot fifty fifty companies have none, and the route is then built from the statute and from negotiation.

Q: What decides the outcome in a buy-out?
A: Valuation: who pays how much, on what evidence, by which method. The identity of the buyer is usually the easier question. The number is where the preparation is worth spending.

Q: Does going to court help?
A: Its main effect is on the negotiation. The remedies available to a shareholder who is shut out change what the other side thinks a reasonable number looks like, and the usual destination is an exit at a proper price rather than the punishment of anybody.

## Thirty months, and the fixed-term contract stops being fixed
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/fixed-term-contracts-thirty-months-cyprus
Section 7 of Law 98(I)/2003 deems a fixed-term contract to be of indefinite duration once thirty months are behind it, unless the employer proves an objective reason.

Q: When does a fixed-term contract become permanent?
A: Section 7(1) of Law 98(I)/2003 does it by deeming rather than by conversion. Where an employer employs someone on a fixed-term contract, whether on renewal or otherwise, and that employee had previously been employed for a total period of thirty months or more on fixed-term contracts, irrespective of the sequence of successive contracts, the contract is deemed for all purposes to be one of indefinite duration and any provision limiting its duration has no effect. The exception is that the employer proves the fixed-term employment can be justified on objective grounds.

Q: What counts as an objective reason?
A: Section 7(2) says objective grounds exist in particular where the needs of the undertaking for performing a task are temporary; where the employee is replacing another employee; where the particularity of the work, the nature of the duties and the character of employment in special sectors or categories of employee justify a fixed term; where the fixed-term employee is employed on probation; where the fixed-term employment implements a court judgment; and where the work requires sound physical and mental condition and vigorous physical powers.

Q: Who has to prove what?
A: The employer. Section 7(1) states the deeming first and makes it subject to the employer proving the objective justification, so once the thirty months are established the burden is on the employer to displace the consequence, not on the employee to earn it.

Q: Can a fixed-term employee be paid or treated differently?
A: Not merely for being fixed term. Section 5(1) provides that as regards terms and conditions of employment a fixed-term employee must not be treated less favourably than a comparable permanent employee solely because of the fixed term, unless objective grounds justify it, and section 5(2) applies the principle of proportionality where necessary. Section 5(3) requires any qualifying period of service to be the same for both unless objective grounds justify a different period. Where the undertaking has no comparable permanent employee, section 6 directs the comparison to the applicable collective agreement or, failing that, to legislation, collective agreements or practice.

Q: Which court hears a dispute about this?
A: Section 10 makes the Industrial Disputes Tribunal the competent court for any civil dispute arising from the application of the Law. Section 11 adds a criminal sanction: an employer contravening the Law is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine, which the consolidated text still expresses in Cyprus pounds rather than euro.

## Forced Sales: Reserve Price Overhaul Consulted On
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/forced-sale-reserve-price-reform-cyprus
A bill out for consultation would hand valuation of land for forced sale to private valuers and fix a reduction after a failed auction. What it changes for lenders.

Q: Has the reserve price reform become law?
A: Not yet. The Department of Lands and Surveys opened public consultation on 7 August 2026 on a bill amending the Immovable Property (Restriction of Sales) Law of 2002, Law 82(I)/2002, and comments close on 8 September 2026. Nothing has been enacted, but the direction of the reform is clear enough that anyone handling enforcement or partition applications should read it now rather than later.

Q: Who would value the property and set the reserve price?
A: Private valuers registered with the Cyprus Scientific and Technical Chamber, instructed directly by the applicant, in place of the District Lands Officer. A fee scale for those valuations is to be approved jointly by the Director of the Department and the Cyprus Association of Property Valuers and reviewed every five years, so the valuer's fee becomes a cost of enforcement to be budgeted for.

Q: What happens to the reserve price after a failed auction?
A: Where a sale fails and a further attempt takes place within five years of the first unsuccessful sale, the reserve price would fall automatically by fifteen per cent. That replaces wording which leaves the timing and the size of any reduction to be worked out case by case, so the step becomes fixed rather than negotiated with the Department each time.

Q: Could an application to sell co-owned property simply end?
A: Yes, and this is the sharpest change. For applications under Article 28 of Cap. 224 over property that cannot be divided among co-owners, once five years have passed since the valuation and the property has been offered at auction at least twice without success, the application is set aside rather than adjourned. The applicant is asked whether a fresh application is wanted, and a fresh one is accepted only if the property still cannot be divided under Article 27 of Cap. 224.

Q: Does the five year clock always run?
A: No. It does not run where the property's value has been affected by a substantial change in its physical or legal condition, or by any other cause affecting its value. A transitional provision also preserves reserve prices already set under the current Articles 4 and 5 where the forced sale has not been completed, treating them as set under the new Article 5.

## A Freezing Order Has Been Served on You
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/freezing-order-served-on-you-cyprus
It does not take your property: it forbids you to move it until the case is decided. What is excepted, why it was granted, and what breach costs.

Q: What did they have to prove to get it?
A: Three things, under the proviso to section 32(1) of Law 14/1960: that there is a serious question to be tried at the hearing, that there is a probability the applicant is entitled to relief, and that it will be difficult or impossible to do complete justice at a later stage if the order is not granted. All three have to be satisfied, and most successful discharge applications attack the third.

Q: Can an order be made before any claim is filed?
A: Yes. Section 32(A1) gives the court jurisdiction over an application for interim relief at any time, including before a claim is filed and after judgment has been given, in relation to court or arbitral proceedings that have taken place, are taking place or will take place inside or outside the jurisdiction.

Q: The main case is abroad. Why is a Cyprus court involved?
A: Section 32(AB1) gives the court jurisdiction over interim relief supporting proceedings outside the jurisdiction in three cases: where the respondent is within the jurisdiction, where the property or the subject matter of the relief is within it, or where there is such other connection with the Republic as makes the court appropriate to hear and decide. If none of the three applies to your case, that is the first point to take.

Q: What protection do I have if the order turns out to be wrong?
A: Section 32(2) allows an interim order to be granted on such terms and conditions as the court thinks just. That is the basis of the cross-undertaking in damages the applicant gives, and of an application to have it fortified where the applicant's ability to honour it is doubtful.

Q: Has my property been taken?
A: No. A freezing order forbids you to dispose of or move assets, usually up to a figure, until the claim is decided. Nothing is seized and nothing has been decided against you on the merits.

Q: Why was it granted without hearing me?
A: That is the rule for these orders, not an irregularity, and it is balanced: the applicant took on heavy obligations to the court in return, and you have the right to apply to set the order aside or vary it.

Q: Can I pay my rent and my lawyer?
A: These orders normally except reasonable living expenses and legal costs, and often ordinary business payments. The exact limits are in the wording of the order, and if they are not enough the court can adjust them.

Q: What happens if I move an asset anyway?
A: Disobedience is contempt of court. It is the most expensive decision available at this stage, because it turns a dispute about money into a matter about your own conduct.

## Hearsay is admissible in a Cyprus civil case. Weight is the fight
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/hearsay-and-video-evidence-cyprus
Cap. 9 stopped excluding hearsay and gave the court a statutory checklist for weighing it, a right to summon the maker, and video evidence from a witness abroad.

Q: Is hearsay admissible in a Cyprus civil case?
A: Section 24(1) of Cap. 9 provides that, notwithstanding any other law, hearsay is not excluded from any proceeding before any Court merely because it is hearsay. The proviso that lets the Court decline to accept it at any stage, where that serves the proper administration of justice, is expressed to apply in criminal proceedings. Section 24(2) preserves every other exclusionary rule: the Part does not make admissible evidence that would be excluded for some reason other than being hearsay.

Q: If the other side puts in a statement, can I make its author come to court?
A: Section 26(1) allows it, with two conditions. Where a party adduces hearsay and does not call the maker of the original statement, any other party may, with the leave of the Court, and before the adducing party closes its case, summon that person for cross-examination on the original statement. The Court may refuse leave where summoning the person is not reasonable and practicable in the circumstances, or is not necessary for the proper administration of justice. Under section 26(2) a witness summoned that way is treated as if summoned by the party who adduced the hearsay.

Q: How does the court decide what a hearsay statement is worth?
A: Section 27(1) directs the Court to all the circumstances from which an inference can reasonably be drawn about the evidential value. Section 27(2) then lists eight particular matters: whether it would have been reasonable and practicable to call the maker; the interval between the statement and the event; the degree of hearsay, meaning whether it goes beyond the first degree; whether anyone involved had a motive to conceal or misrepresent; whether the original statement was conveyed accurately; the context in which and the purpose for which it was made; whether the hearsay is materially different from the original statement; and whether the circumstances of its introduction obstruct a proper assessment of its weight.

Q: Can a witness abroad give evidence by video?
A: Section 36A(1) allows it in any criminal or civil proceeding, where the Court considers it in the interests of Justice, for a witness who is outside the Republic. Section 36A(2) defines videoconference as the use of image and sound transmission technology, or another arrangement, by which the witness, though absent from the courtroom, can see and hear the persons in the courtroom and they can see and hear the witness. The section is confined to a witness located outside the Republic and the decision is the Court's.

Q: Can I compel a bank to bring its books to court?
A: Not without an order made for that purpose. Section 22(4) provides that a banker or bank employee is not obliged to produce any bank book whose contents can be proved under the section, or to appear as a witness to prove the matters, transactions and accounts recorded in it, except under a court order made specifically for that purpose. Section 22(1) makes a copy of an entry in a bank book prima facie evidence of the entry and of the matters recorded, and sections 22(2) and 22(3) set the conditions: proof that the book was one of the bank's ordinary books, that the entry was made in the usual and regular course of business, that the book is in the bank's custody and control, and that the copy has been compared with the original entry and found correct.

## Injured at a Hotel in Cyprus: Who Answers, and How
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/hotel-accident-claim-cyprus
A tourist injured at a Cyprus hotel has more routes than they think: the package organiser's liability, the direct claim, and the evidence to secure.

Q: What should I do before I leave Cyprus?
A: See a doctor in Cyprus, and make sure the record states where and how the injury happened. Report it to the hotel, have it entered in the incident book and take a copy. Photograph the place before maintenance reaches it. And take the names of the staff who attended and of anyone who saw it. Each of these is far harder to obtain from another country a month later.

Q: Is it enough that there was a defect?
A: Not by itself. What counts is whether it was known or ought to have been, how long it had been there, and what system of inspection and maintenance the operator had. A hazard that appeared minutes earlier and one that had been there for weeks are not the same case.

Q: Something was stolen from my hotel room. Is that the hotel's problem?
A: It can be. Section 11 of Law 34(I)/2019 makes the operator liable for damage to, destruction of or loss of property brought to the hotel by a guest who has been given a room, with liability capped at fifteen thousand euro. The cap falls away where the operator took the property into safekeeping or refused to accept property they had to accept, and again where the loss came from the deliberate act, omission or negligence of the operator or of anyone they answer for. Two practical points decide most of these claims: tell the operator or the manager as soon as you know, because subsection (5) extinguishes the claim if you unjustifiably delay, and ignore any notice at reception purporting to exclude liability, because subsection (6) makes it void. Vehicles and anything left inside them are outside the section altogether.

Q: I did not report the accident to the hotel before leaving. Is the claim dead?
A: No, but it is harder, and speed now matters double: medical records, photographs you did take, booking documents and witness contacts can still carry it. Send what you have and we will tell you honestly what it supports.

Q: The hotel offered a free stay next year if I sign their form. Should I?
A: Sign nothing before advice. Forms offered in these moments regularly include waivers of exactly the claim you have, priced at a fraction of it. A polite "I will revert through my lawyer" costs you nothing.

Q: I booked through a foreign tour operator. Can I still claim?
A: Yes: the package travel regime makes the organiser liable for the accommodation's failures, and the parallel claim against the Cyprus hotel remains available. Which route, or combination, fits best depends on the booking documents, bring them to the first conversation.

## Arbitration in Cyprus is two statutes, not one
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/international-commercial-arbitration-cyprus
Cap. 4 governs domestic arbitration. An international commercial arbitration is governed by Law 101/1987, which enacts the Model Law and reaches arbitrations seated abroad.

Q: Which statute governs my arbitration?
A: It depends on whether the arbitration is both international and commercial. Section 3(1) of Law 101/1987 says the Law applies exclusively to international commercial arbitrations, and section 3(3) leaves the Arbitration Law, Cap. 4, to govern the arbitration of disputes outside it. The two words are defined: an arbitration is international under section 2(2) where the parties had their places of business in different States when they made the agreement, or where the seat, or the place where a substantial part of the obligations is to be performed, or the place most closely connected with the subject matter, lies outside the State where they have their places of business, or where the parties expressly agreed that the subject matter relates to more than one State.

Q: What counts as commercial?
A: Section 2(4) says an arbitration is commercial if it concerns matters arising out of relationships of a commercial nature, contractual or not, and section 2(5) gives a list that is expressly not exhaustive: the supply or exchange of goods or services, distribution agreements, commercial representation and agency, leases, construction of works, consulting services, engineering works, licensing, investment, financing, banking and insurance, concession agreements, joint ventures and other forms of industrial or professional cooperation, and the carriage of goods or passengers by air, sea, rail or road.

Q: Can I get an injunction from a Cyprus court if the arbitration is abroad?
A: Yes, and this is the provision most often missed. Section 3(2) applies the Law only to arbitrations conducted in the Republic, but expressly excepts sections 8, 9, 35 and 36. Section 9 gives the Court power, on the application of a party, to order interim measures at any time before the arbitration begins or during it. Because section 9 is one of the excepted provisions, that power is available in Cyprus even where the seat is elsewhere.

Q: The other side sued instead of arbitrating. What happens?
A: Section 8(1) requires the court before which the action is brought to refer the dispute to arbitration if a party so requests before submitting its first statement on the substance of the dispute, unless it finds the agreement null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed. The request has to come before that first statement. Section 8(2) adds that the action does not prevent the arbitration from starting or continuing, or an award from being made, while the matter is pending in court.

Q: How long do I have to challenge an award?
A: Three months. Section 34(1) makes an application to set aside the exclusive recourse against an award, and section 34(3) requires it within three months of notification of the award, failing which it is inadmissible. Where a section 33 application has been made, the three months run from the day the tribunal decides it. Section 34(4) lets the Court stay the setting aside proceedings to give the tribunal a chance to cure the ground relied on.

## Who Inherits Without a Will in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/intestacy-cyprus-who-inherits
The four classes of the First Schedule to Cap. 195, the spouse's share at each degree, how a degree of kindred is counted, and what happens when nobody is left.

Q: My spouse died without a will and we have two children. What is my share?
A: Under section 44 of Cap. 195, where the deceased left children, the surviving spouse's share equals the share of each of the children. With two children that is a third to each of you, because the spouse counts as one more taker rather than taking a fixed fraction off the top.

Q: There are no children. Do my late husband's parents inherit?
A: They can, and your share changes accordingly. The parents and the siblings are the second class in the First Schedule. Where the nearest relatives are within the third degree, section 44 gives the surviving spouse one half, and the other half goes to that class.

Q: My brother died and one of his children had already died. What happens to that child's share?
A: It passes to that child's own descendants per stirpes. The First Schedule includes the living descendants of a child who predeceased, and section 49 explains what per stirpes means: they take between them the share their parent would have taken, not a full share each.

Q: Do half-siblings inherit the same as full siblings?
A: No. In the second class all take in equal shares except that a half-brother or half-sister takes half the share of a full brother or sister.

Q: My only relatives are distant cousins. Do they inherit?
A: It depends on the degree. The fourth class reaches the nearest relatives up to and including the sixth degree, the nearer excluding the more remote; a first cousin is the fourth degree and a second cousin the sixth. Beyond the sixth degree nobody inherits: section 47(1) treats the deceased as having died without heirs, and section 47(2) gives the estate to the Republic, subject to a surviving spouse's share.

Q: Does any of this apply if there is a will?
A: Partly, and this is the point most often missed. The statutory portion, the part of an estate a will cannot dispose of, passes under these same rules. A will governs the disposable portion; what the law reserves goes to the classes above as though there were no will.

## Permanent Residence by Investment in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/investor-immigration-pathway
What the Cyprus investor residence permit actually confers, the conditions that continue to apply after it is granted, and the risks in the property route.

Q: What exactly is the Cyprus investor permit?
A: A residence permit granted to a national of a country outside the European Union under the discretionary power in regulation 6(2) of the Aliens and Immigration Regulations, which allows an immigration permit to be granted to a person outside the ordinary categories where the authorities consider it expedient. The criteria applied under that discretion are set administratively rather than by statute: they have been introduced, revised and withdrawn, and they are not a published entitlement an applicant can insist upon.

Q: Is the investment enough on its own?
A: No, and the two limbs are frequently confused. The applicant must make a qualifying investment in Cyprus and show secured income arising from abroad sufficient to support the applicant and the accompanying family. The investment demonstrates commitment to Cyprus; the income demonstrates that the applicant will not need to work here or draw on public support. An applicant with substantial assets but no demonstrable recurring income from abroad has a problem that more investment does not solve.

Q: How much has to be invested?
A: The categories that qualify, the minimum amounts, the sources from which the funds may come and the conditions attaching to each are set administratively and have been revised repeatedly. They have to be obtained from the Migration Department's criteria in force on the day the application is made and confirmed before any funds are committed. No figure taken from a general article, including the firm's own, should be relied on.

Q: Do the conditions stop once the permit is granted?
A: They do not, and they are conditions rather than formalities. They have concerned the retention of the qualifying investment, the continuation of the income relied on, a connection with Cyprus expressed as a requirement to visit or to reside, and the criminal record and public policy position, which applies throughout and not only at the date of application. Each has to be read in its current form and diarised, because a permit is lost by inattention far more often than by refusal.

Q: Can the permit be taken away?
A: It can. The permit is capable of being withdrawn where the basis for it falls away, and the decision is an administrative one with a short window for challenge. The window is measured from the decision rather than from the point at which the holder appreciates its significance, which is why the correspondence matters as much as the investment.

Q: Does the permit lead to a Cyprus passport?
A: It is not citizenship. Naturalisation is a separate application on separate criteria, and holding a residence permit granted on investment conditions should not be treated as a stage of it.

## Moving a Business to Cyprus: Structure, Staff and Sequence
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/israel-cyprus-relocation
The four ways a foreign business can establish itself in Cyprus, who employs the staff afterwards, and what Cyprus employment law imposes regardless.

Q: What does relocating a business to Cyprus actually mean?
A: One of four quite different transactions, and owners describing a relocation usually mean one of them without saying which: incorporating a Cyprus subsidiary, registering a branch of the foreign company, transferring the company's seat here by redomiciliation, or moving people and functions while leaving the structure where it is. They give different answers on liability, tax residence, contractual continuity and what the original jurisdiction can still demand, and the choice determines everything filed afterwards.

Q: Can the company keep its identity and its contracts when it moves?
A: That is what redomiciliation is for. The Companies Law, Cap. 113, allows a foreign company to continue as a company registered in Cyprus without being wound up and re-formed, which preserves the legal identity of the company and with it the contracts, the non-jurisdictional licences, the banking history and the trading record. Whether the route is open depends on the conditions in those provisions, which have been amended and should be read against the current text, on whether the outbound jurisdiction permits the transfer, and on the company's own constitution.

Q: We are only moving the staff, not the company. Is that simpler?
A: It is the route chosen by default when nobody chooses, and the one most likely to create an unplanned permanent establishment or a company no longer managed where it is registered. Cyprus taxes companies by reference to management and control, and other jurisdictions apply similar tests: if the board meets here and the decisions are taken here, the company is likely to be resident here whatever the register says, which is either the intended result or a serious problem depending on the route.

Q: Our contracts are governed by foreign law. Does that hold for staff working here?
A: A foreign governing law, which inherited group templates usually specify, does not displace Cyprus law. An employee working here has the protection of Cyprus employment legislation whatever the contract says, on written particulars, notice, termination, working time, leave, parental rights and social insurance, and those terms must be taken from the statute in force. An unlocalised template is unenforceable where it matters to the employer and non-compliant where it matters to the employee.

Q: What most often makes a relocation uneconomic?
A: What the departing jurisdiction charges on the way out: exit taxation, deemed disposals on the transfer of intellectual property, and continuing residence tests in that state. That advice belongs to advisers there, it dictates the calendar, and it is needed before the Cyprus structure is settled. Whether a double tax treaty is in force, and what it provides on residence, permanent establishment and withholding, has to be confirmed at the same time, because without one the same profit can be taxed twice.

Q: How do we actually move the people?
A: Three ways, and whichever is chosen has to be applied consistently across payroll, permits and insurance. Transfer to the Cyprus entity is cleanest for substance and tax and sharpest on accrued entitlements. Secondment preserves the original contract but is the most likely to create a taxable presence for the foreign employer, and can leave the Cyprus company without the employment relationship it needs to support permit applications. A fresh engagement is simple to document and the most likely to be challenged as a device where the role and the work are unchanged. For staff who are not EU nationals the right to work must be secured before employment begins, and it attaches to a specific employer and role.

## Who Is Liable on a Cyprus Building Project
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/key-parties-construction-contracts
The employer, contractor, architect, engineer, quantity surveyor and subcontractors on a Cyprus project, what each is answerable for, and who to claim against.

Q: Is the employer answerable for its own consultants’ delays?
A: The employer owes an obligation to supply information, instructions and decisions when the contract or the programme requires them, and a decision not given on time is behind a large share of extension of time applications. A consultant’s slowness is, in that sense, the employer’s exposure rather than the contractor’s.

Q: Is the contractor answerable for its subcontractors?
A: To the employer, yes. The contractor controls the means and the method unless the contract says otherwise, and carries the risk of the subcontractors it engaged. That is the point of the structure: one party is answerable for the whole of the works, and passes the risk down its own chain.

Q: What does the supervising engineer bring that the others do not?
A: Obligations that come from legislation rather than from the contract alone, and that do not disappear because somebody else took over the work in practice. That distinction matters when an accident or a defect is traced back to supervision.

Q: Why does it matter which contract each party on a project holds?
A: Because that, and not the job title, decides who is answerable when something fails. What matters when a problem arises is which contract each participant holds, what they undertook in it, and whether they were acting for the employer or exercising an independent function at the moment the thing went wrong.

Q: Can the employer claim directly against a subcontractor?
A: Ordinarily not. Subcontractors and suppliers contract with the contractor rather than with the employer, so the employer has no direct claim against them however clearly a specialist trade caused the problem. Where the employer wants a direct route it has to be created expressly, by a collateral warranty, a direct appointment, a manufacturer's guarantee or a parent company guarantee, and that is worth settling at the outset, because the moment the employer needs it is the moment nobody will grant it.

Q: Who is responsible for the design?
A: It depends on the procurement route. On a traditional project the contractor undertakes to carry out and complete the works described in the contract documents, by the completion date and to the standard specified, and is not answerable for the design, only for building what it was given. Under design and build it takes on both. Either way the contractor is responsible to the employer for the whole of the works, including the parts carried out by its subcontractors, which is the point of the structure: the employer has one party to hold responsible and the contractor passes the risk down its own chain.

Q: The architect designed the building and also certifies payment. Is that a conflict?
A: It is two different functions under two different documents, and the distinction is the one to watch. In designing the building and advising the employer the architect acts under the appointment with the employer. In issuing instructions, granting extensions of time and certifying payment, that person exercises a function conferred by the building contract, to which they are not a party. The two sets of documents say different things about what is required, so both have to be read rather than assuming one governs the other.

Q: How do employers create liability for themselves?
A: Through the obligation most easily overlooked: supplying information, instructions and decisions when the contract or the programme requires them. Late information, late access and late decisions are the classic grounds on which a contractor claims an extension of time and prolongation costs, and they are entirely within the employer's control.

Q: Who can sue the engineer if the structure proves inadequate?
A: That turns on how the engineer was engaged. The civil or structural engineer is responsible for the structural design and the technical elements within its scope, and may be appointed directly by the employer or engaged through another consultant; the distinction decides who holds the contract and therefore who can bring the claim.

## When the Land Registry Is Wrong: Errors and Boundaries
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/land-registry-errors-boundary-disputes-cyprus
Correcting errors in the Cyprus Land Register under Cap. 224, why boundary disputes go to the Director before any court, and the thirty day appeal.

Q: There is a mistake on my title deed. Can it be corrected?
A: Yes. Under section 61(1) of Cap. 224 the Director may correct any error or omission in the Land Register, in any book or plan of the District Lands Office, or in any certificate of registration, and the corrected record has the same validity and effect as if the error or omission had never been made.

Q: A registration was obtained through a false statement. What can be done?
A: Under section 61(2), where a registration was effected because of an error, an omission, a false statement or a misrepresentation, whether made in good faith or fraudulently, the Director may, after ascertaining the true facts, cancel the registration and any certificate connected with it.

Q: Will I be warned before the Land Registry changes or cancels a registration?
A: Yes. Section 61(3) requires thirty days' prior notice from the Director to any person who may be affected. Within those thirty days any person may lodge an objection, which the Director must examine, notifying the objector of his decision on it.

Q: My neighbour disputes our boundary. Do we go to court?
A: Not first. Under section 58(1) of Cap. 224, a dispute as to the boundaries of registered land is resolved at first instance by the Director, on at least fourteen days' notice to the parties of when the disputed boundaries will be inspected, and no court entertains any action or proceeding over the dispute unless it has first been resolved at that stage.

Q: Who pays for the boundary marks?
A: Once the Director decides a boundary dispute, he notifies the parties and places such landmarks as he considers expedient to mark the boundary. Under section 58(4) the cost of placing them falls on the party who, in the Director's opinion, is in the wrong.

Q: Can I challenge the Director's decision?
A: Yes. Under section 80 of Cap. 224, any person aggrieved by any order, notice or decision of the Director under the Law may appeal to the Court within thirty days of its communication. The Court may extend that period where absence from the Republic, illness or another reasonable cause prevented the appeal being lodged in time.

## Late Payment Interest in Cyprus: Reference Rate Plus 8 Points
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/late-payment-commercial-transactions-cyprus
A business paid late is entitled to interest without any demand, at the reference rate plus eight points, and forty euro in recovery costs, under Law 123(I)/2012.

Q: Do I have to warn the debtor before interest starts running?
A: No. Section 5(1) gives the creditor interest for late payment without any demand being necessary, provided the creditor performed its own obligations and the money did not arrive on time. A reminder is good practice and evidence, not a precondition.

Q: Our contract says nothing about payment terms. When is the invoice late?
A: Thirty calendar days, under section 5(3)(b), normally counted from the debtor's receipt of the invoice. Where the date of receipt is uncertain, or the invoice arrived before the goods or services, the thirty days run from receipt of the goods or the provision of the services instead.

Q: The customer insists on ninety day payment terms. Is that allowed?
A: Not by default. Section 5(5) provides that a contractual payment period must not exceed sixty calendar days unless it was expressly agreed in the text of the contract and the period is not grossly unfair to the creditor under section 9. A long term imposed on a supplier with no bargaining power is exactly what that section is aimed at.

Q: What is the interest rate?
A: Simple interest at the reference rate plus eight percentage points, as defined in section 2 and published on the website of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism. Under section 5(2) the reference rate is the one in force on 1 January for the first half of the year, and on 1 July for the second, so it is fixed twice a year.

Q: Can I claim the cost of chasing the debt?
A: Yes, and the first part of it is fixed. Section 8(1) entitles the creditor to forty euro without any demand, as compensation for recovery costs, once interest becomes due. Section 8(2) allows reasonable compensation for recovery costs above that sum. A contract term excluding either is deemed grossly unfair by section 9(3).

Q: Our terms say no interest is payable on late invoices. Does that hold?
A: No. Section 9(2) deems a contractual term or practice excluding interest for late payment to be grossly unfair, and section 9(1) makes a grossly unfair term either unenforceable or a ground for a claim in damages. It is one of the few clauses the statute condemns without any weighing exercise.

## I Lent Money and There Is Nothing in Writing
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/lent-money-without-a-written-agreement-cyprus
No document does not mean no right: it means a problem of proof. What evidence works, why partial repayments matter, and the order to move in.

Q: Years have passed. Is it time-barred?
A: Often not, and the reason is section 7(3) of Law 66(I)/2012. Where a loan agreement does not provide for repayment on or by a specific or ascertainable day, and does not make prior notice to the debtor a condition of repayment, limitation does not begin before the day a written demand for repayment is served on the debtor by or on behalf of the lender. On informal loans between people who knew each other, where nobody set a date, that means the clock may not have started at all.

Q: What is a message admitting the debt worth?
A: A great deal, on two levels. As evidence it is a written admission. As to time, section 17(a) of Law 66(I)/2012 provides that limitation is interrupted and treated as beginning to run afresh from the start where the person liable acknowledges the right of action against them in writing. A message saying "I will give it to you next month" is exactly that.

Q: What about the instalments they were repaying?
A: Section 17(b) interrupts limitation on a money debt where the debtor completes payment of part of it exceeding 50 per cent of the total, including any interest payable. Below that threshold the payment alone is not enough, but the message or receipt that accompanied it may amount to a written acknowledgement under paragraph (a). Keep both.

Q: I lent money without a written agreement. Have I lost it?
A: Not as a matter of right. The absence of a document is a problem of proof rather than of entitlement. You will need to prove both that money passed and that it passed as a loan, and the second is usually the harder half.

Q: What kind of evidence actually works?
A: The bank record showing the money moving is the base. What decides the case is usually the surrounding trace: messages mentioning repayment, reminders and the replies to them, witnesses who knew of the arrangement, and above all partial repayments, because someone who repaid behaved as a debtor rather than as the recipient of a gift.

Q: They say it was a gift. What then?
A: That is the usual defence, and it concedes the payment while disputing its character. It shifts the focus onto evidence of an expectation of return, which is why messages people think trivial often decide the outcome.

Q: Should I message them before taking advice?
A: Collect first, demand second. Gather everything, including old conversations, and do not delete anything. A written demand with a deadline then either produces payment or fixes your position and its date in a document a court can read.

## Limitation periods in Cyprus: how long you have to sue
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/limitation-periods-cyprus
The periods under Law 66(I)/2012: six years for contract, three for negligence, one for defamation, twelve on a mortgage, and the rules that stop and restart the clock.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim in Cyprus?
A: It depends on the claim. Under Law 66(I)/2012 it is six years for contract (section 7(1)) and for civil wrongs generally (section 6(1)), three years for negligence, nuisance and breach of statutory duty (section 6(2)) and for professional fees (section 7(2)), one year for defamation (section 6(4)), eight years on an estate or the validity of a will (section 9), twelve years on a mortgage or pledge (section 5(1)), fifteen years on a judgment (section 10), and ten years where no other period applies (section 4). Time runs from when the cause of action was complete, and is counted from 1 January 2016.

Q: I only found out about the injury years later. Is it too late?
A: Not necessarily. For negligence, nuisance and breach of statutory duty, section 6(2) runs the three years from completion of the cause of action unless the injured person became aware of the injury later, in which case time runs from the day of knowledge. Section 27Α separately suspends the period for negligence and breach of statutory duty for thirty nine months, and section 6(3) gives the court a discretion in personal injury and death claims to disapply limitation entirely, though not more than two years after the claim became time barred.

Q: Can a court extend a limitation period?
A: Yes, in two different ways. Section 22 lets the court extend any period under the Law by up to two years where that is just and reasonable, on an originating summons before the action or an interlocutory application after limitation is pleaded. Section 6(3) is narrower and stronger: in personal injury or death claims the court may decide not to apply the limitation provisions at all, weighing the reasons for the delay, the claimant's incapacity, the effort to obtain evidence, the defendant's attitude and the effect on the evidence.

Q: The debtor paid something towards the debt. Does that give me longer?
A: Only if it was a large payment. Section 17(b) interrupts time, so that it begins again from scratch, where the person liable pays part of a money debt exceeding 50% of the total including any interest payable. A token payment does not do it. A written acknowledgement of the right of action does, under section 17(a), as does issuing an action or commencing arbitration.

Q: My action was struck out on a technicality. Have I lost the claim?
A: Section 17(c) may save it. Where an action is withdrawn without creating res judicata, or dismissed on non substantive grounds, or dismissed under the procedural rules on pleadings and the summons for directions, the time that ran since it was issued counts as suspension under section 15, and if you bring an identical action within six months time is treated as having been interrupted by the first one.

Q: The other side hid what they had done. Does the clock still run?
A: Not until you could have found out. Under section 14(1) time does not begin where the action concerns the defendant's fraud, or a fact relevant to the cause of action that the defendant deliberately concealed, or relief from the consequences of a mistake, until you discover it or could with reasonable diligence have discovered it. Section 14(3) treats a deliberate breach of duty in circumstances making discovery particularly difficult as deliberate concealment.

Q: Does the court check limitation on its own?
A: No. Section 20 provides that the court does not take limitation into account of its own motion, and section 21 requires it to be raised by pleading, by any party with a legitimate interest. A defendant who does not plead it does not get the benefit of it.

Q: I am chasing an old loan with no repayment date. Is it time barred?
A: Possibly not, and this catches lenders out in both directions. Under section 7(3), where a loan agreement provides no specified or ascertainable repayment date and does not require notice as a condition of repayment, time does not start before a written demand for repayment is served on the debtor. Where the borrower gave a mortgage or pledge as security, section 5 applies instead and the period is twelve years. Section 8 expressly excludes loans from its six year rule for banking products.

Q: Are administrative decisions covered by this Law?
A: No. Section 25 provides that the Law does not apply to and does not affect public law obligations or rights, so the time limit for challenging an administrative decision comes from elsewhere. Section 24 also preserves special time limits set by other statutes, including those for compensation under the defective products legislation.

Q: My claim concerns property in the north. Has time run?
A: It is suspended. Section 23 suspends limitation for a cause of action connected with immovable property in an area not controlled by the Government of the Republic, for movable property left in such an area and not brought to the free part of the territory, for property under custodianship under the Turkish Cypriot Properties (Administration and Other Matters) (Temporary Provisions) Law, and for rights of action for or against a person whose fate is unknown as a result of the invasion.

## Bringing a Claim Without a Lawyer in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/litigating-without-a-lawyer-cyprus
The honest answer from a law firm: some claims do not need one. What you take on when you file alone, where the risk sits, and the middle option people forget.

Q: Which Part governs small claims?
A: Part 29 of the Civil Procedure Rules 2023. Rule 29.4 provides for simplified preparation and rule 29.3 gives the court power to grant final relief, while rule 29.2 allows other Parts to be applied at the court's discretion. The monetary threshold is not in the Rules themselves: rule 29.1 leaves it to be fixed by directions, so it is checked against the directions in force rather than in the text of the Part.

Q: Who decides which track my case goes into?
A: The court, at the preliminary case-management stage under Part 28, and rule 28.5 requires the parties to be notified of the allocation. It is not the claimant's choice. If the claim lands in the standard track under Part 30, disclosure, exchange of witness statements and expert reports follow under rule 30.3, and the pre-trial checklist under rule 30.4 has a deadline that, by rule 2.11, cannot be extended even by agreement between the parties.

Q: If I win, do I recover my costs without a lawyer?
A: Rule 39.1 sets the general rule that costs follow the event, subject to the court's discretion, and rule 39.3 provides specific rules for self-represented litigants. Assessment applies the proportionality principle in rule 39.12, taking account of value, complexity and outcome. The practical consequence is that a self-represented winner does not recover what they would have recovered with a lawyer.

Q: Where is a litigant in person most exposed?
A: On costs, not on the merits. Rule 39.2 lists what the court weighs: whether a party failed to comply with a pre-action protocol, whether they acted within reasonable bounds, whether a Part 35 settlement offer was not accepted, whether they exercised a right in a way that increased costs, and their conduct generally. The pre-action protocols are at rules 3.9 to 3.17 and Annex I, and failing them counts against you on costs even where the claim itself is sound.

Q: What is a settlement offer and why does it matter to me?
A: It is the Part 35 mechanism, on Form No. 58. Rule 35.2 states the purpose in terms: to encourage settlement offers, with consequences on costs. Rule 35.3 requires the offer to state the amount or relief and the time for acceptance, rule 35.4 allows it at any stage, and rules 35.5 and 35.6 require it to say expressly whether it includes interest, costs or a counterclaim. Rejecting such an offer and then doing no better than it is the commonest way a litigant in person wins the case and loses on costs.

Q: Am I allowed to bring a claim without a lawyer?
A: The question is not permission but consequence. The procedural rules apply to everybody: pleadings must say the right things in the right way, deadlines do not forgive, evidence must be produced as prescribed, and costs follow the decisions. A court may show understanding to a party without a lawyer, but it cannot apply different rules for their benefit.

Q: When does going alone make sense?
A: Where the sum is small, the documents are complete and unambiguous, the other side does not dispute the substance, and you could afford to lose the amount entirely. If any of those four is missing, an hour of advice before is cheaper than a reconstruction after.

Q: Can I fix a badly drafted claim later?
A: Not freely. The pleading binds the case, amendment is neither free nor always permitted, and a claim that asks for the right thing on the wrong legal basis can fail on the basis rather than on the merits.

Q: Is there something between doing it all myself and handing it over?
A: Yes, and it is often the honest answer. A lawyer can take the parts that decide the outcome, the initial assessment, the drafting of the claim, an application, the hearing, while you carry the rest.

## Loan Restructuring in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/loan-restructuring
What a restructuring agreement actually changes in a Cyprus loan, what each concession costs the borrower, and the clauses to settle before signing.

Q: Is it simply a continuation of the old facility?
A: No. It is a new contract that varies or replaces the old one, and its terms are negotiable at the moment of signature and almost never afterwards.

Q: Where is the cost actually hidden?
A: In the clauses: new or widened security, personal guarantees, waivers of defences, an acknowledgment of the balance that closes off any argument about whether it was calculated correctly, and default clauses that trigger more easily than the ones they replace.

Q: What should I ask for before signing?
A: The full agreement rather than the offer letter alone, an itemised calculation of the balance, a comparison of the security before and after, and an express answer on what you are giving up.

Q: Does restructuring reduce the amount I owe?
A: Not unless the agreement says so expressly. A restructuring alters the mechanics of repayment, how long the borrower has, how much is paid and how often, and sometimes at what rate, and takes effect as a contract under the Contract Law, Cap. 149. Lower instalments over a longer period will usually mean more total interest rather than less debt. That is a legitimate trade for a borrower whose problem is cash flow rather than solvency, but it should be a trade made knowingly.

Q: What does a payment holiday actually cost?
A: It depends on what happens to interest during it, which is the question to ask before accepting one. Where interest continues to accrue and is added to the balance, the pause has increased the debt, and the instalment resuming afterwards may be higher than the one that could not be paid in the first place. The same logic applies to capitalising arrears: rolling them into the principal restores the account to performing status and is useful, but the capitalised sum then bears interest for the remainder of the term.

Q: The bank wants my relative added as a co-borrower or guarantor. Is that a formality?
A: No. It creates a direct liability for the person added, usually for the whole of the debt, and it exposes whatever assets that person has. Lenders frequently ask for an additional party, sometimes as the condition of a longer term, and anyone asked to join a facility in this way needs separate advice of their own rather than the borrower's.

Q: If I can make a lump sum payment, what should I watch?
A: Confirm in writing that the payment is applied to principal rather than to arrears, fees or accrued interest, because the two produce very different outcomes. Applied to the principal, it reduces both the balance and the instalment that follows.

Q: What test does the lender actually apply?
A: Sustainability: whether the proposed arrangement can be met from income remaining after essential living costs and existing commitments. A plan that works only if nothing goes wrong will fail, and a failed restructuring leaves the borrower worse placed than before, because the concession has been used and the arrears have grown. The corollary is that the figures presented should be the real ones, since understating expenditure to secure approval produces an agreement that cannot be performed.

Q: What should be read before signing?
A: The agreement rather than the offer letter, because the offer letter describes the instalment and the agreement contains the terms. Check whether existing mortgages and charges continue and whether new or additional security is required over assets not previously charged, and whether existing guarantors are released, continue, or are being asked to confirm liability afresh for a larger or longer obligation. Establish first who actually holds the loan, because the counterparty on a restructuring is not always the institution that granted the facility, and the identity of the current holder affects who has authority to agree what.

## Maternity Protection in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/maternity-protection-cyprus
Twenty two weeks of leave, protection from dismissal until five months after it ends, and the certificate that revokes a dismissal already given, under Law 100(I)/1997.

Q: How long is maternity leave in Cyprus?
A: Twenty two consecutive weeks under section 3(2) of Law 100(I)/1997, and twenty six consecutive weeks for a third confinement and for those after it. Eleven of the weeks are compulsory and must fall in the period beginning two weeks before the expected week of the birth.

Q: I was dismissed and only then told my employer I was pregnant.
A: Section 4(3) may undo it. A termination, or a notice of termination, is revoked regardless of whether the employer knew of the pregnancy, provided you notify him with a registered doctor's certificate within five working days of the day you learn of the dismissal or of the intention to dismiss. The period is short and it runs from knowledge, so obtain the certificate at once.

Q: How long am I protected after the leave ends?
A: Five months. Section 4(1)(a) protects an employee who has informed her employer in writing of the pregnancy from the beginning of the pregnancy until five months after the end of her maternity leave, subject to the exceptions in section 4B.

Q: My employer is recruiting someone permanent while I am on leave.
A: That is within the prohibition. Section 4(1)(b) forbids the employer during the protected period not only from giving notice or terminating, but from taking steps aimed at the employee's permanent replacement. Cover for the period of leave is a different thing from a permanent successor.

Q: Can I be dismissed for a genuine redundancy while pregnant?
A: Only within the exceptions. Section 4B(1) disapplies the protection where the employee is guilty of serious misconduct justifying the rupture of the relationship, where the business has ceased to operate, and where a fixed term has expired unless the non-renewal is connected with the pregnancy, the birth, breastfeeding or the leave. Section 4B(2) then requires the employer to notify the reasons in writing and justify them duly.

Q: Is the breastfeeding hour paid?
A: Yes. Section 5(2) provides that the hour, whether taken as an interruption of work, a later arrival or an earlier departure, counts and is paid as working time. The right lasts twelve months from the birth under section 5(1), and prenatal examinations are separately covered without loss of pay under section 5A.

Q: I have only been there a few months, and part time. Am I covered?
A: Yes. Section 9A(1) disapplies any provision making a minimum period of employment or a minimum number of hours a condition of liability or of the right to compensation, and any provision capping compensation. Section 9A(2) makes an agreement to the contrary void.

## Mediation in Cyprus: what it stops, and what it produces
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/mediation-cyprus
Law 159(I)/2012: the suspension of limitation, what cannot be used afterwards, the exclusions including non cross-border employment, and enforcement of the settlement.

Q: Will mediating cost me my deadline?
A: No, and that is the point of section 27. Commencement of the mediation, which under section 17 is the date the mediation agreement is signed, suspends the limitation period or preclusive period for the whole duration of the process. If the mediation fails, the suspended period continues to run from the date of termination. It does not restart, so the time already elapsed still counts, but the mediation itself costs you nothing in days.

Q: Can the other side use what I say in the mediation against me?
A: Section 24 says not: notwithstanding any other law, a statement made before a mediator during the mediation is not admissible as evidence against any person before the court. Section 23 separately stops the mediator and anyone involved producing material from the mediation in any civil proceedings or arbitration, with only two exceptions, overriding public policy reasons chiefly concerning children or physical or psychological integrity, and disclosure necessary to apply or enforce the agreement reached.

Q: Can a court order us to mediate?
A: It can order you to be informed about it, not to do it. Section 15(1) lets the court at any stage before judgment call the parties to attend for information about mediation, and adjourn the proceedings for a mediation on the joint application of all parties or one party's application with the express consent of the rest. Section 15(2) then provides that where any party does not agree, the court proceeds with the case.

Q: We are in an employment dispute. Does this Law apply?
A: Only if it is cross-border. Section 3(2)(b) excludes employment disputes that are not cross-border disputes, and it says so whether or not they raise rights and obligations the parties are free to decide. Cross-border is defined in section 4(1) by reference to a party being domiciled, habitually resident, trading or working in a different Member State at one of four specified dates.

Q: Is the settlement just a contract, or can we enforce it?
A: It can be enforced. Under section 32(3) the court may declare all or part of the settlement enforceable in the same manner as a judgment or order and with the same force, and may issue a judgment with the content of the settlement. The application is filed jointly, or by one party with the express consent of the others, and section 30(2) allows that consent to be built into the settlement agreement itself, which is worth doing at the time rather than negotiating later.

Q: Can the court refuse to enforce it?
A: Yes, on three grounds in section 32(3)(b): that the content is contrary to law, that it is not enforceable, or that the dispute cannot be resolved by mediation. A rejection on those grounds may be appealed in the same way as a judgment under section 32(4). The mediator has a related duty under section 28(1): the process terminates if the mediator judges the settlement unlawful or judges that it could not be accepted by the court.

Q: What happens if the other side walks out?
A: The process terminates under section 28(1)(d), which covers a party ceasing to consent to its continuation, and under section 28(2) the mediator's appointment ends with it. Nothing is conceded by that: section 25(2) provides that a mediator's resignation, the parties' agreement to end the appointment, or one party's termination of it does not amount to an admission of the allegations made. The limitation clock resumes from the date of termination under section 27(2).

Q: Can we mediate only part of the case?
A: Yes. Section 5(3) provides that mediation may be carried out for part of a dispute or for the whole of it, and section 30(1) contemplates a settlement agreement resolving all or part of the dispute. Narrowing a case by agreement on the parts that are not really in issue is often more valuable than attempting the whole of it.

Q: How do we know the mediator is qualified?
A: Check the Register. Section 5(1) allows mediation to be conducted only by a person registered in the Register of Mediators, with different registration routes for commercial and other civil disputes, and section 6 makes the Minister responsible for keeping it. Section 7(2) requires the Register to be published on the Ministry of Justice and Public Order website, so it can be checked before anything is signed.

Q: How long does the mediator keep the papers?
A: At least seven years from termination of the process, under section 29. That matters where a settlement later has to be applied or enforced, since section 23(1)(b) permits disclosure of the content of the agreement where that is necessary for its application or enforcement.

## The employer has to prove it paid the minimum wage
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/minimum-wage-cyprus-cap-183
Cap. 183 reverses the burden of proof, deems the worker employed for the whole time on the premises, and lets the criminal court order two years of back pay on conviction.

Q: Where is the minimum wage figure actually set?
A: Not in the Law. Section 3(1) of Cap. 183 gives the Council of Ministers power to fix minimum wages by Order published in the Official Gazette, for any work in the Republic, either generally or in any particular area, place or district, where it is satisfied that the wages paid are unreasonably low. Section 3(2) lets it vary or abolish a minimum wage the same way, and section 3(3) provides that the fixing, variation or abolition takes effect from the date named in the Order. So the rate is a moving figure in subsidiary legislation and the Law is the machinery around it.

Q: Who has to prove what in a prosecution?
A: The employer. Section 11 provides that in any prosecution of a person for failing to pay wages not below the minimum wage, that person bears the burden of proving that it has not paid wages below the minimum. The prosecution does not have to prove the shortfall; the employer has to disprove it. Section 12 is what makes that workable or fatal: every employer must keep such wage records as are necessary to show that the Law is being complied with.

Q: How far back can the court order payment?
A: Two years. Under section 6(1), where an employer has been convicted under section 5, and notice of intention to do so was served within the three days before the hearing, evidence may be given of any failure to pay the minimum wage at any time after it came into force and within the two years immediately preceding the date the information or complaint was laid. On proof, the Court may order the employer to pay the difference between what should have been paid as wages during those years and what actually was.

Q: What are the penalties?
A: Section 5(1) makes an employer who pays below the minimum liable on conviction, for each offence, to a fine not exceeding €5,000 and a further fine not exceeding €50 for each day the offence continues after conviction. Section 12 carries a fine not exceeding €50 for failing to keep wage records, and a further €50 for each day. Section 13(3) carries a fine not exceeding €5,000 for obstructing an officer or refusing to produce records, and for knowingly false records a fine not exceeding €5,000 or three months in prison. Those euro figures were substituted for the old pound figures by Law 47(I)/2023, published on 23 June 2023.

Q: Does time spent waiting for work count?
A: Yes, and the burden is again on the employer. Section 9 deems the worker to have been employed for the whole of the time he was present on the employer's premises, unless the employer proves that he was there without its consent, express or implied, or for a purpose unconnected with his work other than waiting for work to be given to him. Two provisos: a worker who lives on the premises is not employed merely by being there, and a worker present during normal meal times in a room where no work is done is treated as present for purposes unconnected with the work.

Q: Can the end client be liable as well as the labour supplier?
A: Yes. Section 7(3) provides that where the immediate employer of a worker to whom a minimum wage applies is himself employed by another person, and the worker works on that other person's premises, that other person is deemed for the purposes of the Law, so far as the penalty for underpayment is concerned, to be the employer jointly with the immediate employer. Section 10 reaches a different arrangement: a shopkeeper, supplier or trader who makes any arrangement, express or implied, with a worker for work to which a minimum wage applies is deemed to be the employer, and the net remuneration after necessary expenses is deemed to be wages.

## Foreclosure in Cyprus: The 45 Days to Challenge the Notice
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/mortgage-foreclosure-notice-cyprus
The Type I and Type IA notices under Part VIA of Law 9/1965, the eight grounds to set the second aside, the 45 day window, and the court's twelve month deadline.

Q: How long do I have to challenge a foreclosure notice in Cyprus?
A: Forty five days from the date you received the Type «IA» notice. Section 44C(3) of Law 9/1965 allows the mortgagor, and any interested party, to file an appeal in the District Court to set aside the notice of intended sale within that period. Where the notice had already been sent when Law 116(I)/2026 came into force on 12 May 2026, the forty five days run from that date instead.

Q: On what grounds can a Type «IA» notice be set aside?
A: Only the eight in section 44C(3): the notice does not meet the prescribed form and content; it was not duly served; it was sent before the payment period expired; an interim prohibitory order under section 32 of the Courts of Justice Law is in force; the bank failed to attend mediation though obliged to for an eligible debtor; a protective order under the Insolvency of Natural Persons Law exists or is pending; the debtor is in or has applied to ESTIA or another government subsidy scheme and is complying; or the property is a primary residence in the Rent for Instalment scheme with an approved or pending application.

Q: How quickly does the court have to decide?
A: Within twelve months. Section 22C(2) of the Courts of Justice Law, inserted by Law 116(I)/2026, requires the hearing to be completed and judgment on the merits given within twelve months from referral to the trying judge, including any decision on the appeal or the setting-aside application, unless the court orders otherwise.

Q: Can the bank simply serve a new notice after I win?
A: Not immediately. A fresh Type «IA» notice may be served only after the twelve month period has passed from the setting aside, or after a final judgment in the pending proceedings. If no final judgment has been given and a new notice arrives, section 22C(3) allows a further application to set that one aside where special reasons exist.

Q: What if I dispute the amount rather than the notice?
A: An eligible debtor may complain to the Financial Ombudsman within thirty days of receiving the Type «I» notice, about the sum stated as due. The Ombudsman decides within forty five days, the bank cannot proceed before that period or the tenth working day after the decision, whichever is later, and if the decision is not accepted as binding the sale is suspended until a court decides the amount lawfully due.

Q: Can the property be auctioned for any price?
A: No longer. Since Law 101(I)/2026, published on 22 April 2026, section 44IA(2) requires continued attempts to sell to be made at a reserve of not less than fifty per cent of the market value of the property. That subsection previously allowed them to be made with no reserve at all.

Q: Does my own conduct matter?
A: Yes, and decisively. Section 22C(4) provides that where the mortgagor has at any material time acted in bad faith, the protections in subsections (1) to (3) and the setting-aside ground do not apply, to the original notice, a new one, or any later notice under Part VIA.

## How to File a Negligence Claim in Cyprus: The Three Year Limit
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/negligence-claim-cyprus-how-to
What a negligence claim in Cyprus must prove, the evidence that decides it, the three-year limitation period, and how a claim actually proceeds.

Q: What are the four elements?
A: A duty of care, a fall below the standard that duty required, a causal link between that fall and the damage, and damage of a kind the law compensates. The claim is only as strong as the weakest of the four.

Q: Where do negligence claims usually fail?
A: On the third. Proving that the damage happened is easy; proving that this defendant’s act caused it, rather than something else, is the case.

Q: Does a different standard apply to a professional?
A: Yes. A professional is measured against the reasonably competent member of their own discipline, and that is established by expert evidence rather than by the court’s own view of what was reasonable.

Q: When does the period start to run?
A: From the day the cause of action was complete, not from the day you decided to act. Where the injured person learned of a bodily injury later, it runs from the day of that knowledge instead.

Q: The person who caused my loss has no money. Is there any point?
A: The first question is whether anyone else is answerable: an employer, a principal, or an insurer behind the defendant. If no solvent defendant exists, we say so before you spend anything.

Q: Do I need an expert report before I start?
A: Where the standard of care is professional or technical, effectively yes. Where the negligence is obvious to a layperson, no, but the evidence of causation still has to be assembled first.

Q: The negligence happened four years ago. Is it over?
A: Usually, but not always: the knowledge extension for injury claims and the narrow suspensions mean the date question deserves an answer on your specific facts before the claim is abandoned.

## Neighbour Disputes in Cyprus: Nuisance, Noise, the Site Next Door
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/neighbour-disputes-cyprus
Private and public nuisance under Cap. 148, the fifteen year rule for light, why coming to the nuisance is no defence, and the injunction that stops continuing damage.

Q: The noise was here before I bought the house. Do I have no claim?
A: Not so. Section 48 of Cap. 148 provides expressly that it is no defence that the nuisance existed before the claimant acquired ownership or possession of the affected property. What the history affects is evidence, not entitlement: the character of the area, which section 46 makes part of the measure, is assessed as it is.

Q: How often does something have to happen before it is a nuisance?
A: Section 46 speaks of habitual interference, so a pattern is what the definition wants: nightly noise, a discharge every time it rains, a use repeated week after week. A single event is not hopeless, but it usually needs a different legal home, negligence for the escape that caused damage, or the Cap. 96 route for unlawful works. Bring the diary and we will say which frame fits.

Q: Can I claim for a blocked view?
A: The Civil Wrongs Law protects light, not prospect. Under section 50 the right is to a reasonable proportion of light after fifteen years' uninterrupted enjoyment, judged by the property's situation and nature. A structure that darkens habitable rooms raises a real question; one that interrupts the sea view does not, under this section. Planning objections are a separate route with their own timetable.

Q: The site next door has cracked my walls. Do I wait for the case to finish?
A: No. Where damage is continuing, an interlocutory injunction under section 32 of the Courts of Justice Law 14/1960 can be sought at the start, on the tests the section sets: a serious question, a probability of entitlement, and the risk that later justice would be incomplete. Photograph the damage now, date the photographs, and ask about the permit position early: under section 29 of Cap. 96 a breach of that Law is itself actionable by the person damaged.

Q: Everyone on the street is affected, not just me. Does that help or hurt?
A: It changes the frame. Interference with the public at large is public nuisance under section 45, and a private claimant then needs special damage, loss particular to them beyond the general inconvenience. Interference with your property specifically is private nuisance under section 46, whoever else suffers too. Many situations support both, and the pleading chooses deliberately.

Q: Is a letter worth sending before suing?
A: Almost always. A letter that records the interference, asks for it to stop, and sets a reasonable period does three jobs: it sometimes ends the matter, it starts the record that habitual interference continued after notice, and it reads well in the costs argument later. What it should not do is threaten more than you are prepared to pursue. The firm's guide to the letter before action covers the anatomy.

## The EU AI Act: What a Business Has to Do
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/new-ai-act
How the EU Artificial Intelligence Act applies to a business in Cyprus: whether you are a provider or a deployer, what the risk categories mean, what to file.

Q: When does a business that only bought the system become its provider?
A: Under Article 25(1), a distributor, importer, deployer or other third party is considered the provider of a high risk system, and takes on the provider obligations in Article 16, where it puts its name or trademark on a high risk system already on the market, where it makes a substantial modification so that the system remains high risk, or where it modifies the intended purpose of a system, including a general purpose AI system, so that the system becomes high risk. The original provider is relieved of those obligations but must co-operate and supply the technical information needed.

Q: Does every deployer need a fundamental rights impact assessment?
A: No. Under Article 27 the duty falls on deployers that are bodies governed by public law or private entities providing public services, and on deployers of the creditworthiness and insurance pricing systems in points 5(b) and 5(c) of Annex III, and it must be done before the system is put into use. Other deployers should still document the assessment they carried out, because the obligation to show human oversight and to keep records applies to them.

Q: What counts as real human oversight?
A: A person with the authority, the information and the time to overrule the output. Oversight that exists only in the policy document, where the reviewer approves every output because there are four hundred a day, is not oversight and will not be treated as such. Record who reviews, on what information, how often they depart from the recommendation, and what happens when they do.

Q: What is outside the Act?
A: Article 2 sets the exclusions. Article 2(3) excludes systems placed on the market, put into service or used exclusively for military, defence or national security purposes. Article 2(6) excludes systems or models, including their output, specifically developed and put into service for the sole purpose of scientific research and development. Article 2(10) excludes the obligations of deployers who are natural persons using AI systems in a purely personal, non-professional activity.

Q: How high do the fines go?
A: Article 99 sets three ceilings, each expressed as the higher of a fixed sum and a percentage of turnover. Infringement of the prohibited practices in Article 5: up to EUR 35,000,000 or 7 per cent of total worldwide annual turnover. Non-compliance with the obligations listed in Article 99(4), which include Article 16 for providers, Article 26 for deployers and Article 50 on transparency: up to EUR 15,000,000 or 3 per cent. Supplying incorrect, incomplete or misleading information to a notified body or national competent authority: up to EUR 7,500,000 or 1 per cent. Lower ceilings apply to SMEs and start-ups.

Q: Who supervises this in Cyprus?
A: Cyprus has designated the Commissioner of Communications as its notifying authority and market surveillance authority under the Act, and as the national single point of contact. Where the deployment involves personal data, the Commissioner for Personal Data Protection remains the supervisory authority for the data protection analysis, and the two exercises should run together rather than in sequence.

Q: When does the AI Act actually apply to us?
A: In stages. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of 13 June 2024 entered into force on 1 August 2024. The prohibited practices and the AI literacy obligations have applied since 2 February 2025; the rules on general purpose AI models, the governance provisions and the penalties since 2 August 2025; and the Regulation applies generally from 2 August 2026. The high risk provisions were then deferred by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, the Digital Omnibus on AI, which entered into force on 27 July 2026 and moved Sections 1, 2 and 3 of Chapter III to 2 December 2027 for systems high risk under Article 6(2) and Annex III, and to 2 August 2028 for those high risk under Article 6(1) and Annex I.

Q: The high risk rules are deferred. Can we wait?
A: The deferral is of the compliance deadline, not of the analysis. A business that will be a provider or deployer of a high risk system in December 2027 needs to know that now, because the documentation the Act requires is generated during development and procurement rather than retrieved afterwards.

Q: Does the Act regulate the technology or the use?
A: The use. It takes a horizontal approach, defines what counts as an AI system as distinct from ordinary software, and grades the obligations by the risk the particular use presents. The same model can therefore carry heavy obligations in one deployment and almost none in another: a language model drafting marketing copy and the same model filtering job applicants are not in the same position.

Q: What is the first question to ask about our own exposure?
A: Not whether the business uses artificial intelligence, but what the systems it uses are permitted to decide, and what position the business occupies in the chain that supplies them. Both answers can be established from documents the business already holds.

## Non-Dom Status in Cyprus: How It Works
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/non-dom-uk
How Cyprus non-domiciled status is acquired and lost, why domicile is a succession law concept before it is a tax concept, and what to put in place first.

Q: Is Cyprus non-dom status something you apply for?
A: No. It is not a scheme that is applied for, granted or lost on a form. It is the consequence of two separate questions: whether the individual is tax resident in Cyprus, and where the individual is domiciled. The second is decided by succession law, which is why a move undertaken purely for tax reasons can quietly rewrite what happens to the client's estate.

Q: How does Cyprus decide tax residence?
A: By counting days spent in the Republic in a tax year, with a shorter alternative test for individuals who are not tax resident elsewhere and who maintain defined economic and personal connections with Cyprus. The day counts and the conditions attaching to each test are set by statute and have been amended, so they are confirmed against the legislation before a year is planned around them. The shorter route is conditional and fragile: it depends on facts that can fail during the year, and the failure is retrospective for the whole year.

Q: Is tax residence the same as a residence permit?
A: No. A person can hold a Cyprus residence permit and remain tax resident abroad, and a person can become tax resident here on days alone.

Q: What decides domicile in Cyprus?
A: The law of succession rather than tax law, and specifically the concepts in the Wills and Succession Law, Cap. 195, which distinguishes a domicile of origin from a domicile of choice. A domicile of origin is acquired at birth and is tenacious: it revives if a domicile of choice is abandoned and not replaced. A domicile of choice requires both residence in the new jurisdiction and an intention to remain there permanently or indefinitely, and that intention is a question of fact.

Q: How long does the Cyprus exemption last?
A: Until the deemed domicile rule catches you. The first proviso to section 2(3) of Law 117(I)/2002 treats anyone resident in the Republic for at least seventeen of the twenty years before the tax year as having acquired domicile here, whatever their domicile of origin, so the eighteenth year of residence is typically the first domiciled one. The second proviso then makes that deemed domicile stick until twenty consecutive years of non-residence have been completed, which is why it is easier to acquire than to shed.

Q: Is there anything to do once the seventeen years run out?
A: There is an election, and the deadline for it is the trap. Section 3D of Law 117(I)/2002, inserted by Law 245(I)/2025, lets someone with no Cyprus domicile of origin who has become deemed domiciled under the seventeen-year rule pay a flat fifty thousand euro a year of defence contribution instead of the charge on their actual dividends and interest. The application has to be accepted by the Commissioner on a prescribed form by 30 June of the first year, the whole two hundred and fifty thousand euro for the five years is paid in a single instalment by the end of the month after acceptance, and paying late voids the election for every one of the five years. It is irrevocable, nothing is refunded, no foreign tax credit is allowed against it, and it can be used for at most two five-year periods.

Q: The United Kingdom changed its own rules in 2025. Is Cyprus non-dom the equivalent?
A: It has the same name and works differently. The United Kingdom abolished the remittance basis with effect from 6 April 2025 and replaced it with a residence-based regime under which qualifying new arrivals may claim relief on foreign income and gains for their first four years of UK tax residence, following at least ten years of non-residence. The Cyprus status is not a four year relief and is not claimed: it follows from residence and domicile.

## Non-dom in Cyprus: what the status actually exempts
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/non-dom-what-it-exempts
The exemption is from one tax, the special defence contribution, and it is not permanent. Two routes lead to being treated as domiciled, and one is a clock.

Q: Which tax does non-dom status actually exempt you from?
A: One tax: the special defence contribution, which is the Cyprus tax on dividends and interest. It reached rents too until Law 245(I)/2025 deleted the rent provisions with effect from 1 January 2026. Since the 2015 amendment it applies to individuals who are both resident and domiciled in Cyprus, so an individual who is resident but not domiciled here falls outside it. The status does not remove income tax and it does not remove General Healthcare System contributions, each of which has its own rules and thresholds.

Q: How long does non-dom status last in Cyprus?
A: Until the clock runs out. An individual who has been tax resident in Cyprus for at least seventeen of the twenty tax years before the year in question is treated as domiciled here whatever their origin, which is why the regime is described as a seventeen year one. It is not a concession that is withdrawn but a period that was running from the first year, and the year it ends is knowable from the beginning.

Q: I was born in Cyprus but have lived abroad for decades. Am I domiciled here?
A: Not necessarily, and it should not be assumed either way. A domicile of origin in Cyprus is a question about where your father was domiciled when you were born rather than about your own choices, and the route carries exceptions, the most important being for a person who has acquired and kept a domicile of choice abroad. Whether that exception applies turns on the facts of a life rather than on a form or a day count.

Q: Did the 2026 reform change what a non-dom pays?
A: No. Dividends and interest received by a resident who is not domiciled here were outside the defence contribution before the reform and are outside it after. What changed is what the person on the other side of the line pays. Section 3(1)(a) of Law 117(I)/2002 now charges a resident individual five per cent on dividends instead of seventeen, with proviso (ii) keeping seventeen per cent for six years on dividends out of profits of tax years up to and including 2025. So the exemption is worth what it always was; the drop at the end of the seventeen years is smaller.

Q: Is there a way out once the seventeen years are up?
A: There is one, and it is new. Section 3D of Law 117(I)/2002, inserted by Law 245(I)/2025, lets an individual with no Cyprus domicile of origin who has become deemed domiciled under the seventeen-year rule elect to pay a flat fifty thousand euro a year of defence contribution whatever their income. The election is irrevocable, binds for five consecutive tax years, has to be accepted by the Commissioner on an application made by 30 June of the first year, and the entire two hundred and fifty thousand euro is paid in a single instalment by the end of the month after acceptance. Miss that payment and the section does not apply for any of the five years. Nothing is refunded, no foreign tax credit is allowed against it, and it may be used for at most two five-year periods.

Q: Is non-dom worth planning around for everybody?
A: No, and the honest first question is what income is in issue. For a person with substantial dividend income the difference over a decade is significant; for a person whose income is employment income the exemption may be close to irrelevant, and residency then matters for entirely different reasons.

Q: Do I need to be Cyprus tax resident before any of this applies?
A: Yes. Residency comes first, under either the 183 day rule or the 60 day rule, and the exemption is only in point for a person who is Cyprus tax resident at all. Establishing which tax is in issue, and then whether residency is established, comes before treating non-dom as the answer to anything.

## Is an Oral Agreement Binding in Cyprus? Cap. 149 Answers
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/oral-agreements-cyprus
Section 10 of Cap. 149 lets contracts be oral or inferred from conduct. The traps: leases over a year need writing and two witnesses, and non-competes are void.

Q: We agreed everything on the phone. Is there a contract?
A: In principle, yes: section 10(1) of Cap. 149 allows contracts to be made orally or inferred from conduct, provided there was free consent, capacity, consideration and a lawful object. The battle is proof, not validity: what exactly was agreed, and what the parties did afterwards. Send the surrounding messages and the payment record, because that is where these cases are decided.

Q: Our tenant has a two year tenancy we never put in writing. Can we enforce it?
A: Not as a two year lease. Section 77(1) makes a lease of immovable property exceeding one year invalid and unenforceable unless written, signed at the end by those charged, and countersigned by at least two witnesses who were present. The position that remains, and what can still be done about occupation and rent actually paid, depends on the facts, so describe them before drawing conclusions either way.

Q: My employment contract has a two year non-compete. Do I have to comply?
A: Section 27(1) of Cap. 149 voids agreements in restraint of a lawful profession, trade or business to the extent of the restraint, and its exceptions in section 27(2) concern the sale of a business's goodwill and outgoing partners, not ordinary employment. What a former employer can protect through other routes, confidentiality among them, is a separate question. Take advice on the specific clause before either ignoring it or obeying it.

Q: The other side lied to get my signature. Is the contract dead?
A: It is voidable at your option under section 19, not automatically dead, and the option has edges: for misrepresentation, and for silence amounting to fraud, the contract stands if you could have discovered the truth with ordinary diligence. There is also a choice worth knowing under section 19(2): instead of avoiding the contract, you may insist on performance and on being put in the position the representations promised. Which route serves you is a strategy question, so bring the timeline before electing.

Q: A promise was made to me with nothing in return. Can I hold them to it?
A: Usually not: section 25 voids agreements without consideration. The exceptions are precise: a written signed promise between near relatives founded on natural love and affection, a promise to compensate someone who already did something voluntarily for the promisor, and a written signed promise to pay a debt that limitation had barred, which revives it. If the promise you hold fits one of those shapes, it may be a contract after all.

Q: Our contract says disputes can only go to arbitration. Is that allowed?
A: Yes. Section 28 voids terms that bar the courts or shorten the time for enforcing rights, but subsection (2) expressly preserves the agreement to refer disputes to arbitration and to recover only what the arbitration awards. Whether arbitration or court serves you better in a given dispute is its own question, and our guide to arbitration or court covers it.

## The unregistered partnership cannot sue on its own contracts
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/partnerships-business-names-cyprus
Cap. 116 gives one month to register a partnership and seven days to notify a change, and section 62 stops a firm in default from enforcing its own contracts by action.

Q: What happens if the partnership was never registered?
A: Section 62 of Cap. 116 removes the ability to sue on the business. Where a firm, or a natural or legal person, required by the Law to file a statement of particulars, or required by section 54(1) to file a statement of a change in those particulars, has failed to do so, its rights under or arising out of any contract made by or on its behalf in respect of the business for which particulars are required cannot, while the default continues, be enforced by action or other legal proceeding, whether in the firm name, in the trading name or otherwise. The debtor does not have to plead anything clever; the disability is on the face of the section.

Q: Can that be cured?
A: Yes, by application. The first proviso to section 62 lets the defaulter apply to the Court for relief against the disability the section imposes, and the Court may grant it, generally or for particular contracts, where it is satisfied that the default was accidental, or due to inadvertence, or to some other sufficient cause, or that it is just and equitable on other grounds to give relief. The costs of the application are paid by the defaulter unless the Court orders otherwise, relief may be given on such terms as the Court imposes, and it is not given unless notice of the application is served and published as the Court directs.

Q: How long is there to register, and to report a change?
A: Section 51(1) requires registration by sending or delivering to the Registrar, within one month of the date the partnership was formed, a statement in the prescribed form signed by all the partners. It lists eight things: the firm name; the general nature of the business; the principal place of business; each individual partner's name, nationality and usual residence and each corporate partner's name and registered or principal office; the period the partnership was formed for and the date it began; a statement where applicable that it is a limited partnership; the shares and capital granted or contributed by each limited partner and how; and the names of the general partners authorised to manage it and sign for it. Section 54(1) requires a statement of any change in the registered particulars within seven days of the date of the change, and section 54(2) treats a dissolution as a change for that purpose, other than a dissolution under section 34(1)(a) or (b).

Q: Who is liable for what when a partner joins or leaves?
A: Section 20(1) provides that a person admitted as a partner into an existing firm does not by that fact become liable to the creditors of the firm for anything done before he became a partner. Section 20(2) provides that a partner who retires does not by that fact cease to be liable for partnership debts or obligations incurred before his retirement. Section 20(3) allows a retiring partner to be discharged from existing liabilities by an agreement between himself, the members of the firm as newly constituted, and the creditors.

Q: Can a judgment against one partner be executed against the partnership's property?
A: Not directly. Section 25(1) provides that no writ of execution issues against any property of the partnership except on a judgment against the firm. Section 25(2) gives the personal judgment creditor of a partner a different route: on an application by summons the Court or a Judge may make an order charging that partner's interest in the partnership property and profits with payment of the judgment debt and interest, and may by the same or a later order appoint a receiver of that partner's share of the profits.

## Personal Guarantees in Cyprus: What a Guarantor Really Owes
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/personal-guarantees-cyprus
Suretyship under Cap. 149: liability co-extensive with the debtor, revocation of continuing guarantees, the variations and lost securities that discharge, and subrogation.

Q: The bank restructured the loan without telling me. Am I still bound?
A: Possibly not, as to what came after. Under section 91 of Cap. 149, any variation of the terms between debtor and creditor made without the surety's consent discharges the surety for transactions subsequent to the variation. Send us the guarantee and whatever is known about the restructuring: the dates decide how much of the demand survives.

Q: The creditor gave the debtor more time to pay. Does that affect me?
A: If the creditor contracted with the debtor to give time, or not to sue, or compounded the debt, section 93 discharges you unless you assented. Two neighbouring rules cut the other way: an arrangement with a third person rather than the debtor does not discharge you (section 94), and the creditor merely doing nothing for years is not a discharge either (section 95). Which side of those lines your facts fall is exactly what we check.

Q: The bank released the mortgage it held from the debtor. Do I still owe everything?
A: Under section 99 you were entitled to the benefit of every security the creditor held when your guarantee was given, known to you or not, and if the creditor lost or parted with a security without your consent you are discharged to the extent of its value. A released or impaired security is not a detail: it is a defence measured in the security's worth.

Q: Can I get out of a guarantee I signed years ago?
A: For the future, often yes: a continuing guarantee can be revoked as to future transactions at any time by notice to the creditor under section 88. What has already accrued stays. Whether the accrued part is also assailable depends on the sections above: variations, indulgences, lost securities, and what you were and were not told at signing under sections 100 and 101.

Q: Nobody told me the account was already in arrears when I signed.
A: That is the situation sections 100 and 101 address: a guarantee obtained by the creditor's misrepresentation about a material part of the transaction, or by silence as to a material circumstance, is invalid. What was material, and what was concealed, is a question of evidence, so preserve everything from the time of signature and tell us the sequence while it is fresh.

Q: I paid as guarantor. Can I recover from the debtor, or the other guarantors?
A: Both. On payment you step into the creditor's shoes against the debtor under section 98, securities included. And co-sureties contribute equally between themselves under sections 104 and 105, up to their respective limits where the sums differ. The claim is on contract, so the six year period under section 7(1) of Law 66(I)/2012 is the clock to watch.

Q: Does the guarantor's death end the guarantee?
A: For future transactions under a continuing guarantee, yes, unless the contract says otherwise: section 89 makes death operate as a revocation for the future. What was owed at death remains a liability of the estate. An executor dealing with an estate that includes an old guarantee should establish the account balance at the date of death, because that is where the line is drawn.

## Personal Injury Claims in Cyprus: How to File and Prove One
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/personal-injury-claims-cyprus
How to file a personal injury or negligence claim in Cyprus: liability, the evidence to secure first, damages, and the three-year time limit.

Q: What if I was partly at fault?
A: You can still claim. Damages are reduced in proportion to your share of responsibility.

Q: How long will it take?
A: It depends chiefly on the medical position. A claim cannot sensibly be valued until it is clear whether the injury is resolving or permanent.

Q: Should I accept the insurer's first offer?
A: Not before the medical evidence is complete. An early offer reflects what is known at the time, which is usually less than the eventual position.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim?
A: Generally three years from the injury, under the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012, which is shorter than the period for a contract claim. Time usually runs from the date of the injury, with exceptions. Advice should be taken promptly after an accident.

## The product safety liability you cannot contract out of
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/product-safety-cyprus
Law 116(I)/2025 makes breach of the general safety requirement a civil wrong, and says that liability cannot be excluded by any contract term.

Q: What is Law 116(I)/2025?
A: The General Product Safety Law of 2025, published in Official Gazette No. 5045 on 4 July 2025. It applies Regulation (EU) 2023/988 on general product safety in Cyprus. Section 3 gives the Law the same subject matter and scope as the Regulation, so the substantive safety rules are the Regulation's and what the Law adds is the machinery: who enforces, with what powers, and at what cost.

Q: Which body enforces it?
A: Section 26 designates the Consumer Protection Service of the Ministry of Energy, Commerce and Industry as the single point of contact under Article 25(2) of the Regulation. Sections 5 to 14 give it the market surveillance powers, and section 8 allows it to buy a sample of a product in order to test it, which means a purchase can be made without identifying itself first.

Q: What are the administrative fines?
A: Section 18(1) allows a fine of up to EUR 30,000 for any of the contraventions listed in section 17, and up to EUR 60,000 for a subsequent contravention. Section 18(2) adds up to EUR 500 for each day a contravention continues after a fine has been imposed, according to its gravity.

Q: How is a fine imposed and when is it collected?
A: Section 19(1) requires the amount to be calculated according to the nature, gravity and duration of the contravention. Section 19(2) requires a reasoned decision, taken after the person concerned or a representative has been heard orally or in writing. A hierarchical appeal lies under section 20, and section 19(4) provides that the fine is collected only once the seventy five day period for a recourse to the Administrative Court has passed without one being filed.

Q: What conduct is caught by section 17?
A: Six things. Making a product available on the market that does not conform to the Law, the Regulation or the Regulations made under it. Failing to comply with a notice served under section 13. Failing to comply with obligations under the Law or the Regulations. Failing to give the authority documents or information about the product, where it is and how much of it has been placed or stored, within the time set, or obstructing that process, or giving false or misleading information or documents about the safety assessment. Deliberately obstructing an authorised officer or a customs officer. And failing to comply with the duties set by Regulation (EU) 2023/988.

Q: When does it become a criminal offence?
A: Section 21 makes it an offence, independently of any administrative fine, to make available a product presenting a serious risk to the health and safety of persons, to the environment or to public safety; to fail to comply with a notice issued under sections 13 and 14; to give false, misleading or inaccurate particulars, information or documents to the authority; or to fail to comply with section 12(7).

Q: What are the criminal penalties?
A: On a first conviction, imprisonment not exceeding two years or a fine not exceeding EUR 100,000, or both. On a second or subsequent conviction, imprisonment not exceeding three years or a fine not exceeding EUR 150,000, or both.

Q: Can someone injured by an unsafe product sue?
A: Yes, and section 25 says so directly. Subsection (1) makes breach of the general safety requirement, and of any other obligation under the Regulation, the Law or the Regulations and Orders made under it, a civil wrong under the Civil Wrongs Law as against any person who may suffer damage from that breach. Subsection (2) gives the injured person a right of action, subject to the legal principles that apply to actions for breach of statutory duty.

Q: Can that liability be excluded in the contract?
A: No. Section 25(3) provides that liability under subsections (1) and (2) cannot be limited or excluded by any contractual term, by any notice, or by any other provision. A supply agreement, a set of terms and conditions or a sign on a wall does not reach it.

Q: What counts as damage for that purpose?
A: Section 25(4) defines it narrowly: damage means bodily injury or death. Section 25 is not a route to recover economic loss or the price of the product. It is the route for the person the product hurt.

Q: What happened to the old law?
A: Section 32(1) repeals the General Product Safety Laws of 2004 to 2010 from the date the new Law came into force. Subsections (2) to (5) save what was made under them: regulations, notifications and other regulatory administrative acts are treated as made under the new Law and continue in force so far as they do not conflict with it; a reference in any document to a provision of the repealed laws is read as a reference to the corresponding provision of the new one; and a notice or decision issued under the repealed laws continues until it is annulled, suspended or expires.

Q: Can a consumer complain directly?
A: Section 28 provides that consumers and other interested parties may submit complaints to the authority. Section 16 gives an interested person a hierarchical appeal against a decision of the authority, which matters to the business on the other side of a complaint as much as to the person making it.

## Requisition Compensation: Lower Interest Proposed
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/property-requisition-law-amendment-consultation
Consultation has opened on a bill amending the Requisition of Property Law of 1962, cutting the interest paid on compensation and allowing electronic notice.

Q: What if I learn of the deposit too late?
A: A person who learns of the deposit only after the twelve months have passed may apply to the court within three months of learning of it, and the court may extend the time to apply by up to six months from the date of that application. The extension depends on the court being satisfied it is just and reasonable to grant it, not on the beneficiary's original entitlement, so it is a discretion rather than a right.

Q: What happens to files that are already pending?
A: A new transitional provision in Article 19 allows pending requisition files, where compensation was offered before the new law takes effect but has not been paid because the beneficiary did not respond or for other reasons, to be closed by depositing the amount with the Accountant General under the deposit provisions as amended. That is the point on which representations are most worth making while the consultation is open.

Q: Is the requisition reform in force?
A: Not yet. The Department of Lands and Surveys opened public consultation on 13 August 2026 on a bill amending the Requisition of Property for Public Benefit Purposes Law of 1962, Law 21/1962, and comments close on Friday, 25 September 2026. Clients with active files therefore have a window to make representations, particularly on the transitional provision, before the rules are settled.

Q: What would happen to the interest on requisition compensation?
A: Article 13 would be amended to reduce the statutory rate from four per cent to three per cent, aligning it with the rate that already applies in compulsory acquisition proceedings. The lower rate reduces what accrues on compensation left unpaid, which makes early engagement with the requisitioning authority worth more than it was when a file could sit at four per cent.

Q: Can compensation be paid without the owner accepting it?
A: The bill allows it. Where a person entitled to compensation refuses it, cannot be paid because of incapacity or absence from the Republic, or has died, or where the offer cannot otherwise be made, the requisitioning authority may deposit the compensation with the Accountant General for the beneficiary's account.

Q: How long would an owner have to dispute the amount?
A: Twelve months from the date of deposit to apply to the court for determination of the amount. It is a real limitation period rather than a formality: once it passes without an application, agreement on the amount is presumed. A person who learns of the deposit only afterwards may apply within three months of learning of it, and the court may extend the time by up to six months from that application, which depends on the court being satisfied rather than on the original entitlement.

Q: Could a requisition notice arrive by email or on a website?
A: Under the amended Article 15, yes. Notice and service could be carried out by electronic means, including posting on the requisitioning authority's website, alongside the existing methods. Service by electronic means is treated as effected when the sender receives an electronic indication that the notice was received and read, confirmed by the recipient, and a notice treated as validly served starts these time limits running whether or not it was seen promptly.

Q: What new purposes would allow property to be requisitioned?
A: Article 3 would add archaeological excavation, and the preservation, protection, maintenance or development of ancient monuments, antiquities and the areas around them, as express public purposes. Owners and advisers in areas of archaeological or heritage interest should note that this may bring more sites within the Department's reach.

## Property Scams and Red Flags in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/property-scams-and-red-flags-in-cyprus-a-buyers-field-guide
A buyer field guide to property scams and red flags in Cyprus: fake listings, unregistered agents, missing titles, pressure deposits and how to verify.

Q: What document must the seller attach to the contract?
A: A search certificate for the property, dated no more than five working days before the date of signature. Section 4(1A) of Law 81(I)/2011, added by the 2023 amending Law, requires the seller to include it as an integral part of the contract. A contract without one does not comply, and the non-compliance is the seller's.

Q: What happens to a seller who does not attach it?
A: Section 4(1B) allows the Director to impose an administrative fine of up to EUR 10,000, regardless of any criminal liability under the Law, after notifying the seller by registered letter of the reasons and allowing five working days for representations. So the absence of the certificate is not a formality anyone is entitled to wave through.

Q: Can the seller mortgage the property after I have signed?
A: Not without lodging your contract first. Section 4(1) obliges the seller, before mortgaging property that is the subject of a contract the buyer has not lodged, to lodge that contract under section 3. The obligation is conditional: it applies provided the buyer has performed their contractual obligations up to the date of lodging. A buyer behind on an instalment may have released the seller from the duty that was protecting them.

Q: Why does lodging matter so much in a scam?
A: Because section 5(1) provides that lodging the contract constitutes a charge over the property, taking priority from the date of lodging. Everything a dishonest seller can do to your position, they do in the window before you lodge. Section 3(1)(c) gives you six months from signature to close that window, and closing it early costs nothing.

Q: They are pressing me to pay a reservation fee today. Should I?
A: It is the classic opening. A reservation signed before any checking commits your money on terms you have not read. Legitimate sellers give you days to check.

Q: The seller has offered me their lawyer. Is that acceptable?
A: No. One lawyer does not serve two opposing interests, and the offer itself tells you the other side would prefer your interests to go unrepresented.

Q: I am told the permits will turn up. Is that normal?
A: Documents that exist are produced quickly. Documents promised repeatedly usually do not say what you were told they say.

Q: An email asks me to pay into a different account. What do I do?
A: Confirm any new payment instructions by telephone, on a number you already had, not on a number that arrived with the message.

## How a Cyprus Title Deed Is Issued
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/purchasing-property-cyprus
The permit sequence behind a separate title deed in Cyprus, from planning permission to division, where it stalls, and what it means for a buyer waiting.

Q: Why does a title deed take so long to issue?
A: Because it is the last step in a chain of permits held by the developer rather than a request made to the Land Registry: planning permission, then the building permit under the Streets and Buildings Regulation Law, Cap. 96, then the certificate of final approval, then the division permit that creates the individual units, and only then registration in separate units under Cap. 224 and the issue of separate deeds. Each link can fail, and a buyer can check most of the chain before committing.

Q: Which link matters most?
A: The certificate of final approval. It confirms that what was built corresponds to what was permitted, and it is the pivot of the whole sequence: without it the registration of the building cannot proceed normally, and a development that has departed from its permits will not obtain it until the departure is regularised.

Q: Does the brochure tell me what may lawfully be built?
A: No. The building permit is granted on the basis of a specific set of architectural and engineering drawings, and it is those drawings, not the marketing material, that define what may lawfully be built.

Q: What decides what is actually included in my unit?
A: The division permit as much as the contract. Where a building or plot is divided among several owners, that permit fixes the boundaries of each unit and allocates the common areas, including parking spaces, storerooms and yards.

Q: Can the buyer apply for the certificate of approval themselves?
A: They can, and it changes their position. Under section 10(5) of Cap. 96 the appropriate authority issues a certificate of approval on the application of the holder of the permit, or of any person having an interest in the building or the division, or of its own motion, once satisfied that the work was completed in accordance with the permit. A buyer who has paid and deposited their contract has an interest in the building, and does not depend solely on the developer choosing to move.

Q: Is it lawful to live in the property before the certificate of approval?
A: Section 10(1) is stricter than most people expect: no person shall occupy or use a building or any part of one, or cause or permit another to occupy or use it, until a certificate of approval has been issued, and that applies whether or not a building permit was granted under section 3. Occupying a newly built home before the certificate is not a paperwork formality, and the buyer who took the keys is inside the prohibition too.

Q: What deadlines does the Law set for the application?
A: Under section 10(2) the holder of the permit must, within a period not exceeding twenty one days from completion of the work, notify the appropriate authority of the completion and apply for the certificate. Under section 10(3) the supervising engineer must, within thirty days of completion of the work, or of completion of a large proportion of it, or of the start of use before the works were fully completed, submit a certificate to the appropriate authority. Where a title is said to be years late, the question worth asking is whether the twenty one day application was ever made.

Q: Does a building permit cover the whole building?
A: Not always. Under an express proviso to section 3, a permit may relate exclusively to a particular part of a building, leaving the remaining parts, for which no permit was issued, uncovered. A permit produced for inspection therefore does not mean a permit for the whole building. A change of use is equally something that requires a permit.

Q: Does the whole project have to wait for a certificate?
A: Not necessarily. Under section 10(6) the appropriate authority may issue a certificate of approval for part of the work, so a completed wing does not have to wait for an unfinished one.

## You Have Received a Lawyer's Letter. What Now?
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/received-a-lawyers-letter-cyprus
A demand letter is not a judgment, but the way you handle it is recorded. What not to do in the first twenty four hours, and what silence costs.

Q: Can replying make my position worse?
A: It can, if the reply acknowledges the debt. Section 17(a) of Law 66(I)/2012 interrupts limitation and starts it running afresh from the start where the person liable acknowledges the right of action against them in writing. A reply saying "I owe it but cannot pay now" is exactly that. A reply that asks for particulars, puts the sender to proof and reserves your position fully is not.

Q: Does a small payment to show good faith do any harm?
A: It depends on the size. Section 17(b) interrupts limitation on a money debt where the debtor completes payment of part of it exceeding 50 per cent of the total, including any interest payable. Below that threshold the payment alone does not restart the clock, but the message sent with it can amount to a written acknowledgement under paragraph (a), so the wording matters as much as the amount.

Q: How old can the claim against me be?
A: Section 7(1) gives six years for an action relating to a contract, from the day the cause of action was complete. Section 7(2) gives only three years for the agreed or reasonable fee of an advocate, doctor, dentist, architect, civil engineer, contractor or other independent professional. Section 8 gives six years where nothing else provides otherwise, and section 3 fixes the start at completion of the cause of action rather than at the date of the letter.

Q: If the claim is out of time, is it over?
A: Not automatically. Section 20 provides that the court does not take limitation into account of its own motion, and section 21 that it must be raised by pleading by a party with a legitimate interest. Unraised, it is not considered. Section 22 also allows the court to extend the limitation period by up to two years where it considers that just and reasonable in the circumstances.

Q: I paid something that turned out to be time-barred. Can I recover it?
A: No. Section 19 provides in terms that payments made by the debtor in ignorance that the limitation period had expired are not recoverable. That is why the date is checked before the payment rather than after it.

Q: Is a lawyer's letter legally binding?
A: No. It is the formal statement of a position: what is claimed, what is required and by when. It is not a claim, not a judgment, and proves nothing by itself. It is usually the last step before proceedings.

Q: Can I just ignore it?
A: Silence does not make the claim go away. It removes the cheapest opportunity to settle, and under the pre-action protocols the conduct of the parties before proceedings can be taken into account when the court awards costs.

Q: Should I reply straight away?
A: Not the same hour, and not while angry. Anything said in the heat of it can be read out later without the tone and without the context. Record the date of receipt and how it was delivered, gather the file, and then reply with a position rather than an argument.

Q: What if part of the claim is right?
A: That is the commonest situation, and the value lies in separating the part that is right from the part that is not. Where the claim is right, the question is terms rather than liability, and early terms are usually better terms.

## Recovering a Debt From a Cyprus Company That Will Not Pay
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/recovering-debt-cyprus-company-statutory-demand
Statutory demand, winding up petition or ordinary action: the options for recovering a debt from a Cyprus company, and how to choose between them.

Q: Is there a minimum amount?
A: Yes. Section 212(a) of Cap. 113 requires the sum owed to exceed EUR 5,000. Below that, a statutory demand does not raise the deemed inability to pay, and the winding-up route does not open this way.

Q: Where must it be served?
A: At the company's registered office. Section 212(a) says so in terms: the creditor serves the demand "by leaving it at the registered office of the company". Service at trading premises, by email, or on a director personally is not the same thing, and it is among the commonest reasons a demand collapses later.

Q: How long does the company have?
A: Three weeks. Section 212(a) deems the company unable to pay its debts where, for the three weeks after service, it has neglected to pay the sum or to secure or compound for it to the reasonable satisfaction of the creditor. Paying, securing and compounding are three separate escapes, and the last two are routinely overlooked.

Q: Is there a route without a statutory demand?
A: Two. Section 212(b) is satisfied by execution on a judgment in favour of a creditor being returned unsatisfied in whole or in part. Section 212(c) allows proof, to the satisfaction of the Court, that the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due. Both cost more than a demand, which is why the demand comes first.

Q: Can I serve a statutory demand for any debt?
A: It should be used where the debt is clear and undisputed. Serving one over a genuinely disputed debt can result in the application being dismissed and costs being awarded against the creditor.

Q: How quickly does it work?
A: Many debts are paid or settled at the demand stage, before any application is filed. Where they are not, the timetable is that of court proceedings.

Q: Will I get all my money back if the company is wound up?
A: Only if assets remain after secured and preferential claims. Unsecured creditors rank behind both.

Q: The company has no assets. Is it worth it?
A: Usually not, on its own. Where there is no realistic prospect of recovery we say so at the start rather than after a year of fees.

## Recovering Rent Arrears in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/recovering-rent-arrears-and-evicting-tenants-in-cyprus-a-landlords-guide
A landlord guide to recovering rent arrears and evicting tenants in Cyprus: notices, court procedure, timelines and the practical steps involved.

Q: Can I change the locks if the tenant will not pay?
A: No. Self-help, changing the locks, cutting off utilities or removing the tenant's belongings, exposes the landlord to civil and criminal liability, however clear the debt is.

Q: Which court has jurisdiction?
A: It depends on the status of the tenancy. A statutory tenant can be evicted only on the grounds the rent control legislation lays down and through the Rent Control Court. A contractual tenancy, and any tenancy within its contractual term, follows the tenancy agreement and the civil courts.

Q: What should I do first when an instalment is missed?
A: A written demand through a lawyer, with a clear deadline, and a record of every payment and every communication. In many cases the formal letter produces payment or an arrangement without a court.

Q: What should the tenancy agreement contain to protect me?
A: A meaningful deposit and, where it is justified, a guarantor; clear termination and repossession terms; interest on late payment; and an allocation of responsibility for utilities and common expenses. In commercial tenancies, rent reviews and personal guarantees from directors.

## A Long Lease Needs an Express Registration Clause
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/registered-leases-cyprus
The conditions in section 65Β(4) for registering a long lease, the clause most often missing, and where the lease stands without registration.

Q: When does a Cyprus lease have to be registered?
A: Under section 65Β(1) of Cap. 224, where property is leased for a period exceeding fifteen years, no right in rem is acquired by the lease unless it is registered. For a finance lease the threshold is lower: section 65ΛΑ(1) applies the same rule to a period exceeding ten years.

Q: What happens if a long lease is never registered?
A: No right in rem is created. The lease binds the landlord as a contract, but it does not give the tenant a registered interest capable of being transferred, sublet, inherited, charged or compulsorily sold, which is what section 65Γ(2) attaches to a registered lease.

Q: Why was our lease refused registration?
A: Most often because of section 65Β(4)(b): the contract does not expressly provide for registration under the section. The other common refusal is under paragraph (g), where the property is mortgaged and the written consent of the mortgagee, and of any guarantor, has not been produced.

Q: Can a registered lease be mortgaged?
A: Yes. Under section 65Γ(2) the right in rem acquired on registration may, subject to the terms of the lease, be transferred, sublet, inherited, charged and compulsorily sold.

Q: Can the landlord and tenant cancel a registered lease between themselves?
A: Not where anyone else has an interest. Section 65Ζ(2) requires, for dissolution before expiry, the written consent of the lessor, the lessee, any sublessee and every person in whose favour an encumbrance operates over the right, or alternatively a court order, which may provide for compensation or other protection of those interests.

Q: Does changing the rent count as an amendment?
A: No. Under section 65ΣΤ(4), an agreement altering fundamental terms such as the period, the rent or the property leased is not treated as an amendment at all: it is a new lease for all the purposes of the Law.

## Telecommuting in Cyprus: Employer Obligations
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/remote-work-legislation
What a Cyprus employer must agree, pay for and put in writing before an employee works remotely, and what the law forbids in monitoring staff at home.

Q: Does telecommuting change the employment status?
A: No. Section 6 settles it: the telecommuting agreement changes the way the work is performed without affecting the employment status.

Q: Can an employer in Cyprus simply tell staff to work from home?
A: Not as a rule. Section 3(1) of the Regulation of the Framework for the Organisation of Telecommuting Law of 2023, Law 120(I)/2023, provides that telecommuting is optional and agreed in writing between employer and employee, whether on recruitment, by amendment of the contract, or by collective agreement, and section 3(2) prohibits discrimination against an employee who does not consent. There are two exceptions, both requiring that the work can be provided remotely: a decision of the employer on public health grounds, which operates only where a Decree of the Minister of Health has been issued under the Quarantine Law and only for the period the Decree specifies, and a request by the employee where there is a documented health risk avoided by working remotely, for as long as that risk lasts.

Q: Who pays for the laptop and the internet connection?
A: The employer. Section 4(1) puts the cost of telecommuting on the employer rather than the employee, covering the equipment unless it is agreed that the employer's own equipment will be used, the telecommunications, the use of the home working space, the maintenance of the equipment and the repair of faults. The obligation extends to devices belonging to the employee, unless the contract provides otherwise or the fault is the employee's own doing, and the employer must provide technical support. An arrangement in which the employee uses their own laptop and their own connection at their own expense does not comply, so a bring your own device policy needs a costs allowance behind it and a record of what the allowance covers.

Q: Is the allowance treated as pay?
A: No. Section 4(3) provides that these sums are not remuneration: they are a deductible expense for the employer, they are not subject to tax or duty, no social insurance contributions are payable on them, and they are calculated proportionately by reference to the frequency and duration of the telecommuting and to whether equipment is supplied. Section 4(2) requires the Minister, after a cost study and consultation with the representatives of employees and employers, to fix the minimum amount by decision published in the Official Gazette.

Q: What has to be put in writing, and by when?
A: This is the obligation employers most often miss. Section 5(1) requires the employer, within eight days of the date telecommuting begins, to inform the employee in writing of the terms of employment differentiated because of it. The statement must cover at least the right to disconnect under section 10; an analysis of the section 4 costs and how the employer will meet them; the equipment required and the arrangements for support, maintenance and repair; any restriction on the use of equipment or IT tools and the sanctions for breach; the arrangement for remote availability and the periods within which the employee is to respond, subject to the Organisation of Working Time Law; the risks and the protection measures based on the written risk assessment required by section 9; the obligation to protect professional and personal data; and the supervisor from whom the employee takes instructions.

Q: Does the law apply to someone who works from home two days a week?
A: Yes. Telecommuting is defined by reference to work provided remotely with the use of technology, and it is not confined to a particular form of contract or to full time remote working. An employee who works from home two days a week is telecommuting on those two days and the obligations attach. The law works through the definition of employee in section 2, which excludes public servants, teachers in the public education service, staff of the public emergency services, members of the armed forces and the police, judges, investigators and staff of other law enforcement services.

Q: Can we monitor remote staff with a camera or screenshot software?
A: No. Section 8, which deals with the evaluation of a telecommuting employee's performance, prohibits monitoring employees through a camera or another application of a similarly intrusive character in order to check performance. It is an outright prohibition rather than a balancing exercise, and software taking periodic screenshots or images of the employee sits squarely within it. Performance evaluation must respect the employee's privacy, and the processing of employees' personal data engages the supervision of the Commissioner for Personal Data Protection, so any monitoring tool should be assessed before it is installed rather than after a complaint.

## Cyprus consumers are represented without opting in
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/representative-actions-consumers-cyprus
Law 91(I)/2023 lets a qualified entity sue for redress on behalf of every consumer affected unless they opt out, and no individual consumer pays costs.

Q: Who can bring a representative action?
A: Only a qualified entity. Section 4(1) of Law 91(I)/2023 confines representative actions to them, and section 4(3) names three kinds: the authorities that supervise the EU consumer law listed in the Schedule, private organisations that meet the six criteria in section 4(4), and entities designated by another Member State. A Cyprus private organisation applies to the Consumer Protection Service of the Ministry of Energy, Commerce and Industry, and must be a Cyprus legal person with twelve months of public consumer protection activity behind it, show a legitimate interest in its objects, be non-profit, be solvent and not struck off, be independent of traders with an economic interest in the action, and publish the information proving all of that together with its funding sources and structure.

Q: Do consumers have to sign up to be included?
A: Not if they live in Cyprus. Section 13(2) lets the qualified entity bring an action covering every consumer affected by the alleged infringement unless a consumer expressly declares that they do not wish to take part, within a reasonable period the court sets. The Law calls it representation by tacit consent. The proviso is the exception: a consumer who is not habitually resident in the Republic must in every case expressly state that they wish to be represented.

Q: What can the court order?
A: Two things, and both can be asked for in one action. Under section 6(2) the qualified entity may ask for an order, including an interim order, and for redress measures, and the court may give a single judgment. Section 12(1) lists what an order may require: immediate cessation and non-repetition of the infringement, publication of the judgment or of a corrective statement to remove continuing effects, and any other measure the court considers necessary or reasonable.

Q: Does a consumer risk costs?
A: Almost never. Section 17(1) provides that individual consumers concerned by a representative action for redress pay no legal costs. Section 17(2) keeps one exception: in exceptional cases the court may order an individual consumer to pay costs caused by their own intentional or negligent conduct. Between the parties themselves, section 13(7) applies the ordinary rule that the losing party pays.

Q: What happens to a consumer's own limitation period?
A: It stops. Section 7 provides that filing a representative action suspends the applicable limitation periods for the consumers concerned, so that they can bring their own action later over the same alleged infringement. Under section 7(3) the suspension runs from the filing until a final judgment or, where the consumer declares that they do not wish to be represented, until that declaration, and the Limitation of Actionable Rights Law applies by analogy.

Q: Can the trader be made to notify its own customers?
A: Yes. Under section 19(3) the court may, on the qualified entity's application, order the trader to inform every consumer concerned individually, at the trader's own expense, about a final judgment on redress or an approved settlement, by means suited to the case and within set deadlines. The duty falls away if the consumers learn of it another way.

Q: Is third party funding allowed?
A: Yes, under supervision. Section 15(1) lets the court check whether there is a conflict of interest between the funder and the subject matter of the action, and section 15(2) names the factors: whether funding by a third party with an economic interest diverts the action from protecting consumers, whether the entity's decisions including settlement decisions are unduly influenced, and whether the action is brought against a competitor of the funder or a trader the funder depends on. The court may order a financial overview of the funding, require the entity to refuse or change it, and if necessary refuse its standing in that action, without affecting the consumers' own rights.

## Reservation Agreements in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/reservation-agreements-in-cyprus-real-estate
What a reservation agreement in Cyprus does and does not secure under Cap. 149, when the deposit is refundable, and the five terms to settle before you pay it.

Q: What does it have to say to protect me?
A: That the money comes back if the investigation turns up a problem or if the essential terms are not agreed; which unit exactly is reserved, by number, area and position; for how long, and long enough for a real investigation; and at what price and on what essential terms.

Q: The seller is pressing me to sign today.
A: Manufactured time pressure is the oldest instrument in the transaction. A reservation exists precisely to buy the time to investigate. If the form does anything more than that, it does it for the seller.

Q: Is a reservation deposit refundable in Cyprus?
A: Only if the agreement says so. There is no statutory regime for reservation agreements in Cyprus: one takes effect as an ordinary contract under the Contract Law, Cap. 149, and on most developers' standard forms it is drafted to keep the money. The agreement should say in terms what happens to the deposit in each case: the buyer proceeds, the buyer withdraws, the seller withdraws, the period expires without a contract, and the buyer's searches reveal something that was not disclosed.

Q: Does a reservation agreement give me any rights over the property?
A: It gives you no interest in the property. A reservation agreement is not a contract of sale and cannot be deposited at the Department of Lands and Surveys under the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law of 2011, so it gives no priority against later mortgages, sales or other dealings. What the deposit buys is a period of exclusivity, and the value of that period depends on what the seller is barred from doing during it and what happens to the money at the end of it.

Q: Who should hold the reservation deposit?
A: A deposit held by the seller or the agent is spent money. A deposit held in a lawyer's client account against defined release conditions is recoverable. The difference costs nothing to agree at the outset and is close to impossible to fix afterwards.

Q: How long should the exclusivity period be?
A: The agreement must state a start date and an end date: "a reasonable period" is not a duration. Set the period against the work that has to be done inside it, namely a Land Registry search, the planning and permit position, the title situation, and the negotiation of the contract of sale itself. Four weeks is tight where there is no separate title deed.

Q: What can I recover if the seller breaks a reservation agreement?
A: Specific performance is theoretically available but rarely of practical use, because by the time proceedings could be brought the exclusivity period will have expired. The realistic remedy is damages measured by the buyer's wasted expenditure: legal fees, survey and search costs, and the cost of the time lost. They do not extend to the profit the buyer expected to make on a purchase that never completed.

## A Landlocked Plot in Cyprus: Rights of Way and Easements
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/right-of-way-landlocked-plot-cyprus
A landlocked plot in Cyprus can demand a right of way over neighbouring land against compensation under Cap. 224. How easements are created and ended.

Q: How is a right of way over someone else's land created in Cyprus?
A: Only in the ways section 11(1) of Cap. 224 lists: by a grant from the owner recorded at the District Lands Office, by thirty years of uninterrupted exercise, by decision of a competent court, under section 11Α for landlocked property, on compulsory acquisition, by written reservation when the property is transferred, or by decision of the Director securing access to a landlocked plot created on division and distribution.

Q: My plot has no access to a public road. What can I do?
A: Section 11Α(1) applies. Where property is landlocked for any reason so that it lacks the necessary access to a public road, or the existing access is inadequate for its proper use, development or exploitation, the owner is entitled to demand a passage over the neighbouring properties on payment of reasonable compensation.

Q: Who decides the route and the compensation?
A: The Director of the Land Registry, under section 11Α(2). The direction of the passage, the extent of the right to use it and the compensation are determined by the Director after notice to all interested parties, and a party who fails to attend the on-site inquiry does not stop the process.

Q: Does the right of way cover water and sewage pipes?
A: Yes. For the purposes of section 11Α, passage includes the right to channel water, sewage or any other liquid through channels, pipes or any other suitable means.

Q: Can a right of way be moved to a different route?
A: Yes. Under section 14(1), on the application of the owner of either the dominant or the servient property, the Director may fix or alter the position or direction of a right of way, channel, conduit, pipe, wire or similar, after thirty days' notice to all interested parties, provided neither property is affected worse than before.

Q: Can a right of way come to an end?
A: Yes, in three ways under section 12. It is treated as extinguished if abandoned by written notice to the District Lands Office or not exercised for a full period of thirty years. And where it is no longer needed, because a public road or another passage has opened, either owner may demand its abolition, which the Director carries out thirty days after notifying his decision, and not before any compensation he assesses has been paid.

## A Road Accident Claim in Cyprus, Step by Step
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/road-accident-claim-cyprus-steps
The steps after a road accident in Cyprus: the 24-hour report, the notices to the insurer, the insurer's three-month deadline, and the three-year limit.

Q: The other driver was convicted for the accident. Does that decide my claim?
A: No. The conviction does not prove the civil case, which is decided on its own evidence. Admissions of fact made in the criminal case can, however, bind the person who made them.

Q: I paid a fixed penalty without admitting anything. Have I admitted liability?
A: An out-of-court fixed penalty paid without admission is not an admission of negligence.

Q: I was not wearing a seat belt. Do I lose the claim?
A: Not wearing a seat belt or helmet can reduce compensation as contributory negligence where it contributed to the injury. It does not defeat the claim by itself.

Q: The accident was caused by the state of the road, not a driver. What then?
A: Claims against a road authority follow different routes, and one deadline is far shorter than the rest: damage from the exercise of public-road powers requires a written claim to the District Officer within two months. If the road itself is the cause, advice should be taken immediately.

## Solar Self-Consumption in Cyprus: Where the Rules Are Hiding
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/self-consumption-solar-cyprus-rules
The Cyprus self-consumption framework in Regulatory Decisions 02/2024 and 01/2025: why joint self-consumers must share a building, and the zero injection right.

Q: Where are the Cyprus self-consumption rules actually written?
A: Not in the statutes. In Regulatory Decision 02/2024 of the Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority, published as ΚΔΠ 375/2024 on 15 November 2024, as amended by Regulatory Decision 01/2025, ΚΔΠ 243/2025 of 1 August 2025. The two are read together.

Q: Can neighbours share a solar installation?
A: Only within the same building. The framework defines the geographical proximity required for self-consumers acting jointly as the boundaries of the same building. Sharing across separate buildings has to be structured differently.

Q: Can my generation be cut when the grid is constrained?
A: Section 38(2)(d) of Law 107(I)/2022 gives self-consumers with the technical capability of zero injection the right that electricity produced and remaining within their own installations is not curtailed where curtailment is applied to secure the system.

Q: Does the framework change my existing net metering arrangement?
A: Not automatically. The framework provides that existing offsetting schemes continue to apply their own terms, so which regime governs an installation depends on when and under what it was connected.

Q: Is there a limit on how big an installation can be?
A: The framework contemplates that limits may be set on maximum capacity, with the Distribution System Operator submitting a proposal. It is a point to check at the time rather than to assume.

## Letting short term in Cyprus: the register, and the number
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/short-term-letting-register-cyprus
A self-service unit cannot be let unless it is on the Register, the registration number appears in every advertisement, and the licence is renewed every three years.

Q: Do I have to register a holiday apartment I let out?
A: If it is a self-service unit, yes, and the prohibition is on letting rather than on advertising. Section 16A(1) of Law 34(I)/2019 provides that a self-service unit may not be let or rented unless three conditions are all met: it has the characteristics and specifications of a detached dwelling, a tourist furnished villa or an individual apartment as the Fifth Schedule defines them; it is entered on the Register of Self-Service Accommodation kept by the Deputy Ministry of Tourism; and it keeps its registration licence in force and renewed.

Q: Where does the registration number have to appear?
A: Everywhere the unit is offered. Section 16A(2) permits the owner, the beneficial user, the businessman with the owner's authorisation, or the unit proprietor to advertise, let or rent the unit provided it is on the Register and has obtained a registry number, and that number is stated in the advertisement, in the promotion of the unit, and in all related transactions. Paragraph 1(d) of the Fifth Schedule adds that on registration the Deputy Ministry issues a special sign and a registration number which is displayed and declared in all transactions.

Q: How long does registration take, and how long does it last?
A: Under paragraph 1(c) of the Fifth Schedule the Deputy Ministry examines the application within two months of the Responsible Declaration being filed and informs the applicant whether it is approved or rejected, with reasons if it is rejected. Under paragraph 1(d) the first registration licence is valid for three years from issue, and under paragraph 1(e) it is renewed every three years on an application submitted within the three months before the current licence expires, with the renewal fee.

Q: What has to be true before I can file the declaration?
A: Paragraph 1(b) of the Fifth Schedule requires an application on the prescribed form for the type of unit, the prescribed registration fee for its category, and a Responsible Declaration certifying three things: registration with the Tax Department, meaning the tax identification number of the owner or manager and VAT registration where the legislation requires it; the details of the unit together with the minimum technical and functional specifications; and all-risks insurance for the unit covering fire and civil liability.

Q: What is the penalty for letting without registration?
A: Section 22(1) makes it an offence to keep or operate a self-service unit without a registration licence, or after the licence has been revoked, and to use the term self-service accommodation for a unit that has no licence. On conviction the penalty is imprisonment of up to one year or a fine of up to 5,000 euro or both, and where the contravention continues after conviction there is a further offence carrying a further fine of up to 200 euro for each day it continues. Section 22(2) lets the Court order the operation to stop, and section 23(1) allows the Deputy Ministry to impose an administrative fine of 2,000 euro, rising to 4,000 euro on repetition or continuation.

## The Six Month Deadline to Deposit Your Contract
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/six-month-deadline-deposit-contract-cyprus
Section 3 of N. 81(I)/2011 requires deposit within six months of signature. When the period does not start at signature, and the power of the court to allow late deposit.

Q: What does lodging actually give me?
A: Section 5(1) of Law 81(I)/2011 provides that lodging the contract constitutes a charge over the property, and that the charge takes its priority from the date of lodging. It does not make you the owner; it puts you in the queue on the title, ahead of anything registered after you.

Q: Without lodging, do I lose specific performance?
A: It becomes discretionary rather than a right. Section 6(1) requires the contract to be lodged under sections 3(1) and 3A and the action to be brought within the limitation period. Section 6(2) allows the Court to order specific performance of a written but unlodged contract, or an oral one, where it considers that just and reasonable and provided third-party rights arising from earlier charges or prohibitions are not affected.

Q: The deadline has passed. Is there a route?
A: Section 12 allows the Court, on an application, to permit the lodging of a contract or the bringing of an action for specific performance for contracts that remain in force and were concluded at any time, even where the period provided for that purpose or the time limit for lodging has passed. It is an application, with costs and uncertainty, and it depends on what has been registered in the meantime.

Q: Must the seller attach a search certificate?
A: Yes, since the 2023 amending Law. Section 4(1A) requires the seller to include, as an integral part of the contract, a search certificate for the property dated no more than five working days before signature. Section 4(1B) allows the Director to impose an administrative fine of up to EUR 10,000 for non-compliance.

Q: What is the deadline for depositing the contract?
A: Section 3 of the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law, N. 81(I)/2011, provides for deposit at the District Lands Office within six months of the date of signature of the contract.

Q: Does the period always run from signature?
A: No. The Law provides for variations, including where land is exchanged for units, in which case the six months count for the landowner from the transfer of the land to the developer, and where the seller is not yet the registered owner. Before concluding a deadline was missed, establish when it started.

Q: Is a late deposit possible?
A: Yes. Section 12 lets the Court permit a late deposit, or a late action for specific performance, for a contract still in force concluded at any time, where it considers that just and reasonable for the protection of the buyer. That is the statutory test; what weighs in practice includes the explanation for the delay and whether a third party acquired rights in the meantime.

Q: Is my contract worthless if it was never deposited?
A: No. It remains a contract and the ordinary remedies for breach remain available. What is missing is the protection the deposit gives against third parties, which is exactly the protection that matters when the seller has creditors.

## The 60-day rule: the condition that was repealed
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/sixty-day-rule-condition-missed
Until 2026 a person tax resident anywhere else could not use the rule. Law 244(I)/2025 removed that condition. What is left, and the proviso that still costs a year.

Q: What does section 2 say now?
A: Section 2(a) of Law 244(I)/2025 replaced the definition of resident of the Republic with effect from 1 January 2026. For an individual it is now either more than 183 days in Cyprus in the tax year, or: an individual who does not remain in one other state for one or more periods totalling more than 183 days within the same tax year, provided they satisfy cumulatively that they remain in the Republic for at least 60 days in the tax year; carry on any business in the Republic and/or are employed in the Republic and/or hold an office in a person tax resident in the Republic at any time during the year, subject to a proviso disqualifying them if any of those is terminated during the year; and maintain a permanent home in the Republic which they own or rent. The requirement that the individual not be a tax resident in any other state is no longer there.

Q: Does it matter if the permanent home stops being held?
A: Yes. The permanent residential property in Cyprus, owned or rented, has to be held through the year. A tenancy that lapsed in October is a failed condition rather than a detail, in the same way that a business, employment or office which ceased before 31 December costs the year.

Q: What are the conditions of the Cyprus 60 day rule?
A: From the 2026 tax year: one gateway and three conditions. The gateway is that you do not remain in one other state for periods totalling more than 183 days in the same tax year. Then, cumulatively, at least sixty days of presence in Cyprus in the tax year; a business carried on in Cyprus and/or employment in Cyprus and/or an office in a person tax resident in Cyprus at any time during the year, none of them terminated during that year; and a permanent home in Cyprus owned or rented by you. For tax years up to 2025 there was a fifth requirement, that you not be a tax resident in any other state, and Law 244(I)/2025 removed it.

Q: I am still tax resident in my old country. Can I use the rule?
A: From the 2026 tax year, yes. The requirement that you not be a tax resident in any other state was in the definition until the end of 2025 and is not in the definition Law 244(I)/2025 substituted. What still applies is the gateway, so you must not have spent more than 183 days in that one other state in the same year. Being resident in two states at once then raises the tie-breaker in the applicable double tax convention and filing obligations in both, which is a different problem from the one Cyprus used to create. For a tax year up to and including 2025 the old requirement still decides the answer.

Q: How exactly are the days counted?
A: By day, on a specific convention. The day of arrival in Cyprus counts as a day in Cyprus and the day of departure counts as a day outside it; arriving and departing on the same day counts as one day in Cyprus, and departing and returning on the same day counts as one day outside it. Anyone relying on sixty days should keep the evidence as they go, because reconstructing a year of movement from memory in front of an authority with its own record is an avoidable weakness.

Q: Do the conditions apply if I am here more than 183 days?
A: No. The 183 day rule is a separate route and needs none of the other conditions, so where presence in Cyprus is comfortably over 183 days none of the 60 day requirements arise at all.

Q: Does it matter if my Cyprus employment or tenancy ends during the year?
A: Yes, and this is treated as a failed condition rather than a technicality. The business, employment or office must not have ceased by the end of the tax year, and the permanent residential property has to be held through it, so an activity that stopped before 31 December or a tenancy that lapsed in October costs the year.

## Source of Funds: Why Your Money Is Stuck at the Cyprus Bank
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/source-of-funds-cyprus-property
Why a Cyprus bank holds an incoming property payment, what source-of-funds evidence satisfies compliance, and how to prepare the file in advance.

Q: Why does the bank need this if I am the one sending money to Cyprus, not taking it out?
A: Because the obligation is on the bank to know the origin of funds it receives, not on you to justify spending your own money. The review is about the bank's file, which is why the answer is documentary rather than personal.

Q: Can my company or my father send the money instead?
A: They can, but it triggers a second review of that payer, and it is the most common single cause of long delays. If a third party is genuinely funding the purchase, disclose it in advance with their evidence and a signed explanation of the gift or loan.

Q: How far back do the statements have to go?
A: Far enough to show the money accumulating or arriving. There is no fixed rule, and it varies between banks, but three months rarely explains a large one-off deposit while a two-year run usually does.

Q: The bank keeps asking for one more thing. Is that normal?
A: It is common, and usually a sign that the file is being answered in instalments. Ask for the complete outstanding list in writing and respond to all of it at once.

Q: Does using a Cyprus lawyer speed this up?
A: It removes friction rather than granting privileges. The file gets assembled in the form the bank expects, translations are arranged before they are needed, and the correspondence is handled in one channel.

Q: Can I complete the purchase while the funds are still under review?
A: That depends on your contract, not on the bank. Check the payment deadlines and any interest or termination provisions before you rely on the seller waiting.

## Specific Performance in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/specific-performance-in-cyprus-how-a-deposited-contract-of-sale-protects-the-buyer
How depositing a contract of sale at the Cyprus Land Registry gives the buyer specific performance, and what protection it offers against the seller.

Q: What does depositing the contract of sale actually do?
A: The deposited contract operates as an encumbrance on the property, establishes the buyer's priority against later mortgages, sales and other dealings, and preserves the right to apply to the court for specific performance: an order compelling the transfer of the property into the buyer's name on the terms of the contract. Without the deposit, the buyer holds only a personal claim for damages against the seller, which is small comfort if the seller is insolvent or the property has been resold.

Q: Is there a deadline for depositing the contract?
A: Yes, the law sets strict time limits for depositing the contract after signature. Missing them can be remedied only in limited circumstances, with court leave, and sometimes not at all. The safe practice is simple: deposit immediately.

Q: Do contracts still need to be stamped before deposit?
A: For contracts of sale signed from 1 January 2026 no stamping arises: the Stamp Duty Laws were repealed with effect from that date by the Stamp Duty (Repeal) Law of 2025, Law 239(I)/2025. Contracts signed before that date remain governed by the old regime as regards stamping, by section 10(2) of the Interpretation Law, Cap. 1.

Q: What can I do if the seller refuses to transfer the property?
A: A buyer with a deposited contract can sue for specific performance and register the judgment, effectively completing the purchase through the court. The remedy is discretionary and the buyer must have performed their own obligations, principally payment, so clean records of every payment are critical.

Q: Does the protection carry across on a resale by assignment?
A: Only if the assignment is itself deposited. Assignments of contractual rights, common in resales of properties without separate title deeds, must also be deposited to carry the protection across to the new buyer.

## Stamp Duty Abolished in Cyprus: What the Repeal Changes
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/stamp-duty-cyprus-repeal
Cyprus repealed the Stamp Duty Laws with effect from 1 January 2026. What no longer needs stamping, what still does, and what the repeal does not undo.

Q: Does the repealing Law say anything about old documents?
A: No. Law 239(I)/2025 has a short title and one operative section. Section 2 provides that the Stamp Duty Laws of 1963 to 2024 are repealed on 1 January 2026, and that is the whole of it: no transitional provisions, no saving for existing documents, and no refund machinery. The question is therefore answered by the general law on the effect of a repeal.

Q: What is that general law?
A: Section 10(2) of the Interpretation Law, Cap. 1. Unless a contrary intention appears, a repeal does not revive anything not in force when it takes effect, does not affect the previous operation of the repealed enactment or anything duly done under it, and does not affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under it. Nor does it affect any investigation, proceeding or remedy in respect of those, which may be begun, continued or enforced as if the repealing Law had not been passed.

Q: Is duty that accrued before 2026 wiped out?
A: No. A liability that accrued under the repealed Laws is a liability incurred under them, and section 10(2)(c) of Cap. 1 preserves it. Section 10(2)(e) preserves the remedy for it as well. The repeal removes the obligation going forward; it does not clear what had already arisen.

Q: Can I claim back duty I already paid?
A: Nothing in Law 239(I)/2025 provides for a refund, and section 10(2)(b) of Cap. 1 preserves anything duly done under the repealed enactment. Duty properly paid before the repeal was properly paid. If you think it was not properly due in the first place, that is a different question and turns on the old Law rather than on the repeal.

Q: I signed my contract in December 2025 but the transfer completes in 2026. Is duty payable?
A: Yes. Duty arose when the document was first signed. The repealing Law carries no saving provision, so section 10(2) of the Interpretation Law, Cap. 1 applies: a repeal does not affect a liability that had already arisen under the repealed Law. Duty that had arisen by 31 December 2025 stays payable.

Q: Does the Land Registry still require a contract to be stamped before deposit?
A: Not for documents first signed on or after 1 January 2026. The conditions for deposit are those of the Specific Performance Law itself: registered title, a written signed contract, and deposit within six months of signing.

Q: Does the repeal affect documents other than property contracts?
A: The repeal is general and excepts no category of document.

## A Cyprus tender challenge now costs a guarantee
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/tender-review-authority-cyprus
An interim measure now needs a personal guarantee of one per cent of the contract value, capped at 50,000 euro, and the works threshold has risen to one million.

Q: How long is there to challenge a tender decision?
A: Under section 21(1)(a) of Law 104(I)/2010, fifteen calendar days from the day after the decision was sent, where it was sent by facsimile or electronic means. Where other means of communication were used, section 21(1)(b) gives either fifteen calendar days from the day after it was sent or ten calendar days from the day after it was received. Section 21(4) is separate: where the complaint is about technical, economic or financial specifications in the notice or the tender documents, which are not specifically notified, the recourse is brought within ten calendar days of the date the act or decision was published.

Q: What is the guarantee introduced in 2025?
A: Law 189(I)/2025 added section 24(1A). A tenderer asking for an interim measure must file, with the recourse form, a declaration that it will provide a personal guarantee; without that declaration the request is rejected. If the contracting authority objects and the Authority still grants interim measures, the tenderer must lodge a personal guarantee in favour of the contracting authority within five working days, in an amount of one per cent of the estimated contract value with a maximum of €50,000, or €10,000 where the estimated value is not specified. If the five working days pass, the interim measure is cancelled, the authority may proceed, and the tenderer suffers no other consequence.

Q: What happens to the guarantee at the end?
A: It depends on the outcome. If the contracting authority's act or decision is upheld, the guarantee becomes payable. If it is not paid on first demand, that is professional misconduct on the part of the issuer of the guarantee, who is excluded from participating in future public tenders until it complies. If the Authority annuls the act or decision under section 25, or the recourse is withdrawn, the guarantee is returned within ten working days of the decision.

Q: Does the challenge stop the contract being signed?
A: Yes, for a period. Section 22(1) provides that the period for bringing a recourse under section 21(1), and the two working days in section 24(1), prevent the conclusion of the contract. Section 22(2) provides that where a recourse is brought, that period is extended until the date of the Authority's decision on interim measures. Section 23 lists the cases where the standstill does not apply.

Q: How fast does the Authority move?
A: Under section 24(1) it notifies the contracting authority within two working days of the recourse being registered, and asks it to appear within two working days if an interim measure is sought, and to file a written report within ten working days. Section 24(3) requires the decision on interim measures within five working days of that notification. Section 25(1) requires the decision on the recourse itself no later than forty five calendar days after the hearing is completed.

Q: Can the contract be undone after it is signed?
A: Only on the section 27 grounds, and within the section 26 limits. The recourse asking for a contract to be declared ineffective is brought within thirty calendar days of the day after the award notice was published with reasons or the interested tenderers were informed with a summary of the reasons, and otherwise within six months of the day after the contract was concluded. Section 27(a) covers an award made without prior publication in the Official Journal where that was not permitted. Section 27(b) covers a contract signed while a recourse was pending, or while interim measures were in force, or in breach of the standstill, or without informing the interested tenderers, where the breach affected the applicant's chances and is combined with a breach of the procurement legislation.

Q: Where does a claim for damages go?
A: To the Nicosia District Court. Section 33 provides that annulment by the Authority of the act or decision creates a right, where the interested party has suffered loss, to claim damages from the contracting authority by action in the Court, and section 2 defines the Court as the Nicosia District Court. That is a different forum from section 32, which sends a challenge to the Authority's own decision, act or omission to the Administrative Court under Article 146 of the Constitution.

## Termination of Employment in Cyprus: Notice and Compensation
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/termination-of-employment-cyprus
Dismissal under Cyprus Law 24/1967: the employer bears the burden, notice from one to eight weeks, compensation up to two years' wages, and the redundancy scale.

Q: How much notice am I entitled to in Cyprus?
A: Under section 9 of Law 24/1967, from one week after twenty six weeks of continuous employment, rising in steps to eight weeks after three hundred and twelve weeks, which is six years. The employer may pay in lieu under section 11. Your own notice to the employer, under section 10, tops out at three weeks.

Q: I was dismissed without any reason being given. Is that lawful?
A: The Law approaches it from the other end: under section 6(1) the termination is presumed not to have been for one of the lawful reasons in section 5 until the employer proves the contrary. An employer who gave no reason at the time starts that exercise badly. Tell us your start date, how the employment ended, and what, if anything, was said.

Q: What is the most the court can award for unlawful dismissal?
A: The First Schedule sets the frame: never less than the redundancy payment the employee would have received, and never more than two years' wages. Within it the Industrial Disputes Court weighs the wages and other benefits, the length of service, the lost career prospects, the circumstances of the dismissal and the employee's age. For employers with more than nineteen staff, a manifestly unlawful or bad-faith dismissal can also ground an order for re-employment.

Q: My employer says I am redundant but is hiring for my job. What can I do?
A: Redundancy is defined in section 18, and a termination that does not fit the definition is not redundancy whatever the letter calls it. Two provisions do the work: the section 6 presumption puts the burden on the employer to prove the reason, and section 22 obliges an employer who rebuilds the same workforce within eight months to give priority to those it made redundant. Keep the advertisement or the announcement: it is evidence.

Q: I resigned because the situation became impossible. Do I have any rights?
A: Possibly, under section 7: an employee who lawfully terminates because of the employer's conduct is treated as dismissed by the employer. The burden of showing the conduct justified leaving rests on you, which is why the time to take advice is before resigning, while the evidence still exists and can be kept.

Q: How is the redundancy payment calculated?
A: From the fund, on the Fourth Schedule scale: two weeks' wages per year of service for the first four years, rising by half a week per band to four weeks per year for years twenty one to twenty five, with a remainder of twenty six weeks or more counting as a year. The wage used is the last week's. The payment cannot be assigned or attached.

Q: Was I even entitled to notice during probation?
A: During a valid probation, no: either side may decide the employment should not continue without notice. But the probation itself has limits: it cannot exceed one hundred and four weeks, and anything beyond twenty six weeks counts only if agreed in writing at the start of the employment. A long probation produced for the first time at dismissal fails that test.

## Title Deeds in Cyprus: The Register, the Search and the Transfer
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/title-deeds-cyprus-guide
What a Cyprus title deed records, how to read a Land Registry search certificate, why a property may have no separate deed, and how a transfer is completed.

Q: What is a title deed in Cyprus?
A: It is an entry in a register held by the Department of Lands and Surveys, not a document you keep in a drawer. The certificate of registration is only evidence of what the register says, and what decides whether a purchase is safe is what is written against the property on the day the search is carried out.

Q: How do I check the title of a Cyprus property?
A: Obtain a search certificate from the District Lands Office. It shows the registered owner and the share held by each co-owner, the description, location and extent of the property, and the entries affecting it: mortgages, memos registered by judgment creditors, prohibitions on dealing, registered leases, rights of way, notes recording unauthorised construction, and the deposit of a contract of sale by a buyer.

Q: Can I buy a property in Cyprus that has no separate title deed?
A: A great many properties in Cyprus are lawfully bought and sold with no separate deed in existence, because the deed for a unit on a development comes at the end of a chain of permits and registrations. The absence of a deed is not by itself a reason to walk away, but it changes what the buyer is acquiring and how the purchase has to be structured; where the seller holds contractual rights rather than a registration, the transaction proceeds by assignment.

Q: What entries on a Cyprus title can stop a transfer?
A: A mortgage over the property, or over the whole development in which it sits, has to be released or waived before the title can be transferred free of it. Memos registered by judgment creditors and prohibitions on dealing stand until removed, and notes recording unauthorised works are among the most consequential entries on a Cyprus title: they can block a transfer and pass a liability to the buyer.

Q: How much are the transfer fees?
A: Transfer fees are payable to the Land Registry on the value assessed for that purpose, in bands: three per cent up to €85,000, five per cent from €85,000 to €170,000, and eight per cent above that, with a reduction of fifty per cent applied to the amount so calculated, and no transfer fees at all where VAT has been charged on the acquisition. The figures have been amended more than once and should be confirmed for the specific property at the time of the transaction.

Q: When do I actually become the owner?
A: On registration at the District Lands Office. Payment of the balance, handover of the keys and possession of the property are all matters of contract; only the entry in the register makes you the owner.

Q: Does the seller have to give me a search certificate?
A: Under Law 132(I)/2023 the seller is required to include a Land Registry search certificate in the contract of sale as an integral part of it, bearing a date not more than five working days before the date the contract is signed. That is useful, but it is not a substitute for a search obtained on your own instructions.

## Trade marks in Cyprus: registering, and keeping the right
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/trade-marks-cyprus
Cap. 268 as rewritten by Law 63(I)/2020: what a mark can be, absolute and relative grounds, what registration lets you stop, opposition, and the five year use rule.

Q: We have used our name for years. Do we already own it?
A: Not as a trade mark. Section 5 provides that the right of ownership in a mark is acquired by registration in the Register. What long use builds is a passing off claim, which section 9(6) expressly preserves by providing that the infringement provisions do not affect section 35 of the Civil Wrongs Law. The two are different rights, proved differently, and only one of them appears on a register a buyer or a bank can search.

Q: Our mark describes what we sell. Is it registrable at all?
A: Possibly, on evidence. Descriptiveness is section 6(1)(c) and lack of distinctive character is section 6(1)(b), but section 6(4) accepts a mark caught by those paragraphs where it acquired distinctive character through use before the filing date, and section 6(5) extends that to distinctiveness acquired after filing but before registration. Assemble the evidence of use before abandoning the mark.

Q: Someone registered a company with our brand name. Can we stop it?
A: Section 9(3)(d) is directly on the point: where the conditions of section 9(2) are met, the proprietor may prohibit use of the sign as a trade or company name or as part of one. That the Registrar of Companies accepted the name at incorporation does not answer the trade mark right.

Q: How long do we have to oppose someone else's application?
A: Three months from publication of the decision accepting the application, and section 28(1) describes the period as preclusive. On absolute grounds anyone with a legitimate interest may oppose; on relative grounds it is for the proprietors of the earlier marks or rights.

Q: We are opposing, but we have not used our mark much. Does that matter?
A: It can end the opposition. Under section 31, on the applicant's request you must prove genuine use of the earlier mark during the five years preceding the filing or priority date of the later mark, or proper reasons for non use. If you do not, the opposition is rejected without the merits being examined. Where you used the mark for only part of the goods, it is treated as registered only for that part.

Q: Our mark is well known. Does that help against different goods?
A: Yes, and that is the third limb of section 9(2). Where the mark has a reputation in the Republic, the proprietor may prevent use of an identical or similar sign whether or not the goods or services are similar, if use without due cause would take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the mark.

Q: Can a competitor mention our brand in their advertising?
A: Sometimes. Section 13(1)(c) permits use of the mark itself to identify or refer to goods or services as those of the proprietor, which is what makes compatibility statements, spare parts and repair services possible. But section 9(3)(f) prohibits use in comparative advertising in a manner contrary to the misleading and comparative advertising directive, so the referential use has to stay within those limits.

Q: When does our registration expire?
A: Ten years from the filing date of the application, under section 34(1), not from the date the registration was granted. Renewal is by decade, applied for with the fee in the last six months of the term, or within a further six months after expiry on payment of an increased fee. The Office is required to notify you six months before, but section 34(4) states that it bears no liability if it fails to, so keep your own diary.

Q: Can we register a sound, or the shape of our packaging?
A: Section 4 expressly allows both, along with words, personal names, designs, letters, numerals and colours, provided the sign distinguishes and is represented in the Register in a way that lets the authorities and the public determine clearly and precisely what is protected. Shape has its own limit: section 6(1)(e) excludes a shape or other characteristic imposed by the nature of the goods, necessary to obtain a technical result, or giving substantial value to the goods.

Q: Our distributor registered our mark in their own name.
A: Section 12 addresses exactly that. Where an agent or representative, or their lawyer, registers or applies to register the proprietor's mark without authority, the proprietor may oppose the use of it and may demand assignment of the mark, unless the agent justifies the action. Section 6(3) may also be available, since an application made in bad faith may be refused or declared invalid.

## Six months of probation, and no ban on a second job
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/transparent-predictable-working-conditions-cyprus
Law 25(I)/2023 caps probation at six months, requires written terms in seven days, limits on-demand work, and stops a blanket ban on a second job.

Q: How long can a probationary period be?
A: Six months. Section 15(1) of Law 25(I)/2023 provides that where an employment relationship provides for a probationary period, that period cannot exceed six months, whatever arrangements applied before the Law came into force. For a fixed term relationship the probation has to be proportionate to the expected duration of the contract and the nature of the work. Section 15(2) adds that where a fixed term contract is renewed for the same post and the same duties, no new probationary period is required. Section 15(3) excludes directors of legal persons from the maximum.

Q: Can my employer stop me taking a second job?
A: Not as a blanket rule. Section 16 provides that an employer may not prohibit an employee from taking work with other employers outside the working hours fixed in the contract, and may not treat the employee adversely for doing so. The employer may restrict parallel employment at recruitment, but only by setting out specific objective reasons in writing, and the objective reasons have to relate to health and safety, protection of business confidentiality, the integrity of the public sector, or the avoidance of conflicts of interest.

Q: When must I be given my terms in writing?
A: In two instalments. Under section 12(1) the basic information, covering the terms listed in the paragraphs of section 11(3) that it names, is given individually in one or more documents within a period that begins on the first working day and ends no later than the seventh calendar day from the start of the employment. Under section 12(2) the supplementary information is given in a document within one month of the first day. Section 12(3) requires information on the legal framework to be provided free of charge, clearly and accessibly, remotely and by electronic means.

Q: Can I ask for more secure hours?
A: Section 19(1) gives an employee with at least six months of service with the same employer, who has completed any probationary period the contract provides for, the right to request a transition to a form of employment with more predictable and secure working conditions, where such employment is available, and to receive a reasoned written reply. Section 19(2) requires that reply within one month of the request.

Q: I am on call and the shift was cancelled. Can I refuse work?
A: Section 17(1) says that where the pattern of work is entirely or mostly unpredictable, the employee cannot be required to work unless two conditions are met: the work falls within predetermined reference hours and days, and the employee has been told of the assignment within a reasonable period before it starts. Section 17(2) provides that if at least one of those is not met, the employee may refuse the assignment without suffering any adverse consequence.

## Do UK companies still need an EU representative?
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/uk-companies-eu-representative
A UK company offering goods or services to people in the Union, or monitoring them, needs an Article 27 representative. The exemption is narrow.

Q: Does a UK company still need an EU representative after Brexit?
A: Leaving the Union created the obligation rather than ending it. Article 3(2) of the GDPR reaches a controller or processor with no establishment in the Union where the processing relates to offering goods or services to people in the Union or to monitoring their behaviour in it, and Article 27 then requires a representative to be designated in writing. While the United Kingdom was a Member State its companies were established in the Union and Article 27 did not apply; from the end of the transition period a UK company with no EU establishment stands where a company in New York or Tel Aviv stands.

Q: Our processing is small. Does the Article 27(2) exemption cover us?
A: It is not a small business exemption, and this is where most self-assessments go wrong. The exemption applies only where the processing is occasional, does not include on a large scale special category data under Article 9 or criminal conviction data under Article 10, and is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of individuals. The three limbs are cumulative. A shop shipping to Union customers all year, a product with European users logging in daily and an app profiling European visitors are none of them occasional.

Q: Is the representative the same thing as a Data Protection Officer?
A: No. The Data Protection Officer under Article 37 is an oversight role with its own independence requirements, and a company can need both. The representative is the company's point of contact in the Union, named in the privacy notice, addressable by supervisory authorities and by individuals on all issues related to the processing, and it holds the Article 30 record so that the record can be produced to an authority on request. It is not a liability shield either: the obligations remain the controller's.

Q: Which Member State should the representative be in?
A: Article 27(3) requires the representative to be established in one of the Member States where the people whose data is processed are. Where a company serves the whole Union any Member State qualifies, which turns the choice into a practical question of language, responsiveness and who is actually behind the address.

Q: We are an EU company selling into Britain. Does this work in reverse?
A: It does. The UK GDPR requires a company established in the Union with no UK establishment, which offers goods or services to people in the United Kingdom or monitors them, to appoint a UK representative. One appointment does not satisfy the other, and companies commonly discover the second obligation only when a customer asks.

## Notes on Cyprus Title Deeds
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/unauthorised-works-and-notes-on-cyprus-titles-what-they-mean-for-buyers-and-owners
What notes for unauthorised works on a Cyprus title deed mean for buyers and owners, the risks they create and how to deal with them before you buy.

Q: Does every note about unauthorised works stop a sale?
A: No, and the difference decides whether a sale can complete. Where the works are of minor significance, section 10Β of Cap. 96 allows a certificate of approval with notes: the title issues carrying a note of irregularity, which does not by itself prevent a dealing. Where the works are of substantial significance, section 10Γ allows a certificate of unauthorised works, which leads to a prohibition on voluntary transfer and encumbrance, and that is the entry that stops a sale.

Q: What counts as works of substantial significance?
A: Erection or division outside the boundaries of the property, a substantial effect on the amenities of neighbouring properties, or an effect on public safety, on other buildings or on public health.

Q: Are there exceptions to the prohibition on transfer?
A: Yes, set by the section itself. It does not apply to an involuntary transfer or encumbrance, to succession, to a gift to a spouse, children or a relative to the third degree, or to a transfer or mortgage in favour of a licensed credit institution or credit acquiring company in a restructuring. A voluntary transfer also excludes one made after specific performance, after a court order, after forced execution, or on a sale following a mortgage, so a buyer who deposited his contract is not in the same position as a seller trying to sell voluntarily.

Q: Who is responsible for unauthorised works after a sale?
A: Responsibility follows the property. A buyer who acquires a property subject to such a note steps into the seller's position, without any right of recourse unless this was contractually secured, and the note will resurface when the owner attempts to sell, mortgage or transfer the property.

Q: How can unauthorised works be regularised?
A: Depending on the nature of the works, by obtaining the necessary permits retrospectively, by amending the approved plans, or by taking advantage of the regularisation schemes which the legislature enacts from time to time for minor and intermediate irregularities. The process requires an architect or civil engineer to document the works.

## Unfair commercial practices in Cyprus: what is banned
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/unfair-commercial-practices-cyprus
Part II of Law 112(I)/2021: the four routes to unfairness, misleading actions and omissions, aggressive practices, the new green claim rules, and fines to 5% of turnover.

Q: Our advertisement was accurate. Can it still be unfair?
A: Yes. Section 6(1) catches a practice that deceives or is likely to deceive the average consumer in any way, including through its overall presentation, even where the information is factually correct, if it leads or is likely to lead to a transactional decision that would not otherwise have been taken. Accuracy answers a charge of falsehood; it does not answer a charge of deception.

Q: Does this apply if nobody bought anything?
A: It does. Section 3(1) applies Part II before, during and after a commercial transaction relating to a product, and section 4 defines a transactional decision to include a decision on whether to buy at all, whether the consumer decides to act or not to act. An advertisement that produced no sale is still a commercial practice.

Q: We describe our product as eco friendly. Is that a problem?
A: It depends on what sits behind it. Section 4 defines a generic environmental claim as one whose specifications are not given in clear and intelligible terms on the same medium, and section 6(2) now expressly covers environmental characteristics and aspects of circularity such as durability, reparability and recyclability. If the basis of the claim is not explained where the claim is made, or the badge used is not backed by a certification scheme meeting the four conditions in section 4, the claim is exposed.

Q: What is on the list of practices banned in all circumstances?
A: Annex I to the Law carries it, and section 5(4) gives it its force: those practices are unfair in all circumstances, so there is no need to show distortion of the average consumer's behaviour. Where a practice appears on that list the analysis is short, which is why it is the first place to look rather than the last.

Q: Our cancellation process is more involved than our sign-up process.
A: That is a section 8 question. Section 8(2)(d) treats as a factor in aggressiveness any onerous or disproportionate non contractual barrier imposed where the consumer wishes to exercise contractual rights, including the right to terminate the contract or to switch to another product or trader. The barrier does not have to breach the contract to offend the section; it is the practice that is being judged.

Q: How much can we be fined?
A: Up to five per cent of your turnover in the year immediately preceding the infringement, imposed by reasoned decision after you have been heard or given the opportunity to be heard. Where turnover information is unavailable the ceiling is three million euro, and for a body with no turnover five per cent of total assets is used. A continuing infringement can attract up to five thousand euro for each day it continues, and an administrative charge of up to three thousand euro can be ordered for the cost of testing or checking, whatever the outcome.

Q: Does it matter that our customers are not typical consumers?
A: It can change the yardstick. The default is the average consumer, reasonably well informed and reasonably observant and circumspect, judged with social, cultural and linguistic factors in mind. But under section 5(3), where a practice is likely to distort the behaviour only of a clearly identifiable group particularly vulnerable because of mental or physical infirmity, age or credulity, in a way you could reasonably foresee, it is judged from the perspective of the average member of that group.

Q: Is influencer content covered?
A: The commercial intent point in section 7(2) is the relevant one: a practice is misleading where the trader fails to identify the commercial intent of the practice, if that is not already apparent from the context, and this causes or is likely to cause a transactional decision that would not otherwise have been taken. Content that reads as a personal recommendation while being paid promotion is squarely within that limb.

Q: Does Part II override the contract rules?
A: No, and section 3 is careful about it. Part II applies without prejudice to contract law, in particular the rules on the validity, formation or effect of a contract, and without prejudice to Union and national rules on product health and safety. Under section 3(4), where Part II conflicts with harmonising laws or with Parts IV to VI regulating specific aspects of unfair practices, those provisions prevail unless otherwise specifically provided.

## Unfair Terms in Cyprus Consumer Contracts
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/unfair-contract-terms-cyprus
When a term in a Cyprus consumer contract does not bind the consumer at all, the good faith test, the property contracts inside the regime, and the 360 day interest rule.

Q: I signed it. Does that not settle the matter?
A: No. Section 51(1) provides that an unfair term does not bind the consumer, and it says so notwithstanding the Contract Law. Signature goes to whether the contract was made, not to whether a particular term survives the test in section 50.

Q: Does this apply to a contract for a property?
A: Yes, where the other side is a consumer. Section 48(3) applies the Part, with the necessary changes of wording, to the terms of contracts for the sale, lease or any other disposal of immovable property. Developers' standard contracts and standard tenancies are inside the regime.

Q: Can I argue that the price itself was unfair?
A: Not under this Part. Section 48(2) excludes from the assessment both the definition of the main subject matter and the adequacy of the price against what is supplied in return. The exclusion holds only where those terms are in plain intelligible language, so an obscure price or interest mechanism is not protected by it.

Q: What is the 360 day rule?
A: Section 50(5) makes a term unfair where interest is calculated, and the method of calculation described, on the basis of 360 days, or any number of days other than 365 days, or 366 days in a leap year. No question of good faith or imbalance arises: the calculation basis is enough on its own. It is worth checking on any consumer facility, because the convention was once common.

Q: If one term goes, does the whole contract go?
A: Usually not. Section 51(2) provides that the contract continues to bind the parties unless it cannot continue to exist without the unfair term. The ordinary outcome is the contract minus the clause.

Q: Does any of this apply to my employment contract?
A: No. Section 48(4) excludes contracts of employment from this Part, along with contracts concerning succession rights, family law matters, and the formation and organisation of companies or partnerships. Employment terms are governed by the employment legislation instead.

## Urban land consolidation: what Law 112(I)/2025 does to a plot
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/urban-land-consolidation-cyprus
Cyprus can now reorganise privately owned land inside a development zone on the consent of owners holding 85 per cent of its value, or by order of the Council of Ministers.

Q: What does the Law actually do?
A: Section 4 states the purpose: to establish a mechanism and procedure for the unification, management and redistribution of immovable property within a development area with a view to activating it in planning terms. It aims, among other things, at creating and offering land ready for development while securing the necessary public and community spaces, reorganising the properties within development areas, the rational siting of large-scale uses, and the rehabilitation and reactivation of areas after natural or man-made disasters.

Q: Where does it apply?
A: Section 3(1) applies the Law to development areas. Section 2 defines a development area as an area within a development plan, and specifically within the designated residential, commercial, tourist, holiday, industrial, light industrial and livestock zones and areas. So this is a tool for zoned land, not for open countryside.

Q: Whose land is excluded?
A: Section 3(2) excludes property owned by the Republic; by a local authority, legal person of public law or public utility organisation where it is used or intended for public benefit purposes as defined in section 3(2) of the Compulsory Acquisition Law; and by a bishopric, monastery, church or other ecclesiastical or religious organisation or institution. A proviso allows property owned by the Republic to take part in a scheme only for the purpose of unifying it, rationalising its geometry and relating it to community spaces.

Q: How can a scheme be started?
A: Section 5 gives three methods. Voluntarily, on the agreement of all affected owners in the area. On the consent of the majority of owners together with the local authority within whose boundaries the question arises. Or by an order of the Council of Ministers imposing compulsory application.

Q: What does the majority route actually require?
A: Not a headcount. Section 18(3) measures value: where owners holding more than eighty five per cent of the value of the general valuation of the land in the urban land consolidation area consent, a report is drawn up and, from publication of the relevant notification, their intention to form the Urban Land Consolidation Co-operative and its fund is presumed. If the threshold is not reached, the section provides that the process is terminated.

Q: Are all assets counted in that 85 per cent?
A: No. A proviso to section 18(3) excludes from the countable value trees or water, buildings, channels, pits, tanks for carrying or storing water, or a chain of pits, where they belong to the owner of the land on which they stand. A further proviso deals with those items where they belong to persons other than the owner. The valuation base is therefore narrower than a general property valuation.

Q: Who may set the majority route in motion?
A: Section 13(1) confines the right to submit a declaration of interest to two categories: owners of immovable property falling within a development area, and the local authority or District Self-Government Organisation within whose boundaries the proposed area lies, or another authority within the meaning of a project implementation body under section 2. A proviso adds that where the declarations concern a group of properties, at least one of them must either have access from a registered public road or adjoin another property that does.

Q: What is the compulsory route?
A: Section 30(1) allows the Council of Ministers, by order published in the Official Gazette and following a reasoned recommendation of the Minister in the service of the public interest, to declare an area of compulsory application. Section 30(2) applies the same procedure as the majority route, with two differences: the order comes from the Council of Ministers rather than the Minister under section 6, and the consent of the affected owners is not required, although section 18 still applies in full.

Q: How is my property valued, and can I object?
A: Sections 22 and 23 provide for the valuation of the existing properties and of the new property. Section 24(1) allows an owner, and any person with a legitimate interest, to file a written reasoned objection with the Committee on form A3 of Annex I, accompanied by a valuation report, within thirty days of publication of the relevant notification. Section 24(2) then allows the objector, within thirty days of being notified of the Committee's decision, to appeal to the Court and ask it to determine the value under section 80 of the Immovable Property (Tenure, Registration and Valuation) Law.

Q: Can I object to the redistribution plan itself?
A: Yes, but on different grounds and by a different route. Section 27(1) requires publication of a notification inviting any affected or interested person to inspect the plan and to file a reasoned objection on form A4 of Annex I within thirty days of publication. A proviso separates the two channels: objections under section 27 may not concern the valuation of property, because valuation objections go under section 24.

Q: What happens to my mortgage or my tenant?
A: Section 26(1) requires the Department of Lands and Surveys, in preparing the redistribution plan, to examine whether encumbrances, leases or other restrictions exist, to advise owners and interested persons on how to discharge or transfer them, and to ensure that the plan provides for their transfer, extinction, modification, carrying over or cancellation, with compensation paid from the fund by agreement with the Department or as determined by the Court in case of disagreement. Section 26(2) requires any such provision to be notified in writing to the affected persons at the same time as the plan is published.

Q: How is the new land divided up?
A: Annex II, made under section 25, sets the principles. Paragraph 1 regulates rights and obligations by each member's percentage participation in the co-operative. Paragraph 2 requires the new plots to be allocated in whole rather than in ideal shares, so that each member receives plots of a value corresponding to their percentage participation in the total value of all the plots to be redistributed.

Q: What if my share is too small for a whole plot?
A: The proviso to paragraph 2 of Annex II gives the member a choice. They may ask the Director of the Department of Lands and Surveys either for the monetary value of their participation, after deducting the charges and project costs attributable to it; or to remain in the plan to the end in the expectation that their remainder against those of other members will allow them, on paying a corresponding sum in cash, to claim at least one whole plot.

Q: What are the offences?
A: Section 40 makes it an offence to interfere deliberately and unlawfully with the application of a scheme within an urban land consolidation area with the aim of altering the factual position of property included in it; to obstruct deliberately and unlawfully a member of the Committee, a person authorised by it, or a person appointed to carry out a function, power or work under the Law; or deliberately and without reasonable cause to refuse or fail to appear or to supply information or documents under section 34(1). It carries imprisonment of up to six months or a fine of up to EUR 5,000, or both.

Q: When did it come into force?
A: The Law was published in Official Gazette No. 5045 on 4 July 2025. It carries no separate commencement provision, so it took effect on publication.

## Variations in a Construction Contract: Instruction and Valuation
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/variation-construction-contract
When instructed work is a variation, who has authority to instruct it, how it is valued, and what a contractor must do to be paid for it in Cyprus.

Q: What counts as a variation in a construction contract?
A: A change to the works the contractor agreed to carry out: an addition, an omission, a substitution, or a change to the manner, sequence or timing of the work where the contract treats that as a variation. The first question is always whether the work is a variation at all: if it is already within the contract scope, properly construed, the contractor must do it for the contract price and an instruction to carry it out changes nothing.

Q: Who can instruct a variation?
A: Only the employer, or a person the contract authorises to act for the employer, usually the architect, the engineer or the project manager named in the contract. A comment from the site foreman, or from a consultant with no authority under the contract, is not an instruction. Where authority is in doubt, ask for written confirmation from the person who has it before starting the work.

Q: Do variations have to be instructed in writing?
A: Most contracts require it, and provide a procedure for confirming oral instructions, typically a written confirmation from the contractor which becomes effective if the employer or certifier does not dissent within a stated period. A contractor who has confirmed every oral instruction in writing within seven days has a final account; a contractor who has not has a series of arguments.

Q: How are variations valued?
A: The contract sets the hierarchy. Varied work of similar character executed under similar conditions to priced work takes the contract rates; similar work under significantly different conditions or quantities takes those rates adjusted; work comparable to nothing in the contract takes a fair valuation built up from labour, materials, plant, overheads and profit; and where work cannot sensibly be measured, the contract may permit daywork against records signed at the time.

Q: Does payment for a variation include an extension of time?
A: No. A variation that affects the completion date requires a separate application under the extension of time clause. Payment for the varied work does not carry an extension with it, and missing a notice deadline for the time consequences can extinguish that part of the claim even where the work itself is paid.

## The eighteen months that decide whether a building is still new
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/vat-first-use-buildings-cyprus
From 1 September 2026 a building stops being new for VAT only after eighteen months of systematic use. The five per cent rate on a main residence turns on the same test.

Q: What are the two Orders?
A: Κ.Δ.Π. 102/2026 and Κ.Δ.Π. 103/2026, both made by the Council of Ministers under the Value Added Tax Laws of 2000 to (No. 2) of 2025 and published in Official Gazette, Annex III(I), No. 6000, on 27 February 2026, at pages 554 and 557. Κ.Δ.Π. 102/2026 is made under section 18 and amends the Fifth Schedule. Κ.Δ.Π. 103/2026 is made under section 39 and amends the Eighth Schedule. Both commence on 1 September 2026.

Q: What is the definition of first use?
A: Both Orders define πρώτη χρησιμοποίηση, first use, as the use or exploitation of the building after its delivery or erection, carried out systematically for a period of at least eighteen months.

Q: What is the definition of first installation?
A: Πρώτη εγκατάσταση, first installation, means the first use of the building after its delivery or erection, including owner occupation, own use, lease or any other use which continues on a systematic basis.

Q: Are the three places amended in the same way?
A: No, and the difference is visible on the face of the Orders. In Table B, paragraphs 11 and 11A of the Fifth Schedule, Κ.Δ.Π. 102/2026 replaces the interpretation of first installation and adds first use as a new term. In Table C of the same Schedule it replaces the interpretations of both phrases, so both were already present there. In the Eighth Schedule, Κ.Δ.Π. 103/2026 replaces the whole of paragraph 3 with a new paragraph 3 containing both definitions.

Q: Why does first installation decide whether VAT is charged?
A: Paragraph 1 of the Eighth Schedule lists exempt transactions. Sub-paragraph 1(b) exempts the supply of immovable property but carves out two transactions, which therefore stay taxable. Both carve-outs apply where the transaction takes place before first installation. If first installation has not occurred, the transfer is outside the exemption.

Q: What is the rate on a transfer that stays outside the exemption?
A: Section 17 of the Law imposes VAT at nineteen per cent from 13 January 2014. The Fifth Schedule reduced rate of five per cent applies only where the conditions of that Schedule are met.

Q: Which transactions are inside the carve-out?
A: Two. The transfer of buildings or parts of them, together with the plot transferred with them or an undivided ideal share in them. And the transfer of possession of the same, under a contract of sale, under an agreement expressly providing that the buildings and the plot will be transferred at some time in the future, or under a lease with a right of purchase. Each applies only where it takes place before first installation.

Q: Does this affect the five per cent rate on a main residence?
A: Yes. Table C of the Fifth Schedule applies the reduced rate to the supply of a building used as a main and permanent residence in the Republic, to the transfer of its possession under the agreements described above, and to its erection, in each case where the transaction takes place before first installation. Κ.Δ.Π. 102/2026 replaces the definitions of both terms in Table C, so the same test governs the reduced rate.

Q: What changes for the renovation rate?
A: Table B, paragraphs 11 and 11A, give the five per cent rate for renovation and repair of private residences by a taxable person. Both require the residence to be old, meaning at least three years have passed since first installation. The replacement wording adds one sentence: the period of eighteen months referred to in the meaning of first use runs concurrently with the three years.

Q: So are the eighteen months added to the three years?
A: No. The Order says the eighteen month period runs concurrently with the three years, which answers that question on the face of the text.

Q: What does paragraph 11 of Table B actually cover?
A: Renovation and repair of private residences carried out by a taxable person, consisting of plumbing, electrical, carpentry, painting and building work, excluding materials that make up more than fifty per cent of the value of the supply of the service. Paragraph 11A is the variant for work concerning improvement of energy performance or reinforcement of structural adequacy.

Q: Are older buildings outside all of this?
A: Paragraph 4(a) of the Eighth Schedule provides that paragraphs 1(b)(i) and (ii), 2 and 3 do not apply to buildings for which a duly completed application for planning permission was filed before 1 May 2004. Table C of the Fifth Schedule works from the other side, requiring the application to have been filed after 1 May 2004.

Q: What will be looked at to show systematic use?
A: The Orders do not list evidence. They require use or exploitation carried out systematically for at least eighteen months, which is a question of fact about what happened to the building rather than about what the papers say.

Q: When were these Orders made?
A: 27 February 2026, six months before they take effect. The commencement provision in each is a single sentence putting the Order in force from 1 September 2026.

## The rent on a Cyprus commercial lease carries VAT
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/vat-on-commercial-rent-cyprus
Since 13 November 2017 a lease to a taxable person for taxable business has been standard rated. The landlord may opt out once, and cannot change that decision later.

Q: Which leases carry VAT and which do not?
A: The Eighth Schedule to Law 95(I)/2000, made under section 39, makes the lease of immovable property an exempt transaction and then carves out six cases. The one that matters commercially is sub-paragraph (vi): the lease or rental of immovable property to a taxable person for the purposes of carrying on a taxable business activity, other than immovable property used as a dwelling. A lease to a tenant who is not a taxable person, or who will use the property for an exempt activity, or who will live in it, stays exempt.

Q: When did this start, and does it reach an old lease?
A: It was inserted by section 3(a) of Law 157(I)/2017, and section 61(1) of the principal Law brought that paragraph into force on the date of publication, 13 November 2017. The first proviso confines the charge to a lease whose commencement date falls on or after that date. A lease that began earlier is outside it. The related change to undeveloped building land, in paragraph (b) of the same section, was held back to 2 January 2018.

Q: Can the landlord choose not to charge VAT?
A: Yes, once. The second proviso lets the lessor notify the Tax Commissioner that the lease is not to be taxed, on terms and conditions set out in a notice of the Commissioner published in the Official Gazette. The third proviso then closes the door: the lessor cannot vary that initial choice later. It is a decision taken for the life of the property, not for the life of the lease.

Q: What does the landlord gain by charging VAT?
A: Recovery. Under section 21(1) and (2) input tax is deductible to the extent it is attributable to taxable transactions made in the course or furtherance of the business. A landlord whose rents are exempt cannot recover the VAT on construction, refurbishment, agents and professional fees. A landlord whose rents are taxable can. That is usually why the option to exempt is declined.

Q: What rate applies?
A: The standard rate. Section 17 imposes VAT at nineteen per cent from 13 January 2014. The reduced rates in sections 18 and 18A apply to the transactions listed in the Fifth and Twelfth Schedules, and a commercial rent is not among them.

Q: Who else is caught by the carve-outs?
A: Sub-paragraph (i) takes hotel and similar accommodation, including camping sites, out of the exemption. Sub-paragraph (ii) takes the letting of premises or spaces for parking vehicles. Sub-paragraph (iii) takes permanently installed equipment and machinery. Sub-paragraph (iv) takes safe deposit boxes. Sub-paragraph (v) takes a lease with an option to purchase of the property described in paragraphs 1(b) to 4 of the Schedule.

## Cyprus Share Purchase Agreement: Warranties and Indemnities
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/warranties-indemnities-cyprus-spa
What warranties and indemnities do in a Cyprus SPA: how damages are measured, why the two are not interchangeable, and where the negotiation happens.

Q: What is the difference between a warranty and an indemnity?
A: A warranty is a statement of fact, and a breach of it produces a claim in damages on the ordinary rules. An indemnity is a free standing promise to make good a defined loss if a defined event occurs, without asking whether anything was stated falsely.

Q: The seller breached a warranty but the company is still profitable. Do I have a claim?
A: Possibly: the measure is the difference between the value of the shares as warranted and their actual value. Profitability does not erase that gap, but you will need evidence of value, usually expert evidence, and a loss that the damages rules recognise.

Q: Is an indemnity always better for the buyer than a warranty?
A: For an identified risk, usually yes: it pays on the event, without the arguments about value and foreseeability. But sellers concede indemnities narrowly, and an SPA made only of indemnities would not be signed. The craft is matching the instrument to the risk.

Q: We missed the contractual deadline for warranty claims. Is it over?
A: The contractual claim periods are part of the bargain and are taken seriously. Whether anything survives depends on the clause's exact words and the nature of the claim, so have the documents reviewed before drawing conclusions, quickly.

## What a Court Case in Cyprus Actually Costs
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/what-a-court-case-costs-cyprus
The honest structure of litigation cost in Cyprus: your own fees, disbursements, the costs order at the end, what drives cost up, and how it is kept down.

Q: If I lose, do I pay the other side’s costs?
A: There is that risk, and it is the third bucket of the cost. It is controlled mainly by the quality of the assessment done before proceedings start, which is to say by whether the case should have been brought in that form at all.

Q: Why will no one quote me one figure for the whole case?
A: Because the total depends on how the other side behaves, which no one can promise. What can be quoted honestly is the cost of the next stage, fixed where the work is definable. A whole-case figure given before the file is read is marketing, not an estimate.

Q: If I win, do I get all my costs back?
A: Usually the losing side is ordered to contribute, and the contribution is assessed under scales and rules rather than simply matching what you spent. Expect a meaningful contribution, not full reimbursement. This is one more reason early settlement on good terms often beats a win at trial.

Q: Is settling a sign the case was weak?
A: No. Most cases settle, and preparing a case properly is usually what produces the good settlement: the point of being ready for trial is to be offered the case's value without one.

## What to send your Cyprus process agent
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/what-to-send-your-process-agent
The appointment clause as drafted, the appointing party and its jurisdiction, the term and the deadline. Four things, and the signed acceptance comes back the same day.

Q: What does a Cyprus process agent actually need from us?
A: Four things, and they fit in one email: the appointment clause exactly as drafted rather than described, the full registered name and place of incorporation of every party appointing, the term the appointment is to run for, and the date the condition precedent is tested. Everything else can wait until the agent has confirmed it can act.

Q: Should we send the full transaction bundle so the agent has the context?
A: It is not needed, and it is better not to. The agent is being asked to accept service of documents in one jurisdiction, not to advise on the transaction, and confidential material sent before the conflict check has cleared creates an awkwardness that then has to be unwound. Send the clause and the parties, get the confirmation, then send whatever is genuinely required.

Q: How quickly does the signed acceptance come back?
A: Where the parties are clean and the clause is in a standard form, the conflict check and the signed letter of acceptance are a same day or next day step. If the condition precedent is tested tomorrow, say so in the first line of the first email and it will be treated accordingly.

Q: Several group companies appoint under the same documents. Is that one appointment?
A: No. Name each appointing entity, because each is a separate appointment with its own acceptance, and an entity left off the list means a second appointment later, at a worse moment than the first.

Q: What happens if something is actually served on the agent?
A: Notification to the company and to the instructing law firm the same business day, then transmission of the document itself. Service is a clock starting, and the days lost between the letterbox and the client's inbox are days taken out of the time available to respond.

## Injured at Work in Cyprus: The First Steps That Matter
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/work-accident-first-steps-cyprus
The medical record, the written report to the employer, and the evidence that disappears fastest. Notification is the employer's duty within fifteen days.

Q: How much does my own share of the blame cost me?
A: As much as the Court thinks just. Section 57(1) of Cap. 148 provides that where a person suffers damage partly through their own fault and partly through the fault of another, the claim is not defeated by their own fault, but the damages are reduced to the extent the Court thinks just having regard to their share of responsibility. A reduction, not a loss.

Q: What exactly is negligence?
A: Section 51 of Cap. 148 splits it in two. The first is doing an act which in the circumstances a reasonable prudent person would not do, or omitting one which such a person would do. The second is failing to use the skill or care in the exercise of a profession, trade or occupation that a reasonable prudent person qualified to exercise it would use. On a construction site the second limb is often the decisive one.

Q: My employer says I knew the risk and accepted it.
A: Section 59 of Cap. 148 does give a defence where the plaintiff knew and appreciated the state of affairs causing the damage and voluntarily exposed themselves to it. But it carries a proviso that limits it severely: it does not apply where the civil wrong was due to the non-performance of a duty imposed by law. In work accidents, where liability springs from statutory safety obligations, that is usually where the argument fails.

Q: What matters most in the first days?
A: Medical attention, and telling the doctor exactly how it happened, that it was at work and in what conditions. The first medical file is the most reliable record of the accident and is read repeatedly as the case proceeds.

Q: Who has to notify the accident?
A: The employer. A serious accident at work, a death, or incapacity for work beyond three calendar days is notified to the competent District Labour Inspection Office, immediately by the fastest means and in writing on the approved form within fifteen days. Failing to do so is the employer's breach, not the injured person's.

Q: Should I report it to my employer myself?
A: Yes, in writing, even by email or message saying what happened, where and when, and keep a copy. That creates a dated report that does not depend on anyone's memory.

Q: Does claiming mean suing my employer personally?
A: In practice the claim is usually met by an insurer rather than out of the employer's own pocket, and being insured for this was the employer's own obligation. The fear of the question is what delays most of these cases past the point where the evidence still exists.

## Working in Cyprus as a Non-EU National
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/work-and-stay-visas-in-cyprus
Entry, residence and the right to work are three permissions, not one. What Cap. 105 requires of a Cyprus employer before day one, and what an unlawful hire costs.

Q: What is the difference between entry, stay and the right to work?
A: They are three separate permissions, granted by different authorities, held by different people and lost in different ways, and confusing them is the single most common cause of an unlawful stay. Entry is permission to cross the border, granted for a purpose and a limited period. Stay beyond that period requires a residence permit, applied for in Cyprus on the ground relied on. The right to work is granted separately again.

Q: Who applies for the right to work, the employer or the employee?
A: Normally the employer. The employer applies for approval to fill a specific post with a specific person, and the approval attaches to that post and that employer. It is not a licence held by the worker and carried from job to job.

Q: What does a labour market test involve?
A: Where the applicable rules require it, the employer has to show that the position could not be filled from the domestic or EU labour market, which in practice means an advertised vacancy, a documented recruitment process, and a record of why the applicants were unsuitable.

Q: Is there a faster route for a company of foreign interests?
A: There is a separate route for third country nationals employed by companies entered in the Register of Companies of Foreign Interests, defined by reference to the employing company's registration and to a minimum gross monthly salary for higher-skilled roles, with its own maximum permit duration. The salary figure and the duration are revised and have to be confirmed at the time.

Q: What does an employer have to check before the first day?
A: Three things, and they are set out in section 18ΡΓ(1) of Cap. 105. Before employment begins the employer must require the third country national to hold and produce a valid and subsisting permit or other title allowing residence and work in the Republic; must keep a copy of it or record its particulars in a register and make that available to the competent authorities at least for the duration of the employment; and must notify the Civil Registry and Migration Department and the Inland Revenue Department of the start of the employment within seven days. An employer who has done all three is protected by section 18ΡΓ(3) unless it knew the document was forged.

Q: What does it cost an employer to be caught employing someone without a permit?
A: More than the fine. Section 14Β(1) carries up to five years' imprisonment or up to twenty thousand euro or both, and section 14Β(2) lets the court order the contributions that lawful employment would have attracted, never less than three months' worth. Section 18ΡΕ(1) then requires all outstanding pay, presumed to be at least the minimum wage or the collective agreement rate, all the contributions and taxes that lawful employment would have carried including the surcharges for delay and the administrative fines, and the cost of sending the arrears abroad. Under section 18ΡΔ(1) the employer can also be made to pay the cost of the worker's return, and under section 14Β(3) the court can disqualify it from employing an alien at all.

Q: Can my spouse work as soon as we arrive?
A: Not necessarily. Section 18ΛΔ(1) gives family members access to employment on the same terms as the sponsor, but section 18ΛΔ(3) allows that access to be restricted for up to twelve months while the labour market of the Republic is examined, after which it is permitted on application. Adult children and the spouse get a permit of their own once they have completed five years here, under section 18ΛΕ(1).

Q: How long can the authority take to decide?
A: Section 18ΥΖ(1) requires a decision on the whole application as soon as possible and in any event within four months of submission. Section 18ΥΖ(2) allows an extension in exceptional cases connected with the complexity of the examination, by a recorded preparatory decision. If the file goes back for a missing document, section 18ΥΖ(4) suspends the four months until the material arrives, so a request for documents stops the clock rather than restarting it.

Q: What happens if a residence permit expires before the renewal is granted?
A: A residence permit is granted for a fixed term and must be renewed before it expires, not after. The gap between expiry and a late renewal is a period of unlawful stay, and it does not disappear when the renewal is eventually granted.

## Harassment at work: what Law 42(I)/2025 asks of an employer
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/workplace-harassment-cyprus
Since April 2025 harassment at work is a criminal offence, the burden of proof shifts, and an employer with no code of conduct is jointly liable.

Q: What counts as harassment under the Law?
A: Section 2 defines it as conduct at the workplace that is unwanted by the person receiving it and that has the purpose or the effect of offending or violating a person's dignity and creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment. Violence is defined separately and more widely: an act, omission, practice or conduct, including threats, whose purpose or effect or consequence may be physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm, occurring at the workplace, whether once or repeatedly. Both definitions turn on effect as well as purpose, so intention is not the test.

Q: Where is the workplace, for these purposes?
A: Wider than the office. Section 2 defines it as the place where the work is done or a place connected with or arising from it, and then names six: the public and private space surrounding the workplace; where the employee is paid, rests or eats, or uses sanitary, washing or changing facilities; where tours, travel, professional training, events or work-related social activities take place; work-related communication, including communication carried by information and communication technologies; accommodation provided by the employer; and travel to and from work. A message sent after hours on a work channel is at the workplace.

Q: What must an employer actually do?
A: Section 6(1) requires the employer to protect employees from any act of any person at the workplace that constitutes violence or harassment, and from acts that follow a complaint or a rejection of such conduct. Section 6(2) requires preventive measures and a written policy, drawn up and implemented in consultation with employees and their representatives. Section 6(3) requires the employer, as soon as an incident comes to their knowledge, to take every appropriate measure to stop it, prevent its repetition, remove its consequences and avoid re-victimisation, and says those measures may include a compliance instruction or a change of post, hours, place or manner of work. Sections 6(4) and 6(5) require complaints to be received, investigated and managed impartially and confidentially, through mechanisms that are safe, fair and effective.

Q: What happens if there is no code of conduct?
A: The second proviso to section 6(6) is the provision every employer should read. An employer is treated as having taken appropriate preventive measures where they draw up a code of conduct under section 6(7) and take sufficient practical measures to apply it. Where the employer does not draw one up and the acts are committed, the employer is jointly and severally liable with the person who committed them. The code is not best practice; its absence transfers liability.

Q: What must the code of conduct contain?
A: Section 6(8) sets a minimum: its scope; the identification of the punishable acts of violence and harassment, of any unwanted conduct and of other related conduct; a description of the conduct making up the objective and subjective elements of those acts; provision for complaints and the bodies or authorities they may go to; the respective obligations of employers and employees; and the measures and procedure for dealing with such conduct. Section 6(7) requires it to be drawn up after consultation with employee representatives, in a way employees can understand, with training on its provisions.

Q: Is harassment at work now a crime?
A: Yes. Section 10(1) makes it an offence to engage in conduct causing harassment to another person at their workplace where the person knows or ought to have known that the conduct causes harassment, punishable by up to three years' imprisonment or a fine of up to EUR 10,000 or both, provided the act is not more severely punished under another law. Section 9(1) does the same for violence, on the same penalties. Section 10(2) and section 9(2) supply an objective test: a person ought to have known if a reasonable person in the same circumstances would have considered the conduct to cause harassment or violence.

Q: Can the company itself be prosecuted?
A: Section 12(1) makes a legal person liable for an offence under the Law committed by a person acting individually or as a member of an organ of it who holds a position based on a power of representation, of decision-making, or of exercising control within it. Section 12(2) extends that to a failure of supervision or control by such a person that made the offence possible. Section 12(3) preserves the prosecution of the individual as principal, instigator or accomplice, and section 12(4) sets a fine of up to EUR 20,000 for the legal person.

Q: What protection is there against being dismissed for complaining?
A: Section 7(1) makes absolutely void the dismissal, and any harmful change in the conditions of employment, of an employee who complained or protested about an offence under the Law, or who rejected or reported violence or harassment, unless the employer proves that it was for a reason unconnected with the complaint. Section 7(2) applies whoever the complaint was made to and however it was made, court proceedings included. Section 7(3) extends the same protection to anyone who assisted the employee, including by giving evidence in or out of court. Section 11 makes obstructing a complaint, or taking harmful or retaliatory action, an offence carrying up to two years or a fine of up to EUR 5,000.

Q: Who has to prove what?
A: Section 21(2) reverses the burden in every proceeding other than a criminal one. Where the party alleging a breach establishes facts from which the breach may be presumed, the Court obliges the other party to prove that there was no breach. Section 24(6) applies the same reversal in the Labour Disputes Court. Section 22 lets associations, employee organisations and other bodies whose constitutional purpose includes eliminating discrimination or promoting equality act in the person's name or in support of them, with the same reversed burden.

Q: Which court, and what can it order?
A: Section 21(3) makes violence or harassment at work a labour dispute, and section 24(1) gives the Labour Disputes Court jurisdiction over the labour and other private-law disputes arising from the Law, subject to the Administrative Court's exclusive jurisdiction under Article 146 and to the criminal courts. Section 24(4) is the strongest remedy in the Law: on a dismissal in breach, the Labour Disputes Court, without examining the employer's good or bad faith, orders reinstatement and obliges the employer to accept the employee's services, where the employee has asked for that remedy.

Q: Can a contract or a policy sign these rights away?
A: No. Section 21(4) provides that the rights and remedies in the Law cannot be removed or restricted by agreement, policy, form or term of employment, including an agreement to arbitrate entered into before the dispute arose. A pre-dispute arbitration clause does not reach a claim under this Law.

Q: Does it apply to the public sector?
A: Section 2 defines employment to include work or services for pay under a contract or relationship of employment or apprenticeship, governed by private or public law, in any sector, and names the Public Service, the Judicial Service, the Public Educational Service, local authorities, legal persons of public or private law, the Armed Forces and the Security Forces.

## Insights
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news
Guides, statutory updates and practice notes on Cyprus property, construction, corporate and litigation matters, from the advocates at Kleanthous & Platis.

## Personal Injury Lawyers in Cyprus: Claims and Time Limits
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/personal-injury
What a personal injury claim in Cyprus has to establish, the evidence that decides it and how fast it disappears, and the three-year limitation period.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim?
A: Personal injury claims must generally be brought within three years under section 6(2) of the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012, running from the day the cause of action was complete or from the day the injured person came to know of the injury where that was later. That is half the period allowed for ordinary contract claims, which is why the date of the accident is the first thing we ask for. Where the three years have passed, section 6(3) gives the court a discretion to disapply the limitation provisions in a claim for injury or death, and it cannot be exercised more than two years after the period expired. If three years is close, or has passed, say so before anything else.

Q: The accident was partly my own fault. Is there any point?
A: Usually there is. Where an injured person contributed to their own injury, the ordinary approach is that the claim is not defeated but the award is reduced to reflect that share of responsibility. How a court would apportion it in a particular case is a matter for evidence, and nobody can tell you the proportion at the first meeting.

Q: Should I accept what the insurer has offered?
A: Not before the medical position is understood. An early offer is made at the point when least is known about the injury, which is precisely when settling is least advisable. It is not evidence of what the claim is worth. Take advice on it before you sign anything, including anything described as a receipt or a discharge. Those documents are contracts. A receipt, a discharge and a settlement agreement bind you once they satisfy section 10 of the Contract Law, Cap. 149, and they are set aside only on the grounds that Law itself provides: coercion under section 15, undue influence under section 16, fraud under section 17, misrepresentation under section 18, and common mistake as to a material fact under section 21. That the sum was low is not by itself one of them, although section 25(3) allows the court to take the inadequacy of consideration into account in deciding whether consent was freely given.

Q: You act for insurers as well. Is that a conflict?
A: Not in your matter. The prohibition on the same advocate supporting parties with conflicting interests belongs to the professional and ethical rules governing practice, and the Advocates Law, Cap. 2, names it expressly in section 14N(1), which requires compliance with the provisions concerning, among other things, "the prohibition on the same advocate supporting parties who have conflicting interests". We do not act on both sides of the same or a related claim, and a conflict check is run before anything else happens. Acting for both sides across the practice, in separate and unrelated matters, is deliberate: it means we know how a file is assessed by the people who will be assessing yours.

Q: I have not seen a doctor yet. Does that matter?
A: Yes, and more than most people expect. A gap between the accident and the first medical attendance is the point most often taken against an injured person, because it invites the argument that the injury came from something else. The first medical record made after an accident does work that no later report can do.

Q: What heads of loss does a claim actually cover?
A: The heads usually in issue are set out in the firm's guide to compensation heads: pain and suffering, loss of earnings already suffered and in the future, loss of earning capacity, medical, hospital and rehabilitation costs, and other documented expenses. Special damages have to be pleaded specifically and proved strictly. What the claim is worth turns on the medical evidence and the documented loss, not on the kind of accident.

Q: I receive sick pay or an insurance payment. Does it come off the claim?
A: No. Under section 65 of the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148, in computing damages no account is taken of any sum paid or payable under a contract of insurance in respect of the wrong, nor of any sum paid or payable by the Social Insurance Fund as a benefit or allowance in consequence of the same circumstances. Receiving a benefit while you recover does not reduce the claim, and it is not a reason to delay taking advice.

Q: The injured person is a child. Is anything different?
A: Ask about the limitation position and about who brings the claim before you do anything else, and take neither for granted. One rule is worth knowing: under the second proviso to section 59 of Cap. 148, a child who has not completed their twelfth year is not to be regarded as capable of knowing or appreciating a dangerous state of affairs, or of voluntarily exposing themselves to it, so the defence of voluntary assumption of risk is not open against a younger child at all. Collect the same evidence as in any other claim: photographs, the record of the incident and the medical notes.

Q: The accident was fatal. What happens then?
A: It becomes a different claim, brought by the dependants. Under section 58 of Cap. 148, where a person is killed by a civil wrong that would have entitled them to sue had they lived, the person who would have been liable remains liable notwithstanding the death, and the action is brought for the benefit of the deceased's dependants. Section 58(3) defines who those are, regardless of age: the spouse, any parent or other ascendant, any person the deceased treated as a parent, and any child or other descendant. The period runs from the death rather than from the accident, and families are frequently told otherwise. Contact us directly with the dates and the documents you have.

## Personal Insolvency and Bankruptcy in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/personal-insolvency-cyprus
Personal insolvency in Cyprus: repayment plans, debt relief orders and bankruptcy compared, the protection of the primary residence, and the creditor's side.

Q: Will I lose my house?
A: The repayment plan is designed, by statute, to avoid requiring the sale of the primary residence where that is reasonably practicable on your numbers. Whether your numbers carry it is exactly what the first assessment answers, and it is a calculation, not a guess.

Q: What does a creditor need to bankrupt me?
A: Section 5(1) of the Bankruptcy Law, Cap. 5, sets four conditions and all of them have to be met: the debt owed to the petitioning creditor, or the total owed to several petitioning together, amounts to fifteen thousand euro; the debt is a liquidated sum payable either immediately or at a certain future time; the act of bankruptcy relied on occurred within the six months before the petition; and the debtor is domiciled in Cyprus or, within a year before the petition, had their ordinary residence or a place of business here. Short of those, the threat is often louder than the reality, and even a filed petition can be paused for a viable repayment plan.

Q: I guaranteed a relative's loan and the bank is now chasing me. Is this my insolvency or theirs?
A: Potentially yours, which is why guarantor exposure is treated as a first-class debt in the assessment, not a footnote. The mechanisms above can apply to guarantee debts too, and in some cases relief extends to guarantors. Bring the guarantee documents to the first meeting.

Q: Is all of this public?
A: The processes involve registers and, for bankruptcy, publicity that the repayment mechanisms largely avoid. Discretion is one of the practical differences between the tools, and it belongs in the comparison.

## Planning Permits and Objections in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/planning-permits-cyprus
Planning permission and building permits in Cyprus: the two-permit system, hierarchical recourses and their deadlines, and a neighbour's illegal works.

Q: My planning application was refused. How long do I have?
A: The hierarchical recourse to the Council of Ministers runs from notification of the decision and is counted in days, thirty under the rules as they have stood, and the current text is checked on the day. Treat the decision letter as starting a clock, and send it to us now rather than after the family council.

Q: The authority has simply not decided my application. Am I stuck?
A: No. Failure to decide within the statutory time is treated as a refusal, which opens the same recourse route. Silence is a decision in this field, and it can be challenged like one.

Q: My neighbour is building without a permit. What actually works?
A: Both tracks at once: a documented complaint that triggers the enforcement machinery, and, where the works damage or interfere with your property, a civil claim with an application to halt the works while it runs. Photographs with dates, from the first day, are worth more than anything written later.

Q: Do you replace my architect in this?
A: No. The technical file remains the architect's or engineer's; we run the legal layer: the recourse, the deadlines, the enforcement and the court steps. The two work best together, and we are used to working alongside them.

## Areas of Practice
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/practice
The areas the firm works in: property, construction, litigation and debt recovery, personal injury, corporate and commercial, private client work in Cyprus.

## Privacy Notice
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/privacy-policy
How Kleanthous & Platis LLC collects and uses personal data: what we collect, why, who may receive it, international transfers, retention and your rights.

## Professional Negligence Claims in Cyprus: What You Must Prove
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/professional-negligence-cyprus
Professional negligence claims in Cyprus against lawyers, accountants, architects and engineers: the standard, the expert evidence, the deadlines.

Q: My case was lost because my previous lawyer missed a step. Can I recover the loss?
A: Potentially, if a competent lawyer would not have missed it and the underlying case had real value. Both parts need evidence: the professional standard through an expert, and the value of what was lost. That two-stage analysis is exactly what the written assessment covers.

Q: The professional is a friend of the family. Can this be resolved without a court fight?
A: Usually these claims resolve without trial, because an insurer typically stands behind the professional and decides commercially. A properly assembled claim, presented soberly, is the most likely route to a resolution that preserves what can be preserved.

Q: The bad advice was given years ago but the damage appeared recently. Am I out of time?
A: Not necessarily. The three-year period and its starting point need specific analysis where damage emerged late. Bring the dates to the first meeting and the question is answered before anything else is spent.

Q: What will this cost me?
A: The assessment is a fixed fee with a written outcome, including the honest answer where the claim is weak. Beyond it, nothing is spent without your decision, and fixed fees are used wherever the work is definable.

## Property Due Diligence in Cyprus: What It Reveals
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/property-due-diligence-cyprus
What due diligence on a Cyprus property covers, item by item, and what each item reveals: the Land Registry search, encumbrances, permits, unauthorised works.

Q: What does the search certificate not show?
A: It records what has been registered. It does not record what was not: occupation never entered, a boundary moved on the ground, an addition built without a permit and never declared, or an arrangement between the seller and a third party that was never deposited anywhere. That is why the search is the first point of the exercise and not the whole of it.

Q: The agent says the title is clean. Is a search still necessary?
A: Yes, and not only as a precaution. Under Law 132(I)/2023 a Land Registry search certificate forms an integral part of a contract of sale and must be dated not more than five working days before signature. The search is therefore part of the transaction itself, not an optional reassurance the buyer may waive because somebody has given a verbal assurance.

Q: How current does the search certificate have to be?
A: Not more than five working days old at signature, under Law 132(I)/2023. That is a short window, and it is the reason the search is normally the last item completed rather than the first, even though the enquiries it prompts are made much earlier.

Q: The unit has no separate title deed. Should I walk away?
A: Not necessarily, and a great many Cyprus properties are in that position. They are bought and sold by assignment of contractual rights. What matters is understanding precisely what is received instead of a title deed, what stands between the property and the issue of one, and how the buyer is protected in the meantime. Those are questions to answer before a payment is made, not after.

Q: The seller has a mortgage over the property. Is that fatal?
A: It is common and it is manageable, but only if it is managed in the contract. What is needed is a mechanism that ties release of the charge to the payment being made, so that the money and the release happen together rather than in the hope that one follows the other. On a development, check whether the charge is over the whole site rather than the single unit, because that changes who else has to agree.

## Property Law in Cyprus: Contracts, Title and Transfer
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/property
Buying, selling, leasing or holding property in Cyprus: contracts, Land Registry searches, title problems, and the deposit that protects a buyer.

Q: What does depositing the contract of sale at the Land Registry actually protect?
A: Under the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law of 2011, a buyer who deposits a contract of sale with the Department of Lands and Surveys gains the remedy of specific performance: the right to compel transfer rather than settle for damages. It is the single most useful protection in the gap between signature and transfer of title, and it is subject to deadlines. Missing them is the most expensive avoidable mistake in a Cyprus purchase.

Q: The title has a note about unauthorised works. Can I still buy?
A: Sometimes, but not without understanding what the note does. Building works require a permit under the Streets and Buildings Regulation Law, Cap. 96, and planning permission as well since 1990. A note recording unauthorised works can block a dealing, prevent the issue of a separate title deed, and pass the liability to you. It is a question to answer before the reservation deposit, not after.

Q: The property has no separate title deed. Is that a dealbreaker?
A: No, and a significant number of Cyprus properties are in that position, particularly units in developments built in the 2000s. They are bought and sold every day by way of an assignment of contractual rights, increasingly through online auctions. What matters is understanding precisely what you receive instead of a title deed and what that is worth. Tell us about the assignment before you bid.

Q: The tenant is not paying. How does that proceed?
A: We look at the terms of the tenancy, the amount and the timing of the arrears, and the steps available, both for recovering the rent and for recovering possession. Which comes first depends on what you actually want most.

Q: I am a co-owner and the other co-owner agrees to nothing. Is there a way out?
A: The options depend on the title, on what has been agreed between you, and on what the disagreement is about, whether use, expenses or a sale. We start from the documents and tell you what is realistically achievable and at what cost.

## Public & Administrative
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/public-administrative
Challenging a decision of a Cyprus public authority: the recourse to the Administrative Court under Article 146, and what counts as an executory decision.

Q: How long do I have to challenge a decision?
A: Seventy-five days. A decision of a public authority can be challenged by recourse to the Administrative Court under Article 146 of the Constitution, and Article 146.3 runs the period from publication of the decision or act or, where it is not published and in the case of an omission, from the day it came to the applicant’s knowledge, unless a law expressly provides a different period. Miss it and the claim is barred outright, however strong it was. This is the first thing to establish and the easiest to get wrong, because the date that counts is often not the date on the letter.

Q: What kind of decision can actually be challenged?
A: An executory administrative act, meaning a decision that produces legal effects. Refusals, revocations, conditions attached to a permit, disciplinary decisions and the outcomes of tender procedures can all qualify. A preparatory step, an internal opinion or a purely informative letter generally cannot, and mistaking one for the other costs the deadline.

Q: Who is entitled to bring a recourse?
A: Article 146.2 allows a recourse by a person whose own existing legitimate interest is directly and adversely affected by the decision, act or omission, whether that interest is held as an individual or as a member of a community. Three words carry the weight. The interest has to be yours, it has to exist, and the effect on it has to be direct. Objecting because a decision looks wrong in principle is not enough, and a recourse can fail on that point before the merits are reached at all.

Q: Does filing a recourse stop the decision taking effect?
A: Not by itself. Section 11A of Law 131(I)/2015 creates automatic suspension for one defined category only, a recourse against a deportation order, a return decision or a removal decision issued under the Aliens and Immigration Law, and then only where the application pleads that the act is incompatible with the principle of non-refoulement. Outside that category the decision keeps operating while the recourse is pending. Where the practical damage will be done long before judgment, that timing problem is dealt with at the outset and not at the hearing.

Q: If the recourse succeeds, does the Court take the decision itself?
A: Usually not. Under Article 146.4 the Court confirms the decision in whole or in part, or declares it null and void in whole or in part and deprived of any effect, or, where the complaint is an omission, declares the omission void and that what was omitted ought to have been done. The power to modify a decision rather than annul it is confined to a tax matter, a matter concerning a procedure of international protection under European Union law, and anything else a law provides for. In the ordinary case annulment sends the matter back to the authority to decide again, lawfully. It does not put the Court’s answer in place of the authority’s.

Q: Is a tax decision reviewed differently?
A: Yes, and more closely. Section 11(2) of Law 131(I)/2015 provides that on a recourse against a decision concerning a tax dispute the Administrative Court reviews the legality and the correctness of that decision, confirming it, annulling it or modifying it in whole or in part. Section 11(4)(a) adds that the Court modifies the decision where the authority, exercising a bound competence, assessed the relevant facts wrongly. Two limits go with that power: the modification cannot go beyond what the recourse asks for, and it cannot be made to the applicant’s detriment.

Q: The authority has done nothing since the judgment. What now?
A: Article 146.5 makes the judgment binding on every court, organ and authority in the Republic and puts the organ concerned under a duty of active compliance, which is more than a duty not to obstruct it. Article 146.5A then gives the court jurisdiction, as a law provides, to examine whether there has in fact been active compliance with its own judgment and to impose sanctions on an organ that has not complied. Silence after an annulment is something the court can be asked to deal with, rather than something to absorb.

Q: Can the loss the decision caused be recovered?
A: Article 146.6 gives a person who has suffered damage from a decision, act or omission declared void the right, where the organ concerned has not satisfied the claim, to pursue compensation or other relief by judicial process, and the court may award just and reasonable compensation or grant such other just and reasonable relief as lies within its power. It is a separate step from the annulment. The recourse establishes that the act was void. The loss it caused is then claimed, and has to be proved.

Q: Can the judgment be appealed?
A: Yes, and the window is short. Section 13 of Law 131(I)/2015 provides that every decision of the Administrative Court is subject to appeal to the Administrative Court of Appeal, on a point of law only, within forty-two days of the date the judgment is delivered. Two things follow. Disagreement with the court’s findings of fact will not on its own support an appeal, and six weeks is not long, so the decision whether to appeal is taken on the judgment as delivered.

## Property and Construction in Cyprus: Where the Two Overlap
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/real-estate-construction
Property and construction in Cyprus treated as one problem: contracts, title, permits, defects and delay, for buyers, sellers, developers and contractors.

Q: Do you act for buyers or for developers?
A: Both sides of a property transaction and every side of a building contract: buyers, sellers, landlords, developers, main contractors, subcontractors and consultants, in separate and unrelated matters. A conflict check is run before instructions are accepted, and where interests conflict the firm acts for one side only.

Q: Why are property and construction dealt with together?
A: Because they usually arrive as one problem. The unauthorised works that block a title deed were built under a contract, and the delay that costs a developer a season starts with a planning consent.

Q: What are the three situations that reach the firm most often?
A: A deposit is due and nobody has checked what it commits the buyer to; a title will not transfer; or the building is not what the contract described.

Q: We are buying a unit that has not been built. What is the exposure?
A: Two different things at once, governed by different parts of the same contract. The transaction: what is being acquired, what secures the money paid before there is anything to secure it against, and what happens if the counterparty fails. And the construction: whether what is handed over matches what was described, and whether it arrives when it was promised. Buyers routinely negotiate the price and the payment stages with care while accepting the specification, the completion date and the remedies as printed, which is the wrong way round.

## Recent Work at Kleanthous & Platis
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/recent-work
A selection of the firm’s matters, anonymised: construction counsel, injury claims, financial disputes, trusts, and buyers from abroad. Some concluded, some running.

## Restructuring & Insolvency
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/restructuring-insolvency
Company restructuring and insolvency in Cyprus: directors' duties as a company approaches insolvency, creditor claims, liquidation and personal exposure.

Q: A creditor has served a statutory demand. What now?
A: Move quickly, and answer one question first: is the debt genuinely disputed on substantial grounds, or is it simply unpaid? The two situations call for opposite responses, and the demand is a route to a winding-up application, not a negotiating letter. Tell us the date of service and what the demand claims.

Q: We are still trading and paying most people. Is it too early to take advice?
A: It is the point at which advice is worth most. While the company is still trading there are options that disappear later: a lender can be approached before it has acted, an asset can be sold in an orderly way rather than at speed, and the reasoning behind each decision can be recorded as it is taken rather than reconstructed. Most of what we are asked to repair afterwards was done in the months when a board hoped the next quarter would resolve it.

Q: The bank wants a business plan and a cash flow forecast. How much detail is expected?
A: Enough that a stranger could follow it without asking you a question. Intervals short enough to show the weeks where cash is tight, figures reconciled to the last management accounts, assumptions stated openly, a view of what happens if the important ones are wrong, and a note of who is doing what and by when. Length is not the measure: an unexplained model persuades less than a short document whose numbers agree with each other.

Q: We cannot pay everyone this month. Can we simply pay the creditors we need most?
A: Choices of that kind are among the first things examined if the company does not recover, so they should be made deliberately and recorded, not left to whoever processes the payments. Take advice before a pattern is set, keep a note of the commercial reason for each decision, and be particularly careful with payments to directors, shareholders and connected companies, which attract attention out of all proportion to their size.

Q: Someone has offered to buy the business. What should we do before responding?
A: Establish precisely what the buyer proposes to take and what would be left behind, then work out whether the key contracts, licences and people survive a change of control. Decide who needs to know and in what order, because an approach that reaches the supply chain early can end the exercise. If creditors will not be paid in full, take advice on how the sale will be assessed afterwards before terms are agreed, rather than after.

Q: What happens at a first meeting, and what should we bring?
A: We look at the position rather than the plan you have already formed. Bring the facility and security documents, any guarantees, the latest management accounts, the cash position and a forecast in whatever state it exists, a list of what is owed and to whom with the ages of the balances, and the recent correspondence with the lender or the main creditors. From that we can usually say whether the problem is one of timing or of structure, what the realistic options are, and what each costs to attempt.

## Road Traffic Accident Claims in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/road-traffic-accident-claims-cyprus
What to do after a road accident in Cyprus, how fault is apportioned, who is answerable besides the driver, the Motor Insurers Fund, and the three-year limit.

Q: What should I do immediately after a car accident in Cyprus?
A: Get to safety, get medical attention if anybody needs it, and then record the scene before the vehicles are moved: wide photographs of the road and the positions of the vehicles, the registration numbers, the other driver's details and the insurance certificate, and the names and telephone numbers of witnesses. Note whether the police attended and keep any reference you are given. Copy any recording from a camera in your vehicle off the device the same day.

Q: The other driver had no insurance. Can I still claim?
A: Cyprus has a Motor Insurers Fund under the Motor Vehicles (Third Party Insurance) Law of 2000, 96(I)/2000, and section 29 lists the claims its compensation obligation covers, beginning with liability arising from persons who do not have the insurance cover the Law requires. The same section also reaches the case where the insurer itself has gone into liquidation. Under section 28(1) the conditions on which it pays are contained in the Basic Agreement with the Minister, which is published in the Official Gazette, so what must be done and by when has to be checked in the individual case. Tell us at once rather than later.

Q: The car that hit me drove off and was never found. Is there anything I can do?
A: Section 29 of Law 96(I)/2000 includes among the claims the Motor Insurers Fund's compensation obligation covers those arising from drivers of vehicles whose particulars are unknown. As with an uninsured vehicle, the conditions are set by the Basic Agreement referred to in section 28(1), which is published in the Official Gazette, and section 34 provides that the procedure for these claims forms a separate part of that agreement. Section 28(3) means this is not exercised by suing the Fund as one would sue a driver. Report the accident, keep the reference, and record anything at all you noticed about the vehicle, including a partial registration.

Q: I was a passenger in the car that caused the accident. Can I claim?
A: The insurance required by section 3 of Law 96(I)/2000 is insurance against liability to third parties, and being injured while carried by a driver you know does not by itself put you outside a claim. What any particular policy covers is something we would read before advising. The fact that the driver is a relative, a partner or a friend is the reason people do not ask, and it is not by itself the answer.

Q: I think the accident was partly my fault. Does that end my claim?
A: Cyprus law apportions responsibility rather than refusing a claim outright. The courts decide first whether negligence is established against the defendant and, if it is, examine under section 57 of the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148, whether the claimant was contributorily negligent. How responsibility would be divided is decided on evidence, and it is frequently different from what the person involved assumes.

Q: I was not wearing a seat belt. Does that ruin my claim?
A: Not by itself. A failure to wear a seat belt or a helmet can amount to contributory negligence under section 57 of the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148, where it contributed to the injury, and the result is a reduction decided on the evidence, not the loss of the claim. What difference the belt would actually have made in the particular collision is exactly the kind of question to put to us rather than to answer against yourself.

Q: How long do I have to bring a claim after a road accident in Cyprus?
A: A claim for damages for personal injury must generally be brought within three years under section 6(2) of the Limitation of Actions Law 66(I)/2012, running from the day the cause of action was complete, or from the day the injured person came to know of the injury where that was later. Negotiating with an insurer does not stop the clock, but under section 17 a written acknowledgment of the right of action by the person liable interrupts the period and starts it again from zero, so a file of letters is worth having read. Where the three years have passed, section 6(3) gives the court a discretion to disapply the limitation provisions in an injury or death claim, and that discretion cannot be exercised more than two years after the period expired. Where a person has died, section 58(20) of the Civil Wrongs Law, Cap. 148, requires the action to be brought within three years of the death.

Q: The insurer has offered me a figure and wants an answer this week. Should I sign?
A: An amount proposed before the medical position is settled is proposed on incomplete information, and a claim cannot sensibly be valued until it is known whether the injury is resolving or permanent. A document recording a settlement is an agreement, governed by the Contract Law, Cap. 149, and what it brings to an end depends on its wording rather than on the sum. Tell us about the offer before you sign anything.

Q: How do I get a copy of the police report of the accident?
A: The Republic publishes a service for requesting the issue of a traffic police report, and the request is made to the Police. Who may apply, what the report contains and what use may be made of it in a civil claim are matters to check in the individual case rather than to assume. Keep whatever reference you were given at the scene, because it is what makes the request straightforward.

## Selling Inherited Property in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/selling-inherited-property-in-cyprus
What has to happen before inherited Cyprus property can be sold, what the seller must deliver at transfer, and how a sale is run for heirs who live abroad.

Q: One of the heirs will not engage with us at all. Can the rest of us sell?
A: A sale of the whole parcel needs the whole parcel, and a co-owner who will not participate holds part of it. What options exist then depends on the register entry and on the facts, including whether the person is simply out of contact rather than opposed. Tell us which it is, because they are handled very differently.

Q: An agent in Cyprus has a buyer ready. Can we just sign?
A: Not before the register is right, and not before somebody has read what you are signing. A reservation form or an agency agreement is a contract under the Contract Law, Cap. 149, and it binds you to what it says on its face. The firm's guide to reservation agreements explains what those documents usually do.

Q: Do we have to come to Cyprus for the transfer?
A: Frequently not, where a power of attorney in the right form is in place and the Land Registry accepts it for the act in question. We will tell you at the start which steps in your particular sale require a personal attendance, so that anyone who does need to travel can plan it once rather than twice.

Q: The property is worth very little. Should we bother?
A: Sometimes the answer is no, and you are entitled to that answer early. A small share of agricultural land can cost more to put in order than it will realise. The search of the register, described on the overview page, is the inexpensive way to find out what you are actually dealing with before anyone spends anything substantial.

## Selling Property in Cyprus: What Stops a Sale
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/selling-property-in-cyprus
What a seller in Cyprus must deliver at transfer, what stops a sale, how a mortgage, a memo or a note of irregularity is cleared, and what to settle first.

Q: Can I sell my house in Cyprus if there is still a mortgage on it?
A: Yes, but the charge has to be dealt with, and how it is dealt with should be agreed before a completion date is promised. Section 44Θ of Law 9/1965 requires either the written declaration or consent of the prior mortgagee or holder of the charge, or a court decision authorising the sale without that consent. Where the secured obligation has been paid or has ceased to exist and the mortgagee will not release the mortgage, section 36 allows the mortgagor to apply to the District Court for a cancelling order.

Q: There is a memo on my title from an old judgment. Does selling remove it?
A: No. Section 43 of Law 9/1965 provides that a transfer of the property does not annul the proceedings, extend any period fixed by the Law, or annul, delay or postpone any sale. A memo follows the land and binds whoever takes it, so it is dealt with by satisfying or settling the judgment rather than by transferring the property away from it.

Q: The title has a note about unauthorised works. Can I still sell?
A: That depends on which of the two entries is registered. A certificate of approval with notes under section 10Β of Cap. 96 produces a note of irregularity, which records the finding but does not prevent a voluntary transfer. A certificate of unauthorised works under section 10Γ produces in addition a prohibition of voluntary transfer and encumbrance, which does stop a sale until the irregularity is removed or offset and the appropriate authority applies for deletion under section 65ΚΗ of Cap. 224.

Q: My brother owns half the property and will not sign. What can I do?
A: A sale of the whole parcel needs every registered co-owner, so the question becomes which statutory route fits. Section 29(1) of Cap. 224 lets any co-owner ask the Director to divide the property, and section 29(9) lets co-owners holding at least twenty-five per cent apply in cases within section 27(1)(a). Where division into at least two parcels is not possible without breaching the minimum areas, section 28(1) lets a co-owner obtain the Director's certificate to that effect, after which the Director may sell by auction and distribute the proceeds according to the respective rights. You can also sell your own undivided share alone, subject to the other co-owners' pre-emption under section 25.

Q: The buyer wants to deposit the contract at the Land Registry. What does that do to me?
A: It makes the contract capable of specific performance by order of the court under section 6(1) of Law 81(I)/2011, so the buyer can compel the transfer rather than settle for damages. Under section 8(1) the registrations made on such an order are made regardless of charges and prohibitions ranking after the deposited contract, so from the date of deposit you can no longer create an encumbrance that defeats the buyer. It is a legitimate step that every well advised buyer takes, and the contract should be drafted in the knowledge that it will be taken.

Q: Do I pay tax when I sell property in Cyprus?
A: Capital gains tax is charged on the gain under Law 52/1980, and it is not a matter that waits until after completion. Section 12(1) requires the disposer to declare the disposal to the Director within one month of it and in any event before the transfer, and section 16 requires the tax to be paid at the time of the disposal. Section 5 contains exemptions, including a lifetime allowance for an individual and a separate allowance for a main residence occupied exclusively as a residence for at least five years, and whether either of them applies to you is a question of fact to be answered before you commit to a figure.

Q: My buyer is not an EU citizen. Does that affect me as the seller?
A: It affects your completion date. Section 3(1) of Cap. 109 prohibits acquisition by an alien without the prior permit of the Council of Ministers, and section 3(5) makes any registration in breach of the section void. The contract itself is valid, but under section 3(3) it confers no right of acquisition until the permit is granted, and under section 3(4) the buyer may deposit the contract at the Land Registry without waiting for it. Citizens of European Union and European Economic Area states are outside the definition of alien and need no permit at all.

Q: Do I have to be in Cyprus to sign the transfer?
A: Frequently not. Section 10(1) of Law 9/1965 deals expressly with a declaration of transfer made through a representative and requires the representative to prove to the Director a written authority duly certified by a competent authority. Nothing in that Law requires personal attendance where such an authority exists, though the Director may require evidence that the authority has not been revoked and may refuse the declaration where there is a defect or a doubt about identity or about the certifying authority's competence.

## Selling Property in Cyprus Without a Title Deed
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/selling-property-without-title-deed-cyprus
The seller's side of an assignment of contractual rights in Cyprus: what you must produce, whether the developer must consent, and what you remain liable for.

Q: Why does the deposit of the contract matter so much?
A: Because almost everything of value in your position rests on it. Under section 3(1)(c) of Law 81(I)/2011, read with section 77Α of Cap. 149, a true copy of the contract had to be deposited at the competent District Lands Office within six months of signature, and a late deposit attracts a surcharge of ten per cent on the transfer fees.

Q: Can I sell my flat in Cyprus if I never received a title deed?
A: Yes, but not by transferring ownership, because you do not hold it. Section 7 of Law 9/1965 prohibits the transfer or mortgage of immovable property by anyone other than its owner, and until the separate titles issue the owner on the register is the developer or whoever has taken the developer's place. What changes hands is your contractual position under the contract of sale, which is assigned to the buyer.

Q: My contract was never deposited at the Land Registry. Is it too late?
A: Not necessarily, but it is the first thing to establish, because the protections that make your position saleable depend on the deposit. Section 3(1)(c) of Law 81(I)/2011, read with section 77Α of Cap. 149, required deposit within six months of signature, and late deposit attracts a surcharge of ten per cent on the transfer fees. Section 12 allows the court, on an application, to permit a deposit or an action out of time where it considers that just and reasonable for the protection of the buyer.

Q: Does the developer have to consent before I can assign my rights?
A: The legislation the firm has researched does not impose a general requirement of the registered owner's consent to an assignment, so the answer turns on the terms of your original contract of sale under the Contract Law, Cap. 149. The consents the legislation does name are different ones: a prior mortgagee or charge holder under section 44Θ of Law 9/1965, the holders of prior charges and prohibitions under section 44ΙΗ of the same Law, and the authority in whose favour a prohibition operates under section 34 of Cap. 224. With the contract in front of us we can tell you which of them your sale actually needs.

Q: Am I still liable to the developer after I have assigned?
A: That depends on what the documents say, and it is the question most often left unanswered. An assignment passes rights; whether it discharges the assignor from his own obligations is a matter of the terms agreed and of whether the registered owner has released him, which are ordinary questions under the Contract Law, Cap. 149. It is answered from the documents rather than in general, so send them to us before you sign.

Q: The bank has a mortgage over the whole block. Can anything be done?
A: Sometimes, and the route has a name. Part VIIA of Law 9/1965 allows the Director to transfer to a buyer where the contract was deposited by the date the section fixes and the holders of prior charges have consented to their release, or, where the sale price has been paid in full and consent is refused, where a court has ordered that the refusal is abusive and unjustified, under section 44ΙΗ. Section 44ΙΘ allows the application to be made by the buyer, the seller, the mortgagee, the lender or the assignee, and stays pending bankruptcy and company proceedings until it is determined.

Q: How long does the buyer have to enforce, and does that concern me?
A: It concerns you, because the obligations you assign are live for years. Section 6(1)(b) of Law 81(I)/2011 refers an action for specific performance to the limitation period for claims arising from breach of contract, rather than to the six months required by the repealed Cap. 232. Once an order is made, section 9(1) terminates the right unless the applicant registers within one year, subject to renewal by the court under section 9(2).

Q: Which register is searched, when I have no registration of my own?
A: The registration of the parent parcel the unit sits on, because that is where what you can actually deliver shows up. Before separate titles issue there is no separate unit registration to mortgage, so the encumbrances on the register attach to the parcel as a whole, and that changes who has to consent to a release and when.

Q: What will a properly advised buyer ask me for?
A: The original contract of sale and proof of its deposit with the date, every assignment in the chain in unredacted form, a search certificate for the parent parcel showing mortgages, memos, notes and prohibitions, and the payment record under the original contract. Expect to be asked who is responsible for the outstanding division, for any unauthorised works, and for the charges that stand between the development and separate titles. Having the answers in advance is the whole of the difference between a sale that completes and one that stalls.

## Shareholder Dispute Lawyers in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/shareholder-disputes-cyprus
Shareholder disputes in Cyprus companies: deadlock, minority protection, director conflicts, and exits and buyouts under the Companies Law and the articles.

Q: I own 20% and the majority ignores me. Do I have rights?
A: Yes. Section 202 of the Companies Law is available to any member, with no minimum shareholding, where the company’s affairs are conducted oppressively. The practical remedy is usually a court-ordered buyout at a proper price, or orders regulating how the company is run.

Q: Can I force the others to buy me out?
A: There is no automatic right, but a buyout is exactly what a section 202 application typically achieves where oppression is shown, and a shareholders’ agreement often contains exit machinery of its own. The route depends on the documents and the facts.

Q: Am I entitled to see the company’s books?
A: You are entitled to inspect the register of members and the minutes of general meetings, and to receive the audited financial statements. You are not entitled, as a shareholder, to the board minutes or the accounting books: those are open to the directors.

Q: Can I sue the director who damaged the company?
A: If the damage was done to the company, the claim in principle belongs to the company, and a minority shareholder can pursue it derivatively only within recognised exceptions, with the company joined as a party. If your personal rights as a member were infringed, you sue in your own name. The distinction decides the case’s survival, so it is settled first.

Q: Can the court hold the position while the dispute is fought out?
A: Yes, and in a shareholder dispute that is often the whole game. The Civil Procedure Rules 2023 (13/2023) allow an interim order at any stage, before proceedings are issued or during them, granted on whether there is an arguable case, whether damages would be an adequate remedy, where the balance of convenience lies and what preserves the status quo. Stopping a share transfer, a board resolution or a disposal of the company's main asset until the court has heard the argument is what keeps the eventual judgment worth having.

Q: Is a dispute like this heard in a specialist court?
A: In time, and not yet. Law 69(I)/2022 establishes a Commercial Court, and a dispute between shareholders of an entity supervised by a supervisory authority in the Republic is one of the thirteen categories of commercial dispute it names. For a dispute outside that category the two million euro threshold applies, measured on what is actually in issue between the parties rather than on what the claim asks for. The Court does not take the case on the strength of the Law alone: section 32(2) holds its jurisdiction back until the Supreme Court publishes a notice that it is constituted and ready, and section 33(1)(a) leaves first instance jurisdiction with the District Court until then. Part 42 of the Civil Procedure Rules 2023 supplies the procedure when it does open: its own register under rule 42.2, a simplified and expedited procedure under rule 42.4, and active case management under rule 42.13. The rest is set out on our page on commercial disputes.

Q: Does a formal offer to settle work in a dispute between shareholders?
A: It is one of the few things that reliably moves one. An offer under rule 35.9 stays open for acceptance for twenty-one days, and rule 35.13 carries the costs consequence if it is not beaten: a claimant who refuses and then does no better pays the other side's costs from the expiry of that acceptance period. Where both sides are funding the litigation out of the same company, that arithmetic tends to concentrate minds faster than the merits do.

## Shareholders' Agreement Lawyers in Cyprus
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/shareholders-agreements-cyprus
Drafting and negotiating shareholders' agreements for Cyprus companies: transfers, deadlock, exits, valuation, and the clauses that decide disputes.

Q: We agreed everything verbally when we started. Does that count?
A: An undocumented understanding is evidence of what was agreed, and a source of years of argument about it. If the understanding is real, writing it down is cheap. If it does not survive being written down, it was never an agreement.

Q: Does the agreement bind someone who buys shares later?
A: Only if the machinery makes it so: a deed of adherence signed before the transfer is registered. We build that requirement into the agreement and the articles together.

Q: Which wins if the agreement and the articles conflict?
A: As a rule, the articles govern the company, and section 21(1) of Cap. 113 is why: registered, they bind the company and its members as if signed and sealed by each of them, while the shareholders' agreement binds only its signatories. a corporate act done in accordance with them stands, and breach of the agreement gives the wronged shareholder a contractual claim against the others rather than undoing the act. That is exactly why the two documents are drafted and amended together, so the question never has to be answered in court. Where a conflict already exists, take specific advice quickly.

Q: When should we review it?
A: On every change of shareholding, on any investment round, and when the business itself changes shape. An agreement written for two founders rarely fits five shareholders and an investor.

## Our Team of Lawyers
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/team
The advocates at Kleanthous & Platis LLC in Nicosia: what each partner does, the matters each one leads, and who to ask for when you first call the firm.

## Technology & E-Commerce
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/technology-e-commerce
Technology contracts, data protection and online trading in Cyprus, including artificial intelligence policies, supplier terms and liability for software.

Q: An agency built our product and we paid every invoice. Do we own it?
A: Probably, and by statute rather than by the invoices. Under section 11(1) of the Intellectual Property Law 59/1976, where the creation of a work is undertaken on the commission of a person or organisation, the copyright is deemed to have been transferred to whoever commissioned it. The same section then makes that transfer subject to any agreement between the parties excluding or limiting it, and an agency's standard terms commonly do exactly that, reserving ownership and giving the client a licence instead. So the engagement terms still decide it, but they decide it by taking away a transfer the statute would otherwise have made, which is a different question to ask of them. Two practical points: under section 12(5) an assignment or an exclusive licence is valid only in writing, so an oral understanding is not an assignment; and copyright is not the whole of what a buyer will ask about, since trade marks, domains, know-how and third-party components sit outside it. It is worth establishing now, while the agency still wants your business, rather than during a sale.

Q: What should we have in place before an investor or a buyer starts asking?
A: A list of everyone who built any part of the product and the terms each worked under. Signed documentation transferring what they produced to the company. Confirmation that the domains, repositories, hosting and store accounts stand in the company's name. A record of the third party and open source components in the product. The customer contracts and the terms actually in use on the site, matching the entity that trades. Most of the delay in these exercises comes from assembling material that was never collected, not from anything being wrong.

Q: The supplier will not move on its liability cap. Is that unusual?
A: No, and a negotiation that consists only of pushing the number is usually the wrong negotiation. It is often more productive to accept a limit and work on what sits around it: what the excluded categories of loss are, whether particular risks are carved out of the cap, what the supplier's insurance covers, whether service credits are expressed as the sole remedy, and what exit assistance is owed if the relationship fails. Those provisions frequently deliver more real protection than a larger figure would.

Q: Can we adapt terms and conditions from another website?
A: Copied terms tend to fail in the same places: the wrong entity, a currency or a forum with no connection to the business, a description of a product that is not the one being sold, and silence on charging, renewal and cancellation, which is where nearly all customer disputes actually arise. The commercial content has to reflect how the business really operates, and the process by which customers accept the terms, and by which versions are kept, has to be capable of being demonstrated later.

Q: Our platform account has been suspended and we cannot trade. What can be done?
A: First the operational steps: use the operator's escalation route, answer exactly what has been asked, keep the correspondence in order and preserve access to whatever data can still be reached. Then the commercial assessment: what the relationship with the operator actually is, what alternative channel can carry trading in the meantime, and what the loss is while it is unavailable. With the account terms, the notice you received and the correspondence in front of us we can tell you what the realistic options are.

## Website Terms of Use
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/terms-conditions
Terms of use for the Kleanthous & Platis LLC website: general information only, no lawyer-client relationship, intellectual property and liability.

## Cyprus Title Deed Lawyers: Delays, Blocks and Remedies
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/title-deed-problems-cyprus
Why a Cyprus title deed has not issued and the remedy for each cause, the seller’s duties under Law 81(I)/2011, and the forms a transfer runs on.

Q: I have paid in full but the developer's bank has a mortgage over the land. Is there anything I can do?
A: Yes. Part VIIA of Law 9/1965, sections 44ΙΗ to 44ΚΖ, exists for buyers who have performed or substantially performed their obligations and have no title because the development is encumbered. Section 44ΙΗ sets the conditions, including that the contract was deposited under the Sale of Immovable Property (Specific Performance) Law by the date it fixes, and either the consent of the holders of prior charges and prohibitions or, where the price has been paid in full and consent is refused, a court order that the refusal is abusive and unjustified.

Q: Does the developer going into liquidation stop the process?
A: Not by itself. Section 44ΙΘ stays pending proceedings under Parts VI and VIA of the Law, under the Bankruptcy Law and under the Companies Law until the application has been determined.

Q: What happens if I have paid only part of the price?
A: Section 44Κ sets out what the Director examines, including whether the sale price has been paid in full and whether a registered title exists, and provides that where payment is partial the buyer is called on within sixty days to pay the balance into a special temporary account.

Q: There is a note on the title about the building. Does that stop a transfer?
A: It depends which note. A certificate of approval with notes under section 10Β of Cap. 96 produces a note of irregularity, which records the finding but does not prevent a voluntary transfer. A certificate of unauthorised works under section 10Γ produces in addition a prohibition of voluntary transfer and encumbrance, which does stop a dealing.

Q: A judgment was registered against the seller. Does it disappear when I buy?
A: No. Section 43 of Law 9/1965 provides that a transfer of the property does not annul the proceedings, extend any period fixed by the Law, or annul, delay or postpone any sale. The memo follows the land, so it has to be released as part of the transaction rather than left.

Q: My contract was never deposited. Is my position hopeless?
A: No, but it is weaker, and in two directions. The remedy of specific performance may not be available on the same terms, and the statutory route under Part VIIA is conditioned on deposit. Establish the fact first, because what people believe about their own deposit is often wrong in both directions.

## Trapped Buyers in Cyprus: The 2025 Law
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/trapped-buyers-cyprus
The trapped buyers mechanism after Law 110(I)/2025: the 2014 and 2024 cut-offs, the 45-day court route when a bank refuses consent, and the restart of frozen cases.

Q: Am I a trapped buyer in the legal sense?
A: If you bought Cyprus property, your contract was deposited at the Land Registry by 31 December 2014, or concluded by then and deposited under a court order applied for by 31 December 2024, and the title has never been transferred because of the seller's prior mortgage or other charges, you are within the scope of Part VIB of Law 9/1965 as rebuilt by Law 110(I)/2025. A separate title deed must exist for the property.

Q: What happened in June 2024?
A: In Civil Appeal No. 285/2018, decided on 20 June 2024, the Court of Appeal held the central provisions of the 2015 trapped-buyers mechanism unconstitutional, contrary to Articles 23 and 26 of the Constitution, because they allowed the transfer of mortgaged property without the secured creditor's consent. Pending applications froze until the new law.

Q: What does Law 110(I)/2025 change?
A: It rebuilds the mechanism around the lender's constitutional rights: prior charge holders must consent in writing to release, and where consent is refused and the price is fully paid, the buyer may apply to court within 45 days of the refusal for an order that the refusal is abusive and unjustified. That order substitutes for the consent. Enforcement against the property is suspended while the application is decided.

Q: The bank refused consent. How long do I have?
A: Forty-five days from the refusal to file the court application. The period is short by design, and the application has to persuade the court that the refusal is abusive and unjustified, terms the law leaves undefined, so the evidence of full payment and of the refusal itself needs to be assembled before the letter arrives, not after.

Q: I applied years ago and everything stopped. What now?
A: Pre-2025 applications are examined again, provided a separate title can be issued for the property within two years and eight months from the law's commencement, to early March 2028. After the Land Registry's notice you have eight months to submit the required documents. If a title cannot be issued, the application may be rejected, which is why the no-title cases need separate advice.

Q: My building has no separate title deeds at all. Does the law help me?
A: Not directly. The transfer mechanism requires an issued title deed. Where the competent authority certifies that a title cannot be issued, the case falls outside the mechanism, and the realistic routes are contractual: specific performance where the deposited contract supports it, assignment, or a damages claim. Which of those is open depends on the papers, so send them to us.

## Trusts, Wills & Succession
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/trusts-wills-succession
Wills, succession and estate administration in Cyprus, Cyprus international trusts, and residence and citizenship matters, for clients in Cyprus and abroad.

Q: Can I disinherit my child in Cyprus?
A: Not freely. Cyprus law reserves part of the estate for particular relatives, the statutory portion, and only the remainder is disposable by will. How much is reserved depends on who survives you. The forced heirship calculator gives the proportion for your own family position.

Q: I have a will in my home country and property in Cyprus. Do I need a Cyprus will as well?
A: Often it is sensible, and the answer depends on what the foreign will says and what assets sit here. A separate Cyprus will dealing only with the Cyprus assets can make administration here considerably faster, but the two documents have to be drafted so that neither revokes the other and nothing falls between them. Send us both the foreign will and a list of what you own in Cyprus and we will tell you which arrangement fits.

Q: How long does it take to administer an estate?
A: The variables are the documents rather than the law. An estate with a clear original will, assets in one country and cooperative heirs moves at the pace of the paperwork. An estate with a foreign element, a missing document, or heirs who disagree takes very much longer, and the additional time is almost entirely spent obtaining things rather than arguing about them. We give a realistic view once we have seen what the estate consists of.

Q: The property is still in my grandfather's name. Can we sell it?
A: Not until the estate, and any intervening estate, has been administered and the property registered in the names of those now entitled. This is common and it is solvable, but it is a sequence of steps rather than a single application, and it should be started before a buyer is found rather than after. The practical route is set out under inherited property in Cyprus.

Q: Can I be an executor if I live abroad?
A: It can be done and it needs planning, because an estate here generates documents, signatures and appearances that are awkward to handle from another country. Where an executor is abroad the usual solutions are a properly drafted power of attorney and a local advocate instructed to carry the administrative load. That is worth arranging at the outset rather than after the first document has to be signed in person.

Q: The other beneficiaries will not tell me what is happening with the estate. What are my rights?
A: A beneficiary is not a bystander, and personal representatives are accountable for what they do with an estate. The first step is usually a properly framed written request for information, which resolves a good proportion of these situations because the recipient is more often disorganised than obstructive. Where it does not, there are steps available, and we will tell you what they are and what they are likely to cost before you take them.

Q: What does a will cost?
A: A straightforward will is a fixed fee, quoted before we start. Cross-border arrangements, a trust, or an estate with a complicated ownership structure are quoted once we have seen the position, because the work is in the analysis rather than in the drafting. Either way you have the figure in advance.

## Where to Start with a Cyprus Legal Matter
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/where-to-start
Answer three short questions and land on the right page of this site: the guide, calculator or fixed-fee service that fits your Cyprus legal situation.

## Wills Lawyers in Cyprus: the Reserved Portion and Foreign Assets
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/wills-cyprus
Making a will in Cyprus: the reserved portion, execution that survives challenge, coordinated wills for assets abroad, and safe custody at the probate registry.

Q: Is a handwritten will valid in Cyprus?
A: If it satisfies the execution requirements, writing, signature at the end, two witnesses present at the same time, initialled sheets, yes. The practical problem with home-made wills is proving due execution years later, which is why the ceremony matters as much as the text.

Q: Can my executor witness the will?
A: Yes. What a witness cannot do is take a gift under the will: a legacy to an attesting witness or to the witness's spouse or child is void, though the attestation itself remains good.

Q: Does my foreign will cover my Cyprus assets?
A: Possibly, but "covered" and "convenient" are different things, and a foreign will drafted on assumptions of full testamentary freedom can collide with the Cyprus reserved portion. The usual answer is a coordinated Cyprus will. Bring the foreign will to the first meeting.

Q: How often should the will be reviewed?
A: At every real life change: marriage, divorce, a child, a significant purchase or sale, a move. Absent those, a short review every few years keeps it aligned with the law and the facts.

Q: I married after signing my will. Is it still valid?
A: Quite possibly not. Under section 38 of Cap. 195 a will is deemed revoked by the testator's marriage after execution, unless the will shows it was made in contemplation of that marriage. The same applies to the birth of a first child where the will is silent. If either has happened since you signed, treat the will as needing to be made again and tell us the dates.

Q: How is a will revoked deliberately?
A: In one of the ways section 37 of Cap. 195 recognises: a later will that revokes it expressly, a later will inconsistent with it, which revokes it only to the extent of the inconsistency, or its destruction by the testator, or by someone in the testator's presence and at the testator's direction, with the intention of revoking it. Crossing out clauses achieves less than people expect: an alteration made after execution has effect only if it is itself executed like a will.

## Winding Up a Cyprus Company
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/winding-up-cyprus-company
Winding up a Cyprus company: the statutory demand, the presumption of insolvency, what freezes when liquidation begins, and how creditors rank.

Q: I received a statutory demand for a debt we genuinely dispute. What now?
A: Answer within the three weeks, in writing, with the documents that show the dispute. A genuinely disputed debt does not support a winding-up petition, and a petition brought on one can be dismissed with costs. Silence, on the other hand, builds the presumption against you.

Q: Is the winding-up petition a good way to collect a debt?
A: It is a powerful lever against a company that can pay but will not, and the wrong tool against one that disputes the debt or has nothing left. The assessment before filing covers exactly that: the dispute risk, the assets, and where you would rank.

Q: The company paid one creditor and not the others just before collapsing. Can that be undone?
A: Potentially: payments and transfers in the six months before commencement can be set aside as fraudulent preferences where a creditor was deliberately preferred, and gratuitous transfers fare even worse. The liquidator, or a creditor prompting the liquidator, is the usual mover.

Q: What happens to the lawsuit we have against the company?
A: Once a winding-up order is made or a provisional liquidator appointed, actions against the company need the court's leave to continue. Claims are then pursued through the liquidation's proof-of-debt machinery, where the ranking decides the outcome.


# Στα ελληνικά

## Αγοραπωλησία Ακινήτου στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/agorapolisia-akinitou-kypros
Η σειρά μιας αγοραπωλησίας στην Κύπρο: συμφωνία κράτησης, έλεγχος τίτλου, σύμβαση, κατάθεση για ειδική εκτέλεση, έγκριση Υπουργικού και μεταβίβαση τίτλου.

Q: Ποια είναι τα τέλη μεταβίβασης ακινήτου στην Κύπρο;
A: Υπολογίζονται κλιμακωτά επί της αγοραίας αξίας: 3% για τις πρώτες €85.000, 5% για το τμήμα €85.001 έως €170.000, και 8% για το τμήμα άνω των €170.000. Σε μεταπωλήσεις όπου δεν καταβλήθηκε ΦΠΑ ισχύει μείωση 50%, με συντελεστές 1,5%, 2,5% και 4%. Δεν οφείλονται τέλη μεταβίβασης όπου καταβλήθηκε ΦΠΑ κατά την αγορά.

Q: Ισχύουν ακόμη τα χαρτόσημα στην αγοραπωλησία ακινήτου;
A: Όχι για συμβόλαια πώλησης που υπογράφονται από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2026 και μετά. Το άρθρο 10(2) του περί Ερμηνείας Νόμου, Κεφ. 1, διατηρεί τέλος που είχε ήδη γεννηθεί, οπότε συμβόλαια που υπογράφηκαν στις ή πριν από τις 31 Δεκεμβρίου 2025 εξακολουθούν να υπόκεινται στους παλαιότερους συντελεστές, 0,15% και 0,20% ανάλογα με την αξία, με ανώτατο όριο τις €20.000.

Q: Μπορεί μη πολίτης της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης να αγοράσει ακίνητο στην Κύπρο;
A: Ναι. Πολίτες της Ένωσης αγοράζουν χωρίς ειδικό καθεστώς. Πολίτες τρίτων χωρών μπορούν επίσης να αγοράσουν, συνήθως όμως χρειάζονται έγκριση του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου, την οποία το γραφείο μας εξασφαλίζει εκ μέρους σας, περιλαμβανομένων αγορών εξ αποστάσεως μέσω πληρεξουσίου.

Q: Τι πρέπει να προσέξω πριν συμμετάσχω σε πλειστηριασμό ακινήτου;
A: Πριν υποβάλετε προσφορά, ζητήστε νομικό έλεγχο του νομικού πακέτου του ακινήτου: κατάσταση τίτλου, τυχόν υποθήκες που ενδέχεται να επιβιώσουν του πλειστηριασμού, και τη νομική σας θέση έναντι τυχόν υφιστάμενου κατόχου. Στους περισσότερους πλειστηριασμούς δεν υπάρχει δυνατότητα υπαναχώρησης μετά την κατακύρωση.

Q: Πόσο κοστίζει η νομική εκπροσώπηση σε μια αγοραπωλησία;
A: Για τυπικές αγοραπωλησίες προσφέρουμε σταθερή αμοιβή, η οποία συμφωνείται πριν από την έναρξη των εργασιών. Επικοινωνήστε μαζί μας με τα στοιχεία της συναλλαγής σας για συγκεκριμένη προσφορά.

## Αγορά Ακινήτου σε Πλειστηριασμό στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-agora-akinitou-pleistiriasmo-kypros
Πώς λειτουργούν οι πλειστηριασμοί ακινήτων στην Κύπρο, τι ακριβώς πωλείται με τίτλο και τι με εκχώρηση, και οι έλεγχοι πριν από την προσφορά.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα μπορείτε να ελέγξετε έναν φάκελο;
A: Πείτε μας την προθεσμία υποβολής προσφορών όταν μας στείλετε τον φάκελο και θα σας πούμε αμέσως αν μπορούμε να την προλάβουμε. Όπου η προθεσμία είναι κοντά, γράψτε το στην πρώτη γραμμή του μηνύματός σας και το χειριζόμαστε ως επείγον. Ο έλεγχος γίνεται με σταθερή αμοιβή που συμφωνείται πριν αρχίσει η εργασία.

Q: Δεσμεύει η νικήτρια προσφορά;
A: Ναι. Οι όροι καθορίζονται πριν καταχωριστεί το ακίνητο και η αποδοχή της προσφοράς δεσμεύει τον αγοραστή, με την εγγύηση του πλειοδότη να παρακρατείται και να μετατρέπεται σε αρχική κατάθεση. Δεν υπάρχει περίοδος μετά την οποία ένα πρόβλημα που θα βρεθεί γίνεται πρόβλημα του πωλητή, και γι' αυτό ο έλεγχος γίνεται πριν.

Q: Ο νομικός φάκελος φαίνεται πλήρης. Γιατί χρειάζεται χωριστός έλεγχος;
A: Γιατί ο φάκελος συντάσσεται από τον πωλητή, δεν αποτελεί αποτύπωση του κινδύνου και δεν παρέχεται με εγγύηση. Εκείνο που κρίνει αν αξίζει να πλειοδοτήσετε είναι συχνά ό,τι ο φάκελος παραλείπει. Διενεργούμε τη δική μας έρευνα στο Κτηματολόγιο και τη διαβάζουμε δίπλα στον φάκελο, και σας λέμε τι σημαίνει η διαφορά μεταξύ τους.

Q: Ποια η διαφορά ανάμεσα σε ακίνητο με τίτλο και σε εκχώρηση;
A: Σε ακίνητο με ξεχωριστό τίτλο ο πωλητής είναι ο εγγεγραμμένος ιδιοκτήτης και η πώληση ολοκληρώνεται με συνήθη μεταβίβαση. Σε εκχώρηση ο πωλητής δεν έχει την κυριότητα: κατέχει συμβατικά δικαιώματα δυνάμει κατατεθειμένου πωλητηρίου εγγράφου και πωλεί αυτά τα δικαιώματα, ρητά χωρίς εγγύηση τίτλου. Το άρθρο 7 του Ν. 9/1965 απαγορεύει τη μεταβίβαση από οποιονδήποτε πλην του ιδιοκτήτη, οπότε ο δρόμος σας προς εγγεγραμμένο τίτλο περνά μέσα από τρίτο πρόσωπο.

Q: Το ακίνητο είναι κατειλημμένο. Παραδίδει ο πλειστηριασμός ελεύθερη κατοχή;
A: Όχι αυτόματα, και είναι η υπόθεση που γίνεται συχνότερα χωρίς έλεγχο. Ένα ακίνητο μπορεί να κατέχεται από τον πρώην ιδιοκτήτη, από ενοικιαστή με μίσθωση που δεσμεύει τον αγοραστή, ή από πρόσωπο χωρίς κανένα δικαίωμα. Κάθε περίπτωση γεννά διαφορετική οδό ανάκτησης, και η ανάκτηση μέσω των δικαστηρίων μετριέται σε μήνες.

Q: Υπάρχει καταχωρισμένη απόφαση εναντίον του ιδιοκτήτη. Μένει πίσω με την πώληση;
A: Όχι. Το memo είναι η εγγραφή δικαστικής απόφασης εναντίον του εγγεγραμμένου ιδιοκτήτη, και το άρθρο 43 του Ν. 9/1965 προβλέπει ότι η μεταβίβαση του ακινήτου δεν ακυρώνει τη διαδικασία, δεν παρατείνει προθεσμία που ορίζει ο Νόμος, ούτε ακυρώνει, καθυστερεί ή αναβάλλει πώληση. Το memo ακολουθεί τη γη.

## Αγορά Μεταπωλούμενου Ακινήτου στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-agora-metapoloumenou-akinitou
Τι αλλάζει όταν το σπίτι υπάρχει ήδη και ο τίτλος έχει εκδοθεί: βάρη και σημειώσεις στον τίτλο, προσθήκες μετά την αποπεράτωση, και η θέση των αδειών.

Q: Το σπίτι έχει ήδη τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας. Χρειάζεται ακόμη έλεγχος;
A: Ο εκδοθείς τίτλος απαντά στο ερώτημα αν το ακίνητο είναι χωριστά εγγεγραμμένο. Δεν σας λέει τι το βαρύνει, αν έχει εγγραφεί memo κατόπιν δικαστικής απόφασης εναντίον του ιδιοκτήτη, ή αν αυτό που στέκεται στο τεμάχιο αντιστοιχεί στις άδειες υπό τις οποίες κτίστηκε. Αυτές είναι χωριστές έρευνες και χωριστές απαντήσεις.

Q: Ποιο είναι το συνηθέστερο πρόβλημα σε μεταπωλούμενο σπίτι;
A: Εργασίες που εκτελέστηκαν μετά την αποπεράτωση του κτηρίου και δεν καλύπτονται από τις αρχικές άδειες. Μια καλυμμένη βεράντα, ένα κλεισμένο υπόγειο, μια πισίνα ή ένα δωμάτιο στη στέγη. Όπου η θέση καταγράφεται στον τίτλο μπορεί να επηρεάσει τις δικαιοπραξίες επί του ακινήτου, και το κόστος τακτοποίησης, όπου αυτή είναι καθόλου δυνατή, βαρύνει όποιον κατέχει το ακίνητο όταν τεθεί το ερώτημα.

Q: Ο πωλητής έχει υποθήκη επί του σπιτιού. Εμποδίζει την πώληση;
A: Όχι από μόνη της. Πρέπει να αντιμετωπιστεί, και ο τρόπος είναι γραπτή ανάληψη υποχρέωσης ή μηχανισμός στη σύμβαση για αποδέσμευση έναντι πληρωμής τη στιγμή της μεταβίβασης, και όχι διαβεβαίωση ότι θα διευθετηθεί πιο κοντά στην ημερομηνία. Το να συμβούν η αποδέσμευση και η πληρωμή ταυτόχρονα είναι ζήτημα σύνταξης όρων.

Q: Πληρώνω χαρτόσημα σε αγορά μεταπωλούμενου ακινήτου;
A: Όχι, για σύμβαση που υπογράφεται από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2026 και μετά. Οι περί Χαρτοσήμων Νόμοι καταργήθηκαν από την ημερομηνία εκείνη με τον περί Χαρτοσήμων (Καταργητικό) Νόμο του 2025, Ν. 239(Ι)/2025, και η σφράγιση δεν αποτελεί προϋπόθεση για την κατάθεση της σύμβασης στο Κτηματολόγιο. Οι συμβάσεις που υπογράφηκαν μέχρι και την 31η Δεκεμβρίου 2025 παραμένουν υπό το παλαιό καθεστώς: ο καταργητικός Νόμος δεν φέρει διάταξη επιφύλαξης, και το άρθρο 10(2) του περί Ερμηνείας Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 1, διατηρεί τέλος που είχε ήδη γεννηθεί.

Q: Πώς υπολογίζονται τα μεταβιβαστικά τέλη σε μεταπώληση;
A: Τα μεταβιβαστικά τέλη επιβάλλονται από το Τμήμα Κτηματολογίου και Χωρομετρίας επί της δικής του εκτίμησης της αγοραίας αξίας, κλιμακωτά σε 3% για τις πρώτες 85.000 ευρώ, 5% από 85.001 μέχρι 170.000 ευρώ και 8% πάνω από αυτό. Σε μεταπώληση, όπου δεν επιβλήθηκε ΦΠΑ στην αγορά, ισχύει μείωση 50%, που δίνει πραγματικούς συντελεστές 1,5%, 2,5% και 4%.

Q: Ο κτηματομεσίτης σύστησε δικηγόρο. Να τον χρησιμοποιήσω;
A: Ρωτήστε για ποιον ενεργεί ο δικηγόρος αυτός, και πάρτε την απάντηση προτού υπογραφεί ή πληρωθεί οτιδήποτε. Όπου το ίδιο γραφείο προτείνεται και στις δύο πλευρές μιας πώλησης, τα συμφέροντα που υποχωρούν όταν βρεθεί κάτι δυσάρεστο δεν είναι συνήθως εκείνα του προσώπου που συστήθηκε τελευταίο.

## Αγοραπωλησία Επιχείρησης στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-agorapolisia-epicheirisis-kypros
Πώληση μετοχών ή περιουσιακών στοιχείων στην Κύπρο: νομικός έλεγχος, συμφωνία αγοραπωλησίας, εγγυήσεις και ρήτρες, και η μεταβίβαση προσωπικού.

Q: Πόσο διαρκεί η αγορά μιας επιχείρησης;
A: Μια καθαρή, καλά προετοιμασμένη μικρή συναλλαγή μετριέται σε εβδομάδες· οτιδήποτε περιλαμβάνει ακίνητα, άδειες ή συγκαταθέσεις τρίτων μετριέται σε μήνες. Το τίμιο χρονοδιάγραμμα καθορίζεται από τα ευρήματα του ελέγχου και από τις συγκαταθέσεις τρίτων.

Q: Χρειάζομαι και λογιστές εκτός από δικηγόρους;
A: Ναι, και η δουλειά είναι καλύτερη όταν τα δύο τρέχουν παράλληλα: η φορολογική δομή κρίνει πραγματικά χρήματα, και ο οικονομικός έλεγχος τροφοδοτεί τις νομικές προστασίες. Συνεργαζόμαστε με τον λογιστή σας ως κανόνα.

Q: Ο πωλητής αντιστέκεται στον έλεγχο. Είναι κόκκινη σημαία;
A: Η αντίσταση σε εύλογα αιτήματα είναι πληροφορία. Ενίοτε είναι ανοργανωσιά, που και αυτή σας λέει κάτι για τα αρχεία που αγοράζετε. Η απάντηση δεν είναι η αντανακλαστική αποχώρηση αλλά η μετατροπή της αδιαφάνειας σε προστασία: ευρύτερες εγγυήσεις και αποζημιώσεις.

Q: Τι γίνεται με τους εργαζομένους;
A: Εξαρτάται από τη δομή της συναλλαγής, και είναι από τα πρώτα ερωτήματα που απαντούμε στη συγκεκριμένη υπόθεση, γιατί οι υποχρεώσεις διαφέρουν μεταξύ πώλησης μετοχών και πώλησης περιουσιακών στοιχείων, και ο σχεδιασμός έχει δικές του προθεσμίες.

## Ακίνητα και Κατασκευές στην Κύπρο: Πού Επικαλύπτονται
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-akinita-kataskeues-kypros
Ακίνητα και κατασκευές στην Κύπρο ως ένα ζήτημα: συμβάσεις, τίτλοι, άδειες, ελαττώματα και καθυστέρηση, για αγοραστές, πωλητές και εργολάβους.

Q: Ενεργείτε για αγοραστές ή για επιχειρηματίες ανάπτυξης;
A: Και στις δύο πλευρές μιας συναλλαγής ακινήτου και σε κάθε πλευρά μιας οικοδομικής σύμβασης: αγοραστές, πωλητές, εκμισθωτές, επιχειρηματίες ανάπτυξης, κύριους εργολάβους, υπεργολάβους και μελετητές, σε χωριστές και άσχετες μεταξύ τους υποθέσεις. Πριν από την αποδοχή οδηγιών διενεργείται έλεγχος σύγκρουσης συμφέροντος, και όπου τα συμφέροντα συγκρούονται το γραφείο ενεργεί για τη μία πλευρά μόνο.

Q: Γιατί τα ακίνητα και οι κατασκευές αντιμετωπίζονται μαζί;
A: Διότι συνήθως φτάνουν ως ένα πρόβλημα. Οι παράνομες εργασίες που μπλοκάρουν έναν τίτλο κτίστηκαν δυνάμει σύμβασης, και η καθυστέρηση που κοστίζει σε έναν επιχειρηματία ανάπτυξης μια ολόκληρη σεζόν ξεκινά από μια πολεοδομική άδεια.

Q: Ποιες είναι οι τρεις καταστάσεις που φτάνουν συχνότερα στο γραφείο;
A: Οφείλεται μια κατάθεση και κανείς δεν έχει ελέγξει σε τι δεσμεύει τον αγοραστή· ένας τίτλος δεν μεταβιβάζεται· ή το κτήριο δεν είναι αυτό που περιέγραφε η σύμβαση.

Q: Αγοράζουμε μονάδα που δεν έχει κτιστεί. Ποια είναι η έκθεση;
A: Δύο διαφορετικά πράγματα ταυτόχρονα, που διέπονται από διαφορετικά μέρη της ίδιας σύμβασης. Η συναλλαγή: τι αποκτάται, τι εξασφαλίζει τα χρήματα που καταβάλλονται προτού υπάρξει κάτι για να τα εξασφαλίσει, και τι συμβαίνει αν ο αντισυμβαλλόμενος πτωχεύσει. Και η κατασκευή: αν αυτό που παραδίδεται αντιστοιχεί σε αυτό που περιγράφηκε, και αν φτάνει όταν υποσχέθηκε. Οι αγοραστές τακτικά διαπραγματεύονται με προσοχή το τίμημα και τα στάδια πληρωμής ενώ δέχονται τις προδιαγραφές, την ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης και τις θεραπείες όπως είναι τυπωμένες, που είναι η ανάποδη σειρά.

## Αμφισβήτηση Διαθήκης και Κληρονομικές Διαφορές
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-amfisvitisi-diathikis-kypros
Διαφορές για κυπριακές κληρονομιές: προσβολή διαθήκης, νόμιμη μοίρα, ένσταση πριν από τη διαχείριση, και απαιτήσεις κατά εκτελεστών και διαχειριστών.

Q: Πότε είναι πλέον αργά για να προσβληθεί μια διαθήκη;
A: Το πρακτικό ορόσημο είναι η έκδοση του παραχωρητηρίου, και μετά από αυτό η διανομή. Απαιτήσεις μπορεί να υπάρχουν και μετά από τα δύο, αλλά κάθε βήμα κάνει την ανάκτηση πιο αργή και πιο δύσκολη. Αν πιστεύετε ότι κάτι δεν πάει καλά, η ένσταση εξετάζεται τώρα και όχι μετά την οικογενειακή συνάντηση.

Q: Μπορώ να εμποδίσω την έκδοση του παραχωρητηρίου;
A: Ναι. Ένσταση που καταχωρίζεται στο πρωτοκολλητείο πριν από την έκδοση εμποδίζει την έκδοση οποιουδήποτε παραχωρητηρίου όσο η διαφορά οδηγείται στο δικαστήριο. Είναι το πιο αποτελεσματικό πρώιμο βήμα σε τέτοιες υποθέσεις.

Q: Αν πέσει η διαθήκη, ποιος κληρονομεί;
A: Προγενέστερη έγκυρη διαθήκη, αν υπάρχει, διαφορετικά οι κανόνες της εξ αδιαθέτου διαδοχής. Ελέγχεται πριν αρχίσει οτιδήποτε αν η επιτυχία βελτιώνει πράγματι τη θέση σας: δεν είναι ρητορική άσκηση, και έχει αλλάξει τη γνώμη πελατών και προς τις δύο κατευθύνσεις.

Q: Το πρόσωπο που ωφελείται πίεσε τον γονέα μου. Το αντιμετωπίζει ο νόμος;
A: Με δύο τρόπους, και πρόκειται για διαφορετικές απαιτήσεις. Το άρθρο 29 του Κεφ. 195 καθιστά άκυρη τη διαθήκη της οποίας η κατάρτιση προκλήθηκε με εξαναγκασμό, απάτη ή ψυχική πίεση, στο σύνολό της ή στο επηρεαζόμενο μέρος: αυτό πλήττει τη διαθήκη. Τα άρθρα 17 έως 20 καθιστούν ανάξιο διαδοχής εκείνον που άσκησε την πίεση, μαζί με όποιον υπέβαλε πλαστή διαθήκη ή κατέστρεψε γνήσια: αυτό πλήττει τον κληρονόμο.

Q: Τι κοστίζει μια τέτοια αμφισβήτηση;
A: Η γραπτή εκτίμηση δίνεται με σταθερή αμοιβή, και περιλαμβάνει και το τίμιο σενάριο όπου η διαθήκη στέκει ή όπου η απαίτηση νόμιμης μοίρας σας δίνει τα περισσότερα από όσα θα έδινε μια δικαστική διαμάχη. Πέραν αυτής, τίποτε δεν ξοδεύεται χωρίς δική σας απόφαση.

## Αναδιάρθρωση και Αφερεγγυότητα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-anadiarthrosi-aferengyotita-kypros
Αναδιάρθρωση και αφερεγγυότητα εταιρειών στην Κύπρο: τα καθήκοντα των διευθυντών καθώς πλησιάζει η αφερεγγυότητα, και η προσωπική έκθεση. Ενεργούμε και από τις δύο πλευρές.

Q: Τι γίνεται σε μια πρώτη συνάντηση, και τι φέρνουμε;
A: Κοιτάζουμε τη θέση και όχι το σχέδιο που έχετε ήδη διαμορφώσει. Φέρτε τα έγγραφα των διευκολύνσεων και των εξασφαλίσεων, τυχόν εγγυήσεις, τους τελευταίους διαχειριστικούς λογαριασμούς, την ταμειακή θέση και μια πρόβλεψη σε όποια κατάσταση υπάρχει, κατάλογο του τι οφείλεται και σε ποιον με την παλαιότητα των υπολοίπων, και την πρόσφατη αλληλογραφία με τον δανειστή ή τους κύριους πιστωτές. Από εκεί μπορούμε συνήθως να πούμε αν το πρόβλημα είναι χρόνου ή δομής, ποιες είναι οι ρεαλιστικές επιλογές, και τι κοστίζει η καθεμία για να επιχειρηθεί.

Q: Πιστωτής επέδωσε θεσμική απαίτηση. Τι γίνεται τώρα;
A: Κινηθείτε γρήγορα, και απαντήστε πρώτα σε ένα ερώτημα: αμφισβητείται γνήσια το χρέος επί ουσιωδών λόγων, ή απλώς δεν έχει πληρωθεί; Οι δύο καταστάσεις απαιτούν αντίθετες αντιδράσεις, και η απαίτηση είναι οδός προς αίτηση εκκαθάρισης, όχι διαπραγματευτική επιστολή.

Q: Ακόμη λειτουργούμε και πληρώνουμε τους περισσότερους. Είναι νωρίς για συμβουλή;
A: Είναι το σημείο όπου η συμβουλή αξίζει περισσότερο. Όσο η εταιρεία λειτουργεί υπάρχουν επιλογές που εξαφανίζονται αργότερα: ο δανειστής μπορεί να προσεγγιστεί πριν ενεργήσει, ένα περιουσιακό στοιχείο μπορεί να πωληθεί με τάξη αντί με βιασύνη, και το σκεπτικό κάθε απόφασης μπορεί να καταγραφεί όσο συμβαίνει.

Q: Δεν μπορούμε να πληρώσουμε όλους αυτόν τον μήνα. Πληρώνουμε όποιους χρειαζόμαστε περισσότερο;
A: Τέτοιες επιλογές είναι από τα πρώτα που εξετάζονται αν η εταιρεία δεν ανακάμψει, οπότε πρέπει να γίνονται συνειδητά και να καταγράφονται, και όχι να αφήνονται σε όποιον επεξεργάζεται τις πληρωμές. Ζητήστε συμβουλή πριν παγιωθεί μοτίβο, και κρατήστε σημείωμα του εμπορικού λόγου κάθε απόφασης.

Q: Η τράπεζα ζητά επιχειρηματικό σχέδιο και ταμειακή πρόβλεψη. Πόση λεπτομέρεια περιμένει;
A: Αρκετή ώστε ένας τρίτος να μπορεί να την παρακολουθήσει χωρίς να σας ρωτήσει τίποτε. Διαστήματα αρκετά σύντομα ώστε να φαίνονται οι εβδομάδες όπου το ταμείο στενεύει, νούμερα συμφωνημένα με τους τελευταίους διαχειριστικούς λογαριασμούς, παραδοχές δηλωμένες ανοικτά, και εικόνα του τι συμβαίνει αν οι σημαντικές αποδειχθούν λανθασμένες.

Q: Κάποιος προσφέρθηκε να αγοράσει την επιχείρηση. Τι κάνουμε πριν απαντήσουμε;
A: Διαπιστώστε ακριβώς τι προτίθεται να πάρει ο αγοραστής και τι θα μείνει πίσω, και στη συνέχεια αν οι βασικές συμβάσεις, οι άδειες και τα πρόσωπα επιβιώνουν μιας αλλαγής ελέγχου. Αποφασίστε ποιος πρέπει να ενημερωθεί και με ποια σειρά, γιατί προσέγγιση που φτάνει νωρίς στην αλυσίδα εφοδιασμού μπορεί να τερματίσει τη συζήτηση.

## Ανδρέας Κλεάνθους, Δικηγόρος στη Λευκωσία
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-andreas-kleanthous
Δικηγόρος και συνεταίρος στο Κλεάνθους & Πλατής Δ.Ε.Π.Ε., Λευκωσία: πάνω των 30 ετών σε δικαστηριακές υποθέσεις, σωματικές βλάβες και κληρονομικά.

## Κάθε Ερώτηση που Απαντά ο Ιστότοπος
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-apantiseis
Ευρετήριο όλων των ερωτήσεων που απαντώνται στον ιστότοπο, ανά σελίδα, με τη νομοθεσία στην οποία στηρίζεται κάθε απάντηση να αναφέρεται στην ίδια τη σελίδα.

## Απάτη και Ανάκτηση Περιουσίας στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-apati-anaktisi-periousias-kypros
Αστικές απαιτήσεις απάτης και ανάκτηση περιουσίας στην Κύπρο: δόλος κατά το άρθρο 36 του Κεφ. 148, συνωμοσία, και διατάγματα παγοποίησης, αποκάλυψης και εντοπισμού.

Q: Υπάρχει χωριστό αστικό αδίκημα απάτης στην Κύπρο;
A: Αυστηρά, όχι. Το Εφετείο έχει επιβεβαιώσει ότι δεν υπάρχει αυτοτελές αστικό αδίκημα απάτης: εκείνο που το κοινοδίκαιο ονομάζει ενίοτε απάτη ταυτίζεται κατ' ουσίαν με το αστικό αδίκημα του δόλου κατά το άρθρο 36 του Κεφ. 148. Πρακτικά, δικογραφείται το άρθρο 36 και εκτίθεται η παράσταση.

Q: Τι πρέπει να αποδειχθεί;
A: Έξι στοιχεία: ψευδής παράσταση γεγονότος· γνώση του ψεύδους, απουσία πίστης στην αλήθεια, ή αδιαφορία· πρόθεση εξαπάτησης συγκεκριμένα του ενάγοντος· ότι πράγματι εξαπατηθήκατε· ότι ενεργήσατε επί της παράστασης· και ζημιά που προκλήθηκε από αυτό.

Q: Είναι υψηλότερο το μέτρο απόδειξης επειδή πρόκειται για απάτη;
A: Όχι. Το Ανώτατο Δικαστήριο επιβεβαίωσε το 2025 ότι ισχύει το αστικό μέτρο, το ισοζύγιο των πιθανοτήτων. Εκείνο που είναι υψηλότερο είναι η ακρίβεια της δικογράφησης και της μαρτυρίας: η νομολογία απαιτεί μαρτυρία που προσδιορίζει τη μορφή που πήρε η απάτη, και οι γενικοί ισχυρισμοί δεν αρκούν.

Q: Μπορώ να μάθω ποιος βρίσκεται πίσω από έναν λογαριασμό ή πού πήγαν τα χρήματα;
A: Συχνά ναι. Διάταγμα τύπου Norwich Pharmacal υποχρεώνει τρίτο που ενεπλάκη στο αδίκημα, έστω και αθώα, να αποκαλύψει τον δράστη ή το ίχνος. Διάταγμα τύπου Bankers Trust απευθύνεται σε τράπεζες και άλλους κατόχους περιουσιακών στοιχείων για σκοπούς ιχνηλάτησης και δεν απαιτεί εμπλοκή της τράπεζας στο αδίκημα.

Q: Θα διατάξει το δικαστήριο αποκάλυψη απλώς επειδή θα βοηθούσε;
A: Όχι, και αυτός είναι ο συνήθης λόγος αποτυχίας τέτοιων αιτήσεων. Πρέπει να αποδειχθεί η αναγκαιότητα. Τα κυπριακά δικαστήρια έχουν υιοθετήσει το κριτήριο ότι σημασία δεν έχει η ευχέρεια ή η επιθυμία αλλά η αναγκαιότητα, οπότε αν η ίδια πληροφορία μπορεί να ληφθεί με άλλον τρόπο, το διάταγμα δεν εκδίδεται.

Q: Μπορώ να χρησιμοποιήσω όσα αποκαλύψει η τράπεζα σε άλλη υπόθεση;
A: Όχι χωρίς άδεια. Το Ανώτατο Δικαστήριο επιβεβαίωσε το 2025 ότι υπάρχει σιωπηρή δέσμευση μη χρήσης πληροφοριών που λήφθηκαν δυνάμει διατάγματος Norwich Pharmacal για σκοπό διαφορετικό από εκείνον για τον οποίο εκδόθηκε.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα πρέπει να κινηθούμε;
A: Γρήγορα. Η αξία ενός διατάγματος παγοποίησης είναι ό,τι προλαβαίνει, και η αξία ενός διατάγματος αποκάλυψης είναι το ίχνος που υπάρχει ακόμη όταν επιδίδεται. Θα χρειαστούμε τις μεταφορές και την αλληλογραφία πριν ολοκληρωθεί ο φάκελος, όχι μετά.

Q: Τα χρήματά μου κατέληξαν σε ανταλλακτήριο κρυπτονομισμάτων. Λειτουργούν τα διατάγματα αυτά;
A: Αυτό είναι πράγματι αδοκίμαστο στην Κύπρο. Δεν υπάρχει κυπριακή απόφαση που να εφαρμόζει τη νομολογία Norwich Pharmacal ή Bankers Trust σε ανταλλακτήριο κρυπτονομισμάτων, οπότε κάθε αίτηση θα επιχειρηματολογούνταν κατ’ αναλογία με την υπάρχουσα νομολογία για εμπλεκόμενους τρίτους που κατέχουν σχετική πληροφορία. Θα σας το λέγαμε πριν ξοδέψετε οτιδήποτε, όχι μετά.

Q: Μπορεί να ακυρωθεί το διάταγμα παγοποίησης;
A: Ναι, και ο συνηθέστερος λόγος είναι η παράλειψη πλήρους και ειλικρινούς αποκάλυψης ουσιωδών γεγονότων κατά τη μονομερή αίτηση. Πρόκειται για απόλυτο καθήκον. Χωριστά, το άρθρο 32(2) του περί Δικαστηρίων Νόμου 14/1960 επιτρέπει στο δικαστήριο να ακυρώσει ή να τροποποιήσει ενδιάμεσο διάταγμα οποτεδήποτε, επί αποδείξει εύλογης αιτίας.

## Αρθρογραφία
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-arthrografia
Άρθρα και οδηγοί στα ελληνικά για το κυπριακό δίκαιο: ακίνητα, κατασκευές, είσπραξη οφειλών, κληρονομικά, εταιρικά ζητήματα, σωματικές βλάβες και πολιτική δικονομία.

## Δικηγορικό Γραφείο στη Λευκωσία
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-arxiki
Δικηγορικό γραφείο στη Λευκωσία: ακίνητα, κατασκευές, δικαστηριακή εκπροσώπηση και είσπραξη οφειλών, εταιρικό και εμπορικό δίκαιο, διαθήκες και κληρονομικά.

Q: Πού βρίσκεται το γραφείο και ποιους τομείς καλύπτει;
A: Το Κλεάνθους & Πλατής Δ.Ε.Π.Ε. εδρεύει στη Λευκωσία, στην οδό Φλωρίνης 7, Greg Tower. Παρέχουμε νομικές υπηρεσίες σε πελάτες από την Κύπρο και το εξωτερικό σε έξι τομείς: ακίνητα, κατασκευές, δικαστηριακή εκπροσώπηση και είσπραξη οφειλών, εταιρικό και εμπορικό δίκαιο, διαθήκες και κληρονομικά, και σωματικές βλάβες.

Q: Χρειάζομαι δικηγόρο για να αγοράσω ακίνητο στην Κύπρο;
A: Ανεπιφύλακτα το συνιστούμε. Ο δικηγόρος διενεργεί τον απαραίτητο έλεγχο στο Κτηματολόγιο για να επιβεβαιώσει τον τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας του πωλητή, τυχόν υποθήκες ή μη εγκεκριμένες κατασκευές, συντάσσει και ελέγχει τη σύμβαση πώλησης, την καταθέτει στο Τμήμα Κτηματολογίου και Χωρομετρίας για να διασφαλίσει τα δικαιώματά σας, και αναλαμβάνει τη μεταβίβαση του τίτλου. Έτσι προστατεύεστε πριν καταβάλετε οποιαδήποτε προκαταβολή ή υπογράψετε οτιδήποτε.

Q: Μπορούν υπήκοοι τρίτων χωρών να αγοράσουν ακίνητο στην Κύπρο;
A: Ναι. Οι πολίτες κρατών μελών της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης μπορούν να αγοράσουν ακίνητο χωρίς άδεια. Οι υπήκοοι τρίτων χωρών μπορούν επίσης να αγοράσουν, συνήθως όμως χρειάζονται έγκριση του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου, την οποία εξασφαλίζουμε εκ μέρους τους. Αναλαμβάνουμε τακτικά υποθέσεις διεθνών αγοραστών, περιλαμβανομένων αγορών εξ αποστάσεως μέσω πληρεξουσίου εγγράφου.

Q: Πόσο κοστίζουν οι νομικές σας υπηρεσίες;
A: Η αμοιβή εξαρτάται από τη φύση της υπόθεσης. Για τυπικές αγοραπωλησίες ακινήτων προσφέρουμε σταθερή αμοιβή διεκπεραίωσης πριν αναλάβουμε την υπόθεση, ώστε να μην υπάρχουν εκπλήξεις. Για άλλες υποθέσεις συμφωνούμε τη βάση της αμοιβής μας μαζί σας εξαρχής. Επικοινωνήστε μαζί μας με τα στοιχεία της υπόθεσής σας για σαφή προσφορά.

Q: Μπορώ να αγοράσω ακίνητο που δεν έχει τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας;
A: Ναι, όμως απαιτείται προσεκτική νομική δομή. Πολλά ακίνητα στην Κύπρο, περιλαμβανομένων νεόδμητων κατοικιών, ακινήτων από πλειστηριασμό και εκχωρήσεων συμβατικών δικαιωμάτων, δεν διαθέτουν ακόμα ξεχωριστό τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας. Προστατεύουμε τους αγοραστές καταθέτοντας τη σύμβαση στο Κτηματολόγιο για ειδική εκτέλεση και ελέγχοντας τη θέση του κατασκευαστή.

Q: Πώς μπορώ να επικοινωνήσω μαζί σας;
A: Τα γραφεία μας βρίσκονται στην οδό Φλωρίνης 7, Greg Tower, 2ος Όροφος, Γραφείο 202, 1065 Λευκωσία. Στόχος μας είναι να απαντούμε εντός μίας εργάσιμης ημέρας.

## Ατυχήματα σε Δημόσιους και Ιδιωτικούς Χώρους
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-atychimata-se-dimosious-chorous
Ποιος ευθύνεται όταν κάποιος τραυματίζεται σε κατάστημα, ξενοδοχείο, κοινόχρηστο ή δημόσιο χώρο στην Κύπρο, τι πρέπει να εξασφαλιστεί άμεσα, και η προθεσμία.

Q: Γλίστρησα σε υπεραγορά. Κατά ποιου στρέφομαι;
A: Το πρώτο ερώτημα είναι ποιος είχε τον έλεγχο του σημείου όπου συνέβη το ατύχημα, που μπορεί να είναι η επιχείρηση που κατέχει το υποστατικό, ο ιδιοκτήτης του κτηρίου όταν το ελάττωμα βρίσκεται στη δομή, ή εργολάβος που εκτελούσε εργασίες ή καθαρισμό. Η βάση της απαίτησης παραμένει η αμέλεια, αστικό αδίκημα κατά το άρθρο 51 του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 148. Το ότι υπήρχε κίνδυνος δεν αποδεικνύει από μόνο του παράβαση του απαιτούμενου μέτρου επιμέλειας.

Q: Δεν το κατήγγειλα εκείνη τη στιγμή. Ντρεπόμουν.
A: Είναι η συνήθης αντίδραση και δεν είναι μοιραία. Επιστρέψτε, ή γράψτε, και δηλώστε το τώρα, με την ημερομηνία και τον ακριβή χώρο. Έπειτα καταγράψτε τη δική σας εκδοχή όσο ακόμη τη θυμάστε. Εκείνο που χάνεται από τη μη άμεση δήλωση είναι η σύγχρονη καταγραφή της ίδιας της επιχείρησης, και γι' αυτό το υλικό των καμερών πρέπει να ζητηθεί γρήγορα.

Q: Μου ζήτησαν να υπογράψω κάτι πριν φύγω.
A: Στείλτε μας το, ή στείλτε μας φωτογραφία του, πριν υπογράψετε οτιδήποτε άλλο. Άλλο πράγμα το έντυπο συμβάντος που καταγράφει τι συνέβη και άλλο ένα έγγραφο που καταγράφει συμφωνία για το τι θα ακολουθήσει, και τα δύο δεν ξεχωρίζουν πάντοτε εύκολα τη στιγμή εκείνη. Η απόδειξη, το εξοφλητικό, η δήλωση απαλλαγής και η συμφωνία συμβιβασμού είναι συμβάσεις και σας δεσμεύουν εφόσον πληρούν τις προϋποθέσεις του άρθρου 10 του περί Συμβάσεων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 149. Παραμερίζονται μόνο για τους λόγους που ο ίδιος Νόμος προβλέπει: εξαναγκασμός κατά το άρθρο 15, ψυχική πίεση κατά το άρθρο 16, απάτη κατά το άρθρο 17, ψευδής παράσταση κατά το άρθρο 18 και κοινή πλάνη ως προς ουσιώδες γεγονός κατά το άρθρο 21. Το άρθρο 16(2)(β) και (3) έχει εδώ σημασία: όταν το ένα μέρος συμβάλλεται με πρόσωπο του οποίου η ικανότητα είναι προσωρινά επηρεασμένη λόγω ασθένειας ή σωματικής κατάπτωσης και η συναλλαγή φαίνεται από μόνη της υπέρμετρα επαχθής, το βάρος απόδειξης ότι δεν υπήρξε ψυχική πίεση μετατίθεται σε εκείνο.

Q: Συνέβη στον κοινόχρηστο χώρο της δικής μου πολυκατοικίας.
A: Τότε τίθεται το ερώτημα ποιος έχει την ευθύνη συντήρησης του χώρου αυτού. Το άρθρο 38ΚΖ(1) του περί Ακίνητης Ιδιοκτησίας (Διακατοχή, Εγγραφή και Εκτίμηση) Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 224, θέτει την υποχρέωση διατήρησης της κοινόκτητης ιδιοκτησίας σε καλή κατάσταση και λειτουργικότητα στη διαχειριστική επιτροπή, ενώ το άρθρο 38ΚΣΤ επιτρέπει στην επιτροπή να ενάγει και να ενάγεται για ζητήματα της κοινόκτητης ιδιοκτησίας. Η απαίτηση τραυματισθέντος ενοίκου ή επισκέπτη παραμένει απαίτηση αμέλειας κατά τον περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμο, ΚΕΦ. 148, και κρίνεται από το τι γνώριζε και τι έπραξε η επιτροπή. Πείτε μας αν υπάρχει επιτροπή, αν εισπράττονται κοινόχρηστα, και αν είχε παραπονεθεί κανείς για το ίδιο πράγμα παλαιότερα.

Q: Τραυματίστηκε το παιδί μου.
A: Ρωτήστε για την προθεσμία και για το ποιος εγείρει την απαίτηση πριν κάνετε οτιδήποτε άλλο, και μη θεωρήσετε κανένα από τα δύο δεδομένο χωρίς να ρωτήσετε. Συγκεντρώστε την ίδια μαρτυρία: φωτογραφίες, την καταγραφή του συμβάντος και τα ιατρικά σημειώματα.

Q: Υπήρχε πινακίδα «προσοχή, βρεγμένο δάπεδο». Σημαίνει ότι δεν δικαιούμαι;
A: Η παρουσία ή η απουσία προειδοποιητικής σήμανσης είναι στοιχείο που φωτογραφίζεται και εξετάζεται μαζί με όλα τα υπόλοιπα, και δεν κρίνει από μόνη της την υπόθεση. Το ερώτημα παραμένει αν ο κάτοχος του χώρου υπολείφθηκε του μέτρου επιμέλειας που απαιτείτο υπό τις περιστάσεις. Αν η ευθύνη είναι εν μέρει και δική σας, το άρθρο 57 του ΚΕΦ. 148 προβλέπει μείωση της αποζημίωσης και όχι απόρριψη της αξίωσης.

Q: Το ατύχημα έγινε σε πεζοδρόμιο ή σε δημόσιο χώρο.
A: Τότε το ερώτημα ποιος είχε την ευθύνη για το συγκεκριμένο σημείο τίθεται από την αρχή, και μπορεί να αφορά δημόσια αρχή, δήμο ή εργολάβο που εκτελούσε έργα. Για τον δήμο, ο περί Δήμων Νόμος 52(Ι)/2022 ορίζει στο άρθρο 2 ως οδό και το πεζοδρόμιο και τον δημόσιο χώρο, και στο άρθρο 43(2)(α)(v) εντάσσει στους τομείς αρμοδιότητάς του τη μελέτη για κατασκευή, συντήρηση, καθαριότητα, φωτισμό και χρήση οδών, γεφυρών και πεζοδρομίων εντός των ορίων του, καθώς και την παρεμπόδιση της παρακώλυσης της ελεύθερης χρήσης τους. Ο Νόμος δεν προβλέπει ειδική ειδοποίηση ούτε συντομότερη προθεσμία για τέτοια απαίτηση: η αγωγή για σωματική βλάβη παραμένει στην τριετία του Ν. 66(Ι)/2012. Η προσβολή διοικητικής απόφασης είναι άλλο ζήτημα, με προθεσμία εβδομήντα πέντε ημερών κατά το Άρθρο 146 του Συντάγματος.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να διεκδικήσω μετά από πτώση;
A: Η αγωγή για αποζημίωση λόγω σωματικής βλάβης υπόκειται σε προθεσμία παραγραφής τριών ετών, βάσει του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012. Πρακτικά όμως η μαρτυρία στην κατηγορία αυτή χάνεται μέσα σε ημέρες και όχι σε χρόνια. Πείτε μας πρώτα την ημερομηνία και τον χώρο. Κατά το άρθρο 6(2) η προθεσμία τρέχει από την ημέρα που συμπληρώθηκε η βάση της αγωγής, ή από την ημέρα που ο παθών έλαβε γνώση της βλάβης αν αυτή ήταν μεταγενέστερη, ενώ κατά το άρθρο 6(3) το δικαστήριο έχει διακριτική ευχέρεια να μην εφαρμόσει τις διατάξεις περί παραγραφής σε απαίτηση για σωματική βλάβη ή θάνατο, ευχέρεια που δεν ασκείται μετά την πάροδο δύο ετών από την ημέρα παραγραφής.

## Διαφορές Μετόχων στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-diafores-metochon-kypros
Διαφορές μετόχων σε κυπριακές εταιρείες: αδιέξοδο, προστασία μειοψηφίας, εξαγορά μετοχών κατά το άρθρο 202 του Κεφ. 113, συμφωνίες μετόχων και έξοδος.

Q: Κατέχω 20% και η πλειοψηφία με αγνοεί. Έχω δικαιώματα;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 202 του περί Εταιρειών Νόμου είναι διαθέσιμο σε κάθε μέλος, χωρίς ελάχιστο ποσοστό, όπου οι υποθέσεις της εταιρείας διεξάγονται καταπιεστικά. Η πρακτική θεραπεία είναι συνήθως εξαγορά του μεριδίου με δικαστική διαταγή σε ορθή τιμή, ή διατάγματα που ρυθμίζουν τον τρόπο διοίκησης της εταιρείας.

Q: Μπορώ να υποχρεώσω τους άλλους να εξαγοράσουν το μερίδιό μου;
A: Δεν υπάρχει αυτόματο δικαίωμα, αλλά η εξαγορά είναι ακριβώς εκείνο που συνήθως πετυχαίνει μια αίτηση δυνάμει του άρθρου 202 όπου αποδεικνύεται καταπίεση, ενώ συμφωνία μετόχων συχνά περιέχει δικό της μηχανισμό εξόδου. Η οδός εξαρτάται από τα έγγραφα και από τα γεγονότα.

Q: Δικαιούμαι να δω τα βιβλία της εταιρείας;
A: Δικαιούστε να επιθεωρήσετε το μητρώο μελών και τα πρακτικά των γενικών συνελεύσεων, και να λαμβάνετε τις ελεγμένες οικονομικές καταστάσεις. Δεν δικαιούστε, ως μέτοχος, τα πρακτικά του διοικητικού συμβουλίου ή τα λογιστικά βιβλία: αυτά είναι ανοικτά στους συμβούλους.

Q: Μπορώ να ενάγω τον σύμβουλο που ζημίωσε την εταιρεία;
A: Αν η ζημιά έγινε στην εταιρεία, η απαίτηση ανήκει κατ' αρχήν στην εταιρεία, και ο μέτοχος μειοψηφίας μπορεί να την προωθήσει παράγωγα μόνο εντός αναγνωρισμένων εξαιρέσεων, με την εταιρεία ως διάδικο. Αν παραβιάστηκαν τα προσωπικά σας δικαιώματα ως μέλους, ενάγετε στο δικό σας όνομα. Η διάκριση κρίνει την επιβίωση της υπόθεσης.

Q: Μπορεί το δικαστήριο να κρατήσει την κατάσταση όπως έχει όσο δικάζεται η διαφορά;
A: Ναι, και σε διαφορά μετόχων αυτό είναι συχνά το παν. Οι Κανονισμοί Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023 επιτρέπουν ενδιάμεσο διάταγμα σε οποιοδήποτε στάδιο, πριν από την καταχώριση της αγωγής ή κατά τη διάρκειά της, με κριτήρια το αν υπάρχει συζητήσιμη υπόθεση, αν η αποζημίωση θα ήταν επαρκής θεραπεία, και πού βρίσκεται το ισοζύγιο της ευχέρειας.

Q: Εκδικάζεται μια τέτοια διαφορά από εξειδικευμένο δικαστήριο;
A: Με τον καιρό, όχι ακόμη. Ο Ν. 69(Ι)/2022 καθιδρύει Εμπορικό Δικαστήριο, και η διαφορά μεταξύ μετόχων οντότητας που εποπτεύεται από εποπτική αρχή στη Δημοκρατία είναι μία από τις δεκατρείς κατηγορίες εμπορικής διαφοράς που ονομάζει. Για διαφορά εκτός της κατηγορίας αυτής ισχύει το όριο των δύο εκατομμυρίων ευρώ, μετρούμενο επί του πράγματι αμφισβητούμενου μεταξύ των διαδίκων και όχι επί του αιτούμενου με την αγωγή. Το Δικαστήριο δεν αναλαμβάνει την υπόθεση με μόνο τον Νόμο: το άρθρο 32(2) αναστέλλει τη δικαιοδοσία του έως ότου το Ανώτατο Δικαστήριο δημοσιεύσει γνωστοποίηση ότι συγκροτήθηκε και είναι έτοιμο, και το άρθρο 33(1)(α) αφήνει ως τότε την πρωτοβάθμια δικαιοδοσία στο Επαρχιακό Δικαστήριο. Το Μέρος 42 των Κανονισμών Πολιτικής Δικονομίας του 2023 δίνει τη διαδικασία: δικό του μητρώο κατά τον κανονισμό 42.2, απλοποιημένη και επιταχυμένη διαδικασία κατά τον κανονισμό 42.4 και ενεργό διαχείριση κατά τον κανονισμό 42.13.

Q: Λειτουργεί η τυπική πρόταση διακανονισμού σε διαφορά μετόχων;
A: Είναι από τα λίγα πράγματα που την κινούν αξιόπιστα. Κατά τον κανονισμό 35.9 η πρόταση παραμένει ανοικτή προς αποδοχή για είκοσι μία ημέρες, και κατά τον κανονισμό 35.13 φέρει συνέπειες στα έξοδα αν δεν ξεπεραστεί: ενάγων που την αρνείται και δεν πετυχαίνει καλύτερο αποτέλεσμα καταβάλλει τα έξοδα της άλλης πλευράς από τη λήξη της περιόδου αποδοχής. Όταν και οι δύο πλευρές χρηματοδοτούν τη δικαστική διαδικασία από την ίδια εταιρεία, η αριθμητική αυτή συγκεντρώνει την προσοχή γρηγορότερα από τα επιχειρήματα.

## Διασυνοριακές Διαφορές στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-diasynoriakes-diafores-kypros
Διασυνοριακές διαφορές με κυπριακό στοιχείο: δικαιοδοσία, αναγνώριση και εκτέλεση αλλοδαπών αποφάσεων, και διατάγματα προς υποστήριξη αλλοδαπών διαδικασιών.

Q: Έχω απόφαση από κράτος μέλος και ο οφειλέτης έχει κυπριακό λογαριασμό. Πόσο γρήγορα κινούμαι;
A: Γρήγορα. Οι αποφάσεις της Ένωσης δεν χρειάζονται κήρυξη εκτελεστότητας στην Κύπρο: η απόφαση και το τυποποιημένο πιστοποιητικό ανοίγουν τον δρόμο για εκτέλεση. Το πρακτικό χρονοδιάγραμμα καθορίζεται από τον εντοπισμό των περιουσιακών στοιχείων και το μέτρο εκτέλεσης που θα επιλεγεί, και όχι από διαδικασία αναγνώρισης.

Q: Η απόφασή μου προέρχεται από τρίτη χώρα. Εκτελείται στην Κύπρο;
A: Εξαρτάται από τη χώρα. Αν εφαρμόζεται σύμβαση, η απόφαση εγγράφεται δυνάμει του Ν. 121(Ι)/2000 με σύντομη θεσμική διαδικασία. Αν όχι, εκτελείται με αγωγή επί της απόφασης κατά το κοινοδίκαιο: τελεσίδικη απόφαση, καθορισμένο ποσό, αρμόδιο δικαστήριο, χωρίς σύγκρουση με τη δημόσια τάξη. Στείλτε μας την απόφαση και θα επιβεβαιώσουμε την οδό εντός μίας εργάσιμης ημέρας.

Q: Μπορεί κυπριακό δικαστήριο να παγοποιήσει περιουσία όταν η κύρια υπόθεση είναι στο εξωτερικό;
A: Ναι. Η εξουσία έκδοσης ενδιάμεσων διαταγμάτων εκτείνεται σε διαδικασίες εκτός δικαιοδοσίας, και για τη διαιτησία το δικαστήριο έχει τις ίδιες εξουσίες όποια και αν είναι η έδρα.

Q: Υπάρχει ταχύτερη οδός για αδιαμφισβήτητη διασυνοριακή οφειλή;
A: Ναι, και χρησιμοποιείται λιγότερο απ' όσο θα έπρεπε. Η Ευρωπαϊκή Διαταγή Πληρωμής, δυνάμει του Κανονισμού (ΕΚ) 1896/2006, είναι διαθέσιμη σε διασυνοριακές αστικές και εμπορικές υποθέσεις και ζητείται με τυποποιημένο έντυπο στο Επαρχιακό Δικαστήριο. Όπου η αίτηση είναι πλήρης, η διαταγή εκδίδεται εντός 30 ημερών. Ο οφειλέτης έχει έπειτα 30 ημέρες από την επίδοση για να την αντικρούσει. Αν την αντικρούσει, η υπόθεση περνά σε τακτική διαδικασία· αν όχι, η διαταγή καθίσταται εκτελεστή και μπορεί να εκτελεστεί σε άλλο κράτος μέλος.

Q: Το ποσό είναι μικρό. Αξίζει απαίτηση σε άλλη χώρα;
A: Υπάρχει διαδικασία φτιαγμένη ακριβώς για αυτό το ερώτημα. Η Ευρωπαϊκή Διαδικασία Μικροδιαφορών, δυνάμει του Κανονισμού (ΕΚ) 861/2007, εφαρμόζεται σε διασυνοριακές υποθέσεις όπου τουλάχιστον ένας διάδικος έχει κατοικία ή έδρα σε κράτος μέλος διαφορετικό από εκείνο του δικαστηρίου, και είναι γραμμένη ώστε να παραμένει αναλογική προς το επίδικο ποσό, που είναι ακριβώς ο υπολογισμός ο οποίος συνήθως κρίνει αν μια μικρή διασυνοριακή απαίτηση θα επιδιωχθεί ή θα διαγραφεί.

Q: Οι μάρτυρές μας δεν βρίσκονται στην Κύπρο. Πώς λαμβάνεται η μαρτυρία τους;
A: Οι Κανονισμοί Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023 (13/2023) ρυθμίζουν τη μαρτυρία εκτός δικαιοδοσίας και προς τις δύο κατευθύνσεις: μαρτυρία που λαμβάνεται από άλλο κράτος μέλος δυνάμει των ενωσιακών κανόνων, και αιτήματα αλλοδαπού δικαστηρίου που εκτελεί το κυπριακό. Είναι ζήτημα που τίθεται στο στάδιο της διαχείρισης της υπόθεσης και όχι στην πόρτα του δικαστηρίου, γιατί ο μηχανισμός θέλει χρόνο τον οποίο πρέπει να χωρέσει το χρονοδιάγραμμα της ακρόασης.

Q: Αντικαθιστάτε τους δικηγόρους μας στην κύρια διαδικασία;
A: Όχι. Εκείνοι τρέχουν τη δική τους διαδικασία, εμείς ό,τι είναι κυπριακό, και ο καταμερισμός συμφωνείται από την αρχή ώστε να μη γίνεται τίποτε δύο φορές.

## Διαθήκες και Κληρονομικά στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-diathikes-klironomika
Σύνταξη διαθήκης, η νόμιμη μοίρα, κυπριακά διεθνή εμπιστεύματα, διαχείριση κληρονομιάς και κληρονομιές με περιουσία σε περισσότερες από μία χώρες.

Q: Έχω διαθήκη στη χώρα μου και ακίνητο στην Κύπρο. Χρειάζομαι και κυπριακή διαθήκη;
A: Συχνά είναι το λογικό, και η απάντηση εξαρτάται από το τι λέει η αλλοδαπή διαθήκη και τι περιουσιακά στοιχεία βρίσκονται εδώ. Χωριστή κυπριακή διαθήκη που αφορά μόνο τα κυπριακά περιουσιακά στοιχεία μπορεί να επιταχύνει σημαντικά τη διαχείριση εδώ, αλλά τα δύο έγγραφα πρέπει να συνταχθούν ώστε κανένα να μην ανακαλεί το άλλο και να μην ξεφεύγει τίποτε ανάμεσά τους. Θα χρειαστούμε και την αλλοδαπή διαθήκη και κατάλογο όσων έχετε στην Κύπρο.

Q: Πόσο διαρκεί η διαχείριση μιας κληρονομιάς;
A: Οι μεταβλητές είναι τα έγγραφα και όχι ο νόμος. Κληρονομιά με καθαρό πρωτότυπο διαθήκης, περιουσιακά στοιχεία σε μία χώρα και συνεργάσιμους κληρονόμους προχωρά με τον ρυθμό των χαρτιών. Κληρονομιά με αλλοδαπό στοιχείο, με έγγραφο που λείπει, ή με κληρονόμους που διαφωνούν, παίρνει πολύ περισσότερο, και ο επιπλέον χρόνος ξοδεύεται σχεδόν εξ ολοκλήρου στην εξασφάλιση εγγράφων και όχι σε διαφωνίες.

Q: Το ακίνητο είναι ακόμη στο όνομα του παππού μου. Μπορούμε να το πουλήσουμε;
A: Όχι προτού διαχειριστεί η κληρονομιά, και κάθε ενδιάμεση κληρονομιά, και εγγραφεί το ακίνητο στα ονόματα εκείνων που δικαιούνται σήμερα. Είναι συνηθισμένο και λύνεται, αλλά είναι σειρά βημάτων και όχι μία αίτηση, και αρχίζει πριν βρεθεί αγοραστής και όχι μετά.

Q: Μπορώ να είμαι εκτελεστής αν ζω στο εξωτερικό;
A: Μπορεί να γίνει και χρειάζεται σχεδιασμό, γιατί μια κληρονομιά εδώ γεννά έγγραφα, υπογραφές και παραστάσεις που είναι δύσκολο να χειριστεί κανείς από άλλη χώρα. Οι συνήθεις λύσεις είναι ένα σωστά συνταγμένο πληρεξούσιο και δικηγόρος εδώ που αναλαμβάνει το διοικητικό βάρος, και αξίζει να ρυθμιστούν από την αρχή και όχι αφού χρειαστεί να υπογραφεί αυτοπροσώπως το πρώτο έγγραφο.

Q: Οι υπόλοιποι κληρονόμοι δεν μου λένε τι γίνεται με την κληρονομιά. Ποια είναι τα δικαιώματά μου;
A: Ο κληρονόμος δεν είναι θεατής, και οι προσωπικοί αντιπρόσωποι λογοδοτούν για όσα κάνουν με μια κληρονομιά. Το πρώτο βήμα είναι συνήθως ένα σωστά διατυπωμένο γραπτό αίτημα πληροφόρησης, το οποίο λύνει αρκετές από αυτές τις καταστάσεις, γιατί ο παραλήπτης είναι συχνότερα ανοργάνωτος παρά αρνητικός. Όπου δεν αρκεί, υπάρχουν επόμενα βήματα και σας λέμε ποια είναι και τι κοστίζουν.

Q: Πόσο κοστίζει μια διαθήκη;
A: Μια απλή διαθήκη έχει σταθερή αμοιβή, με προσφορά πριν ξεκινήσουμε. Οι διασυνοριακές διευθετήσεις, ένα τραστ, ή κληρονομιά με περίπλοκη δομή ιδιοκτησίας κοστολογούνται αφού δούμε τη θέση, γιατί η εργασία βρίσκεται στην ανάλυση και όχι στη σύνταξη. Και στις δύο περιπτώσεις έχετε το ποσό εκ των προτέρων.

Q: Μπορώ να αποκληρώσω παιδί μου στην Κύπρο;
A: Όχι ελεύθερα. Το κυπριακό δίκαιο κρατά μέρος της περιουσίας για συγκεκριμένους συγγενείς, τη νόμιμη μοίρα, και μόνο το υπόλοιπο διατίθεται ελεύθερα με διαθήκη. Πόσο ακριβώς κρατείται εξαρτάται από το ποιοι επιζούν. Το ζήτημα εξετάζεται στην αποκλήρωση παιδιού στην Κύπρο, και ο υπολογιστής νόμιμης μοίρας δίνει το ποσοστό για τη δική σας οικογενειακή κατάσταση.

## Σύνταξη Διαθήκης στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-diathikes-kypros
Σύνταξη και εκτέλεση διαθήκης στην Κύπρο: νόμιμη μοίρα, εκτέλεση που αντέχει σε αμφισβήτηση, συντονισμένες διαθήκες για περιουσία στο εξωτερικό, φύλαξη.

Q: Είναι έγκυρη η χειρόγραφη διαθήκη στην Κύπρο;
A: Αν πληροί τις διατυπώσεις του άρθρου 23 του Κεφ. 195, δηλαδή γραπτό κείμενο, υπογραφή στο τέλος, δύο μάρτυρες παρόντες ταυτόχρονα και μονογραφή κάθε φύλλου, ναι. Το πρακτικό πρόβλημα των διαθηκών που γίνονται στο σπίτι είναι η απόδειξη της ορθής εκτέλεσης χρόνια αργότερα, και γι' αυτό η τελετή της υπογραφής μετρά όσο και το κείμενο.

Q: Μπορεί ο εκτελεστής να είναι μάρτυρας της διαθήκης;
A: Ναι. Εκείνο που δεν μπορεί να κάνει ο μάρτυρας είναι να λάβει κληροδοσία: κληροδοσία προς μάρτυρα, ή προς σύζυγο ή τέκνο μάρτυρα, είναι άκυρη, αν και η ίδια η μαρτυρία παραμένει έγκυρη.

Q: Παντρεύτηκα μετά την υπογραφή της διαθήκης μου. Ισχύει ακόμη;
A: Πολύ πιθανόν όχι. Κατά το άρθρο 38 του Κεφ. 195 η διαθήκη θεωρείται ότι ανακλήθηκε με τον γάμο του διαθέτη μετά την εκτέλεσή της, εκτός αν από τη διαθήκη προκύπτει ότι έγινε εν όψει του γάμου αυτού. Το ίδιο ισχύει για τη γέννηση πρώτου τέκνου όταν η διαθήκη σιωπά. Αν κάτι από τα δύο έχει μεσολαβήσει, αντιμετωπίστε τη διαθήκη ως χρήζουσα επανασύνταξης και πείτε μας τις ημερομηνίες.

Q: Πώς ανακαλείται σκόπιμα μια διαθήκη;
A: Με έναν από τους τρόπους του άρθρου 37 του Κεφ. 195: με μεταγενέστερη διαθήκη που την ανακαλεί ρητά, με μεταγενέστερη ασυμβίβαστη διαθήκη, η οποία την ανακαλεί μόνο κατά την έκταση της ασυμβατότητας, ή με καταστροφή της από τον διαθέτη, ή από άλλον παρουσία και με εντολή του, με πρόθεση ανάκλησης. Το διαγράψιμο ρητρών πετυχαίνει λιγότερα από όσα νομίζει κανείς: αλλοίωση μετά την εκτέλεση ισχύει μόνο αν εκτελεστεί και η ίδια όπως διαθήκη.

Q: Καλύπτει η ξένη διαθήκη μου τα κυπριακά περιουσιακά στοιχεία;
A: Ενδεχομένως, αλλά το «καλύπτει» και το «βολεύει» διαφέρουν. Ξένη διαθήκη γραμμένη με την παραδοχή πλήρους ελευθερίας διάθεσης μπορεί να συγκρουστεί με τη νόμιμη μοίρα του κυπριακού δικαίου. Η συνήθης απάντηση είναι συντονισμένη κυπριακή διαθήκη. Φέρτε την ξένη διαθήκη στην πρώτη συνάντηση.

## Διαχείριση Κληρονομιάς στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-diaxeirisi-klironomias-kypros
Διαχείριση κληρονομιάς στην Κύπρο: επικύρωση διαθήκης, η σειρά των βημάτων του διαχειριστή, τα χρέη πριν από τη διανομή, και η εγγραφή ακινήτων στους κληρονόμους.

Q: Δεν θέλω την κληρονομιά. Μπορώ να την αρνηθώ;
A: Ναι, και το παράθυρο είναι στενό. Κατά το άρθρο 51 του Κεφ. 189, ο κληρονόμος μπορεί να αποποιηθεί την κληρονομιά ανεπιφύλακτα εντός τριών μηνών από τότε που έμαθε για πρώτη φορά τον θάνατο και ότι είναι κληρονόμος, με δήλωση που καταχωρίζεται στο πρωτοκολλητείο. Όποιος αποποιήθηκε δεν λαμβάνει όφελος και δεν ευθύνεται για τα χρέη του αποθανόντος. Δύο προσοχές: η αποποίηση είναι ανεπιφύλακτη, όχι διαπραγματευτική θέση, και αποποίηση που γίνεται για να ματαιώσει τους πιστωτές του ίδιου του κληρονόμου ακυρώνεται με αίτησή τους.

Q: Φθάνουν τα χρέη του αποθανόντος στους κληρονόμους προσωπικά;
A: Τα χρέη είναι της κληρονομιάς, και η σειρά του νόμου υπάρχει για να πληρωθούν από αυτήν πριν από οποιαδήποτε διανομή. Οι δύο τρόποι να αποκτήσει κανείς δικό του πρόβλημα είναι να διανείμει πριν τακτοποιηθούν τα χρέη, που είναι ο προσωπικός κίνδυνος του διαχειριστή, και να αποδεχθεί κληρονομιά όπου τα χρέη ίσως υπερβαίνουν το ενεργητικό, αντί να εξετάσει την αποποίηση του άρθρου 51 όσο τρέχει το τρίμηνο.

Q: Ο διαχειριστής ζει στο εξωτερικό και δεν προχωρά τίποτα.
A: Η κληρονομιά δεν μένει δέσμια. Κατά το άρθρο 21 του Κεφ. 189, αν με την εκπνοή δώδεκα μηνών από τον θάνατο ο προσωπικός αντιπρόσωπος διαμένει εκτός της δικαιοδοσίας του Δικαστηρίου, το Δικαστήριο μπορεί, με αίτηση πιστωτή ή προσώπου με συμφέρον, να χορηγήσει ειδική διαχείριση της περιουσίας. Χωριστά, για αδράνεια ή παράπτωμα, ο διαχειριστής παύεται και αντικαθίσταται.

Q: Πού φυλάσσεται επίσημα μια διαθήκη όσο ζει ο διαθέτης;
A: Στο πρωτοκολλητείο. Κατά το άρθρο 9 του Κεφ. 189, κάθε πρόσωπο μπορεί εν ζωή να καταθέσει τη διαθήκη του στον πρωτοκολλητή επικύρωσης διαθηκών για ασφαλή φύλαξη· κατατεθειμένη διαθήκη δεν μετακινείται χωρίς έγκριση του Δικαστηρίου, εκτός αν την αποσύρει ο ίδιος ο διαθέτης, και τηρείται κεντρικό μητρώο και ευρετήριο διαθετών. Θυμηθείτε και το άρθρο 14: η διαθήκη δεν παράγει αποτέλεσμα μέχρι να επικυρωθεί.

Q: Μπορούν τα χρέη του αποβιώσαντος να φθάσουν προσωπικά στους κληρονόμους;
A: Τα χρέη ανήκουν στην κληρονομιά, και η θέσμια σειρά υπάρχει ακριβώς για να εξοφληθούν από αυτήν πριν διανεμηθεί οτιδήποτε. Οι δύο τρόποι με τους οποίους αποκτά κανείς δικό του πρόβλημα είναι η διανομή πριν τακτοποιηθούν τα χρέη, που αποτελεί προσωπικό κίνδυνο του διαχειριστή, και η αποδοχή κληρονομιάς όπου τα χρέη ενδέχεται να υπερβαίνουν το ενεργητικό.

## Διεθνή Τραστ Κύπρου: τι κάνει η δομή, και τι δεν κάνει
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-diethni-trast-kyprou
Τι είναι το κυπριακό διεθνές τραστ, σε τι συμβουλεύει το γραφείο υπό τον περί Διεθνών Εμπιστευμάτων Νόμο του 1992, και τα ερωτήματα που κρίνονται πριν συσταθεί.

Q: Μπορεί ένα εμπίστευμα να παρακάμψει τη νόμιμη μοίρα;
A: Δεν πρέπει να συστήνεται για τον σκοπό αυτόν. Το άρθρο 21 του Κεφ. 195 επιτρέπει σε πρόσωπο να διαθέσει με διαθήκη μόνο το διαθέσιμο μέρος της περιουσίας, και το άρθρο 41(1) καθορίζει το μέρος αυτό σε όχι περισσότερο από ένα τέταρτο όπου υπάρχει σύζυγος και τέκνο ή κατιόντες τέκνου, ή τέκνο ή κατιόντες χωρίς σύζυγο, και σε όχι περισσότερο από το ήμισυ όπου υπάρχει σύζυγος ή γονέας αλλά όχι τέκνο ή κατιών. Το αν περιουσιακά στοιχεία τοποθετημένα σε εμπίστευμα αποτελούν μέρος της κληρονομιάς για τους σκοπούς αυτούς εξαρτάται από τα γεγονότα και από το πότε και πώς δημιουργήθηκε το εμπίστευμα.

Q: Μπορεί κυπριακό εμπίστευμα να κατέχει ακίνητο στην Κύπρο;
A: Είναι ερώτημα που τίθεται πριν συσταθεί το εμπίστευμα και όχι μετά. Ο ορισμός του αλλοδαπού στο άρθρο 2 του Κεφ. 109 περιλαμβάνει ρητά εμπίστευμα προς όφελος αλλοδαπού, και το άρθρο 3(1) απαγορεύει την απόκτηση από αλλοδαπό χωρίς προηγούμενη άδεια του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου. Το άρθρο 3(5) καθιστά άκυρη κάθε εγγραφή που γίνεται κατά παράβαση του άρθρου, οπότε η συνέπεια του λάθους δεν είναι καθυστέρηση αλλά ακυρότητα. Κατά το άρθρο 3(3) η σύμβαση που προβλέπει απόκτηση από αλλοδαπό είναι έγκυρη ως σύμβαση αλλά δεν παρέχει δικαίωμα κτήσης μέχρι να δοθεί η άδεια, και κατά το άρθρο 3(4) διατηρείται ρητά το δικαίωμα κατάθεσης της σύμβασης δυνάμει του περί Πώλησης Ακινήτων (Ειδική Εκτέλεση) Νόμου, ώστε να εξασφαλίζεται προτεραιότητα όσο εκκρεμεί η άδεια. Ο Νόμος δεν ορίζει προθεσμία εντός της οποίας οφείλει να αποφασίσει το Υπουργικό Συμβούλιο.

Q: Ο επίτροπός μας θα λείπει στο εξωτερικό για μήνες. Μπορεί κάποιος να ενεργεί αντ' αυτού;
A: Το άρθρο 25(1) του περί Επιτρόπων Νόμου, Κεφ. 193, επιτρέπει σε επίτροπο που πρόκειται να απουσιάσει από τη Δημοκρατία να εκχωρήσει με πληρεξούσιο, σε οποιοδήποτε πρόσωπο, την εκτέλεση ή άσκηση κατά την απουσία του όλων ή μέρους των εμπιστευμάτων, εξουσιών και διακριτικών ευχερειών που του έχουν ανατεθεί υπό την ιδιότητα αυτή. Το αν μια συγκεκριμένη απουσία ενεργοποιεί τη διάταξη είναι ζήτημα του κειμένου όπως ισχύει και των γεγονότων. Το άρθρο 25(4) προσθέτει τις διατυπώσεις: πιστοποίηση κατά τη νομοθεσία περί πιστοποιούντων υπαλλήλων, και κατάθεση πιστού αντιγράφου στο γραφείο του Αρχιπρωτοκολλητή μαζί με ένορκη δήλωση.

Q: Μπορεί ο πληρεξούσιός μου να συστήσει ή να διαχειριστεί εμπίστευμα για λογαριασμό μου;
A: Εντός του εύρους της εξουσιοδότησης που δόθηκε, και όχι πέραν αυτού. Τίποτε εκτός του ρητού ή αναγκαστικά συναγόμενου εύρους ενός πληρεξουσίου δεν καλύπτεται, και κατά το άρθρο 153 του περί Συμβάσεων Νόμου, Κεφ. 149, ο αντιπρόσωπος δεν μπορεί να διορίσει υποκατάστατο χωρίς ρητή εξουσιοδότηση. Ορισμένες πράξεις δεν εκχωρούνται καθόλου, μεταξύ αυτών η σύνταξη διαθήκης και η αίτηση στο δικαστήριο για διάταγμα επικύρωσης ή επιστολές διαχείρισης.

Q: Γιατί η σελίδα λέει τόσο λίγα για τον ίδιο τον Νόμο του 1992;
A: Γιατί το γραφείο δημοσιεύει μόνο όσα έχει επαληθεύσει. Ο περί Διεθνών Εμπιστευμάτων Νόμος του 1992 είναι το πλαίσιο εντός του οποίου συμβουλεύουμε για σύσταση, διαχείριση και σχεδιασμό, και φέρει δικές του προϋποθέσεις που στηρίζονται στη διαμονή του εμπιστευματοπαρόχου και των δικαιούχων. Οι προϋποθέσεις αυτές, και η φορολογική θέση και οι υποχρεώσεις αναφοράς, απαντώνται έναντι συγκεκριμένης δομής και συγκεκριμένης οικογένειας, και όχι με γενικές διατυπώσεις σε ιστοσελίδα.

Q: Μετακομίζουμε στην Κύπρο. Να περιμένει ο έλεγχος των δομών μας;
A: Όχι, και αυτό είναι το μέρος μιας μετεγκατάστασης που μένει συχνότερα ανεκτέλεστο, γιατί είναι το μέρος που δεν επιδιορθώνεται εκ των υστέρων. Η μετακίνηση συνοδεύεται από έλεγχο της διαθήκης και, όπου αρμόζει, από εξέταση του αν τα περιουσιακά στοιχεία κρατούνται καλύτερα μέσα από δομή. Πείτε μας το προβλεπόμενο μοτίβο ημερών, τι πρόκειται να γίνει με προηγούμενη κατοικία, και ποιες δομές υπάρχουν ήδη.

## Δικαστηριακή Εκπροσώπηση και Διαιτησία
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-dikastiriaki-ekprosopisi
Από την πρώτη εκτίμηση της υπόθεσης ως την ακρόαση: προδικαστικά βήματα, ενδιάμεσα διατάγματα, δικόγραφα και μαρτυρία, διαιτησία και εκτέλεση αποφάσεων.

Q: Πόσο διαρκεί μια πολιτική υπόθεση στην Κύπρο;
A: Εξαρτάται πολύ περισσότερο από το τι αμφισβητείται παρά από το αντικείμενο. Απαίτηση που δεν υπερασπίζεται, ή που διευθετείται μόλις τεθεί σωστά, ολοκληρώνεται σε κλάσμα του χρόνου μιας υπόθεσης που δικάζεται επί αμφισβητούμενων γεγονότων με μαρτυρία πραγματογνωμόνων και από τις δύο πλευρές. Γι' αυτό η πρώτη εκτίμηση εντοπίζει τα ζητήματα, τη μαρτυρία που υπάρχει και εκείνη που πρέπει να εξασφαλιστεί, τις προθεσμίες και τις θεραπείες που είναι ρεαλιστικά διαθέσιμες.

Q: Μου επιδόθηκε αγωγή. Τι κάνω πρώτα;
A: Ζητήστε συμβουλή αμέσως και μην περιμένετε να συγκεντρώσετε πρώτα πλήρη απάντηση. Οι προθεσμίες τρέχουν από την επίδοση και η απώλεια μιας από αυτές μετατρέπει μια υπεράσπιση που είχε επιχειρήματα σε απόφαση εναντίον σας. Πείτε μας τα ονόματα των διαδίκων και την ημερομηνία που παραλάβατε τα έγγραφα, και διαφυλάξτε ό,τι σχετικό υπάρχει. Μόλις ολοκληρωθεί ο έλεγχος σύγκρουσης συμφερόντων, θα σας ζητήσουμε τα ίδια τα έγγραφα.

Q: Μπορώ να πάρω επείγον διάταγμα για να μη μετακινηθεί περιουσία;
A: Ορισμένες υποθέσεις δεν αντέχουν το συνηθισμένο χρονοδιάγραμμα, και όπου η μαρτυρία και οι νομικές προϋποθέσεις το επιτρέπουν ζητούνται ενδιάμεσα μέτρα για τη διαφύλαξη περιουσίας, μαρτυρίας ή της υφιστάμενης κατάστασης. Περιλαμβάνονται διατάγματα παγοποίησης περιουσιακών στοιχείων, διατάγματα αποκάλυψης, απαγορευτικά ή προστακτικά διατάγματα, και διαδικασίες κατάσχεσης εις χείρας τρίτου. Το αν τέτοια θεραπεία είναι ρεαλιστικά διαθέσιμη κρίνεται από τη μαρτυρία που μπορεί να τεθεί ενώπιον του δικαστηρίου τώρα.

Q: Είναι υποχρεωτική η επαφή πριν από την αγωγή;
A: Δεν είναι πάντοτε προαιρετική. Ανάλογα με την υπόθεση, το πρώτο βήμα μπορεί να είναι εξώδικη επιστολή, απαίτηση πληρωμής, συμβατική ειδοποίηση, αίτημα για έγγραφα ή πρόσκληση σε διαπραγμάτευση. Υπό τους Κανονισμούς Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023, η προδικαστική αυτή επαφή δεν είναι προαιρετική σε ορισμένες κατηγορίες υποθέσεων και η παράλειψή της λαμβάνεται υπόψη στα έξοδα.

Q: Η σύμβασή μας προβλέπει διαιτησία. Αλλάζει κάτι;
A: Αλλάζει το πού επιλύεται η διαφορά, και είναι από τα πρώτα που ελέγχονται. Η ρήτρα διαβάζεται στην αρχή και όχι τη στιγμή της καταχώρισης της αγωγής, γιατί καθορίζει τη διαδικασία, τον χρόνο, το κόστος και το πόσο εύκολα εκτελείται το αποτέλεσμα.

Q: Αναλαμβάνετε και υπεράσπιση, ή μόνο απαιτήσεις;
A: Και τα δύο. Στις σωματικές βλάβες το γραφείο ενεργεί τόσο για παθόντες όσο και για ασφαλιστές, σε χωριστές και ανεξάρτητες μεταξύ τους υποθέσεις, και η εμπειρία και από τις δύο πλευρές είναι που κάνει μια αποτίμηση αξιόπιστη αντί για αισιόδοξη.

Q: Θα φτάσει η υπόθεσή μου σε ακρόαση;
A: Οι περισσότερες όχι. Η μεγάλη πλειοψηφία των αστικών διαφορών επιλύεται με συμφωνία κάπου ανάμεσα στην πρώτη επιστολή και στην ημερομηνία ακρόασης, και όσο καλύτερα προετοιμαστεί η απαίτηση στην αρχή, τόσο νωρίτερα τείνει να έρθει το σημείο αυτό. Η σωστή προετοιμασία μιας υπόθεσης δεν βρίσκεται σε ένταση με τον συμβιβασμό της: απαίτηση διατυπωμένη καθαρά, με τα έγγραφα από πίσω της, είναι και ευκολότερο να απαντηθεί και ευκολότερο να διακανονιστεί από μια που δεν είναι.

Q: Τι θα κοστίσει;
A: Η δικαστική διαδικασία κοστολογείται ανά στάδιο και κάθε στάδιο εκτιμάται πριν ξεκινήσει, ώστε να αποφασίζετε αν θα κάνετε το επόμενο βήμα έχοντας μπροστά σας το κόστος του. Σταθερές αμοιβές χρησιμοποιούνται όπου η εργασία είναι πράγματι προσδιορίσιμη, όπως μια εκτίμηση, μια εξώδικη απαίτηση ή μια μεμονωμένη αίτηση. Ο διάδικος που δικαιώνεται συνήθως ανακτά συνεισφορά στα δικηγορικά του έξοδα από την άλλη πλευρά, και η συνεισφορά είναι συνεισφορά και όχι ολόκληρος ο λογαριασμός.

Q: Δικαστήριο ή διαιτησία: τι είναι καλύτερο για τη διαφορά μου;
A: Κανένα από τα δύο αφηρημένα. Η ρήτρα επίλυσης διαφορών στη σύμβαση κρίνει πού εκδικάζεται η διαφορά, με ποια διαδικασία, σε πόσο χρόνο, με τι κόστος, και πόσο εύκολα εκτελείται το αποτέλεσμα, και γράφτηκε τότε που όλα πήγαιναν καλά. Η σύγκριση, χωρίς τα κοινότοπα, βρίσκεται στο Διαιτησία ή Δικαστήριο: τι κρίνει πραγματικά η ρήτρα.

Q: Τι γίνεται με μια απόφαση αλλοδαπού δικαστηρίου;
A: Η αναγνώριση και η εκτέλεση αλλοδαπών αποφάσεων και διαιτητικών αποφάσεων είναι μέρος της εργασίας του τμήματος. Το ποια οδός ισχύει εξαρτάται από το πού εκδόθηκε η απόφαση και υπό ποιο καθεστώς, και εξετάζεται στα έγγραφα.

## Δικηγορικό Γραφείο στη Λευκωσία, Κύπρος
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-dikigoriko-grafeio-lefkosia
Δικηγορικό γραφείο στη Λευκωσία: ακίνητα, κατασκευές, δικαστηριακή εκπροσώπηση, εταιρικά και κληρονομικά. Σταθερές αμοιβές όπου η εργασία είναι τυπική.

Q: Πού ακριβώς βρίσκεται το Κλεάνθους & Πλατής Δ.Ε.Π.Ε. στη Λευκωσία;
A: Στην οδό Φλωρίνης 7, Greg Tower, 2ος όροφος, Γραφείο 202, 1065 Λευκωσία, στο κέντρο της πόλης.

Q: Αναλαμβάνετε μόνο υποθέσεις στη Λευκωσία ή και σε όλη την Κύπρο;
A: Αν και το γραφείο μας εδρεύει στη Λευκωσία, ενεργούμε για πελάτες σε ολόκληρη την Κύπρο και στο εξωτερικό, περιλαμβανομένων πελατών που ολοκληρώνουν συναλλαγές εξ αποστάσεως με πληρεξούσιο. Δικαστηριακά, κτηματικά και εταιρικά θέματα αναλαμβάνονται ανεξάρτητα από το πού βρίσκεται το ακίνητο, το δικαστήριο ή ο αντισυμβαλλόμενος.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα θα λάβω απάντηση αν επικοινωνήσω με το γραφείο σας;
A: Στοχεύουμε να απαντούμε σε κάθε επικοινωνία εντός μίας εργάσιμης ημέρας. Για επείγοντα, μπορείτε να απευθυνθείτε απευθείας στον Κλείτο Πλατή στο klitos@kleanthousplatis.com.

Q: Χρειάζεται να επισκεφθώ το γραφείο σας ή μπορούν όλα να γίνουν εξ αποστάσεως;
A: Πολλά θέματα, περιλαμβανομένων αγορών ακινήτων με πληρεξούσιο, διεκπεραιώνονται εξ αποστάσεως με τηλέφωνο, ηλεκτρονικό ταχυδρομείο και ταχυμεταφορά. Όπου η αυτοπρόσωπη συνάντηση βοηθά, την κανονίζουμε στο γραφείο μας στη Λευκωσία.

## Δικηγόροι Ακινήτων στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-dikigoroi-akiniton-kypros
Τι κάνει ο δικηγόρος ακινήτων όταν κάτι δεν πάει καλά: τίτλος που δεν εκδίδεται, μη εγκεκριμένες κατασκευές, αδιαίρετα μερίδια, διαφορές μισθώσεων.

Q: Ο πωλητής αρνείται να μεταβιβάσει τον τίτλο. Τι μπορώ να κάνω;
A: Το πρώτο ερώτημα είναι αν η σύμβαση πώλησης κατατέθηκε στο Κτηματολόγιο. Η κατάθεση δίνει στον αγοραστή δικαίωμα να ζητήσει διάταγμα ειδικής εκτέλεσης, δηλαδή να διεκδικήσει τη μεταβίβαση αντί για αποζημίωση. Θα χρειαστούμε τη σύμβαση και την απόδειξη κατάθεσης, ώστε να δούμε τι θεραπείες υπάρχουν και ποιες προθεσμίες τρέχουν.

Q: Ο τίτλος έχει σημείωση για μη εγκεκριμένες κατασκευές. Επηρεάζει την αγορά μου;
A: Ενδέχεται. Τέτοιες σημειώσεις μπορούν να επηρεάσουν την έκδοση ξεχωριστού τίτλου και τη δυνατότητα μεταβίβασης, και το ζήτημα του ποιος αναλαμβάνει την τακτοποίηση κρίνεται από τους όρους της σύμβασης. Ελέγχουμε τις άδειες σε σχέση με το τι έχει κτιστεί πριν καταβληθεί προκαταβολή.

Q: Αγόρασα ακίνητο χωρίς ξεχωριστό τίτλο και ο τίτλος καθυστερεί. Τι εξετάζεται;
A: Εξετάζεται η νομική θέση του αναπτυξιακού, τυχόν υποθήκες που βαρύνουν το ευρύτερο οικόπεδο ή έργο, το τι έχει κατατεθεί στο Κτηματολόγιο για λογαριασμό σας, και οι όροι της σύμβασης ως προς τον χρόνο έκδοσης του τίτλου.

Q: Ο ενοικιαστής δεν πληρώνει. Πώς προχωρά το θέμα;
A: Εξετάζουμε τους όρους της μίσθωσης, το ύψος και τον χρόνο των οφειλών και τα διαθέσιμα βήματα, τόσο για την είσπραξη των ενοικίων όσο και για την ανάκτηση της κατοχής. Ποιο βήμα προηγείται εξαρτάται από το τι επιδιώκετε πρωτίστως.

Q: Είμαι συγκύριος και ο άλλος συγκύριος δεν συμφωνεί σε τίποτε. Υπάρχει λύση;
A: Οι επιλογές εξαρτώνται από τον τίτλο, από το τι έχει συμφωνηθεί μεταξύ σας και από το αντικείμενο της διαφωνίας, δηλαδή τη χρήση, τις δαπάνες ή την πώληση. Ξεκινούμε από τα έγγραφα και σας λέμε τι είναι ρεαλιστικά επιτεύξιμο και με ποιο κόστος.

## Δικηγόροι Κατασκευών στην Κύπρο: Έργα, Συμβάσεις, Διαφορές
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-dikigoroi-kataskeuon-kypros
Δικηγόροι κατασκευών στην Κύπρο για επιχειρηματίες ανάπτυξης, εργολάβους, υπεργολάβους και μελετητές: άδειες, συμβάσεις, πληρωμές, ελαττώματα και διαφορές.

Q: Σε ποιο σημείο πρέπει να εμπλακεί δικηγόρος σε κατασκευαστικό έργο;
A: Πριν υπογραφεί η σύμβαση, και στη συνέχεια σε σύντομα κομμάτια ενόσω τρέχει το έργο. Τα έγγραφα που διευθετούνται εξαρχής καθορίζουν σχεδόν οτιδήποτε μπορεί να υποστηριχθεί αργότερα, και οι ειδοποιήσεις που δίδονται κατά τις εργασίες καθορίζουν αν ένα δικαίωμα επιβιώνει. Η εμπλοκή αφού εμφανιστεί ελάττωμα ή αφού απορριφθεί μια πληρωμή εξακολουθεί να αξίζει, αλλά μέχρι τότε οι επιλογές είναι στενότερες και το κόστος υψηλότερο.

Q: Μπορείτε να ενεργήσετε αν το έργο είναι εκτός Λευκωσίας;
A: Ναι. Ενεργούμε σε έργα σε όλη την Κύπρο, και η κατασκευαστική εργασία στηρίζεται σε μεγάλο βαθμό σε έγγραφα, οπότε η τοποθεσία του εργοταξίου επηρεάζει τις επιθεωρήσεις και την παρουσία εμπειρογνωμόνων και όχι τον χειρισμό της υπόθεσης. Για πελάτες που δεν βρίσκονται καθόλου στην Κύπρο μπορεί να διευθετηθεί εξ αποστάσεως συνάντηση.

Q: Συνεργάζεστε με τεχνικούς εμπειρογνώμονες;
A: Όπου το ζήτημα είναι τεχνικό, ναι. Τα ερωτήματα ελαττωμάτων και καθυστέρησης αποδεικνύονται τελικά με μαρτυρία από την οικεία ειδικότητα, και συντονιζόμαστε με αρχιτέκτονες, μηχανικούς και επιμετρητές ποσοτήτων όπως απαιτεί η υπόθεση. Ο έγκαιρος εντοπισμός του ποιο τεχνικό ερώτημα κρίνει πραγματικά την υπόθεση τείνει να μειώνει, και όχι να αυξάνει, τον όγκο της πραγματογνωμοσύνης που χρειάζεται.

Q: Βρισκόμαστε σε αντίθετες πλευρές ενός έργου με υφιστάμενο πελάτη σας. Μπορείτε να ενεργήσετε;
A: Όχι. Κάθε υπόθεση περνά από έλεγχο σύγκρουσης συμφέροντος προτού συζητηθεί οτιδήποτε επί της ουσίας, και αν δεν μπορούμε να ενεργήσουμε το λέμε αμέσως και χωρίς να έχουμε λάβει τις εμπιστευτικές σας πληροφορίες. Γι' αυτό επίσης ζητούμε να προσδιορίζετε τα μέρη και το έργο στην πρώτη κιόλας επαφή.

Q: Τι πρέπει να στείλω με ένα πρώτο ερώτημα;
A: Προσδιορίστε τα μέρη, το έργο, το παρόν στάδιο και οποιαδήποτε προθεσμία. Πέραν αυτών, τη σύμβαση με τις προδιαγραφές και τα σχέδιά της, τις άδειες, το χρονοδιάγραμμα, τις αιτήσεις πληρωμής και τα πιστοποιητικά, τα αρχεία του εργοταξίου και μια σύντομη χρονολογική σειρά, μαζί με τυχόν φωτογραφίες και οποιαδήποτε έκθεση εμπειρογνώμονα έχει ήδη ληφθεί. Αυτά κανονικά αρκούν για μια πρώτη άποψη.

## Δημόσιο και Διοικητικό Δίκαιο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-dimosio-dioikitiko-kypros
Προσβολή απόφασης κυπριακής δημόσιας αρχής: η προσφυγή στο Διοικητικό Δικαστήριο κατά το Άρθρο 146, και τι συνιστά εκτελεστή διοικητική πράξη.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να προσβάλω διοικητική απόφαση;
A: Εβδομήντα πέντε ημέρες. Απόφαση δημόσιας αρχής προσβάλλεται με προσφυγή στο Διοικητικό Δικαστήριο δυνάμει του Άρθρου 146 του Συντάγματος, και η παράγραφος 3 τρέχει την προθεσμία από τη δημοσίευση της απόφασης ή πράξης ή, όπου δεν δημοσιεύεται και στην περίπτωση παράλειψης, από την ημέρα που περιήλθε σε γνώση του προσφεύγοντος, εκτός αν νόμος ορίζει ρητά διαφορετική προθεσμία. Αν χαθεί, η αξίωση αποκλείεται όσο ισχυρή και αν ήταν. Είναι το πρώτο που διαπιστώνεται και το ευκολότερο να αστοχήσει, γιατί η ημερομηνία που μετρά συχνά δεν είναι η ημερομηνία της επιστολής.

Q: Ποια απόφαση μπορεί πράγματι να προσβληθεί;
A: Εκτελεστή διοικητική πράξη, δηλαδή απόφαση που παράγει έννομα αποτελέσματα. Απορρίψεις, ανακλήσεις, όροι που τίθενται σε άδεια, πειθαρχικές αποφάσεις και αποτελέσματα διαγωνισμών μπορούν όλα να πληρούν το κριτήριο. Προπαρασκευαστικό βήμα ή εσωτερική γνώμη κατά κανόνα όχι.

Q: Ποιος δικαιούται να ασκήσει προσφυγή;
A: Η παράγραφος 2 του Άρθρου 146 επιτρέπει προσφυγή σε πρόσωπο του οποίου υφιστάμενο έννομο συμφέρον, ίδιον αυτού, επηρεάζεται δυσμενώς και απευθείας από την απόφαση, πράξη ή παράλειψη, είτε το συμφέρον αυτό το έχει ως άτομο είτε ως μέλος κοινότητας. Τρεις λέξεις σηκώνουν το βάρος. Το συμφέρον πρέπει να είναι δικό σας, πρέπει να υφίσταται, και η επίδραση πάνω του πρέπει να είναι άμεση. Η ένσταση επειδή μια απόφαση φαίνεται κατ’ αρχήν εσφαλμένη δεν αρκεί, και προσφυγή μπορεί να απορριφθεί σε αυτό το σημείο πριν καν εξεταστεί η ουσία.

Q: Η καταχώριση προσφυγής αναστέλλει την απόφαση;
A: Όχι από μόνη της. Το άρθρο 11Α του Ν. 131(Ι)/2015 προβλέπει αυτόματη αναστολή για μία μόνο κατηγορία, την προσφυγή κατά διατάγματος απέλασης, απόφασης επιστροφής ή απόφασης απομάκρυνσης που εκδίδεται δυνάμει του περί Αλλοδαπών και Μεταναστεύσεως Νόμου, και μάλιστα υπό την προϋπόθεση ότι στην αίτηση ακύρωσης παρατίθεται ισχυρισμός ασυμβατότητας με την αρχή της μη επαναπροώθησης. Εκτός αυτής της κατηγορίας η απόφαση συνεχίζει να ισχύει όσο εκκρεμεί η προσφυγή. Όταν λοιπόν η πρακτική ζημιά θα έχει συντελεστεί πολύ πριν από την απόφαση, το ζήτημα του χρόνου αντιμετωπίζεται εξαρχής και όχι στην ακρόαση.

Q: Αν η προσφυγή επιτύχει, αποφασίζει το Δικαστήριο στη θέση της Διοίκησης;
A: Κατά κανόνα όχι. Δυνάμει της παραγράφου 4 του Άρθρου 146 το Δικαστήριο επικυρώνει την απόφαση εν όλω ή εν μέρει, ή την κηρύσσει άκυρη και εστερημένη οιουδήποτε αποτελέσματος εν όλω ή εν μέρει, ή, όπου το παράπονο είναι παράλειψη, κηρύσσει την παράλειψη άκυρη και ό,τι παραλείφθηκε ότι έπρεπε να είχε εκτελεστεί. Η εξουσία τροποποίησης αντί ακύρωσης περιορίζεται σε φορολογικό ζήτημα, σε απόφαση που αφορά διαδικασία διεθνούς προστασίας κατά το δίκαιο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, και σε ό,τι άλλο ορίσει νόμος. Στη συνήθη περίπτωση η ακύρωση επιστρέφει το θέμα στη Διοίκηση για να αποφασίσει εκ νέου, νόμιμα. Δεν βάζει την απάντηση του Δικαστηρίου στη θέση της απάντησης της Διοίκησης.

Q: Οι φορολογικές αποφάσεις ελέγχονται διαφορετικά;
A: Ναι, και πιο έντονα. Το άρθρο 11(2) του Ν. 131(Ι)/2015 ορίζει ότι σε προσφυγή κατά απόφασης που αφορά φορολογική διαφορά το Διοικητικό Δικαστήριο προβαίνει σε έλεγχο της νομιμότητας και της ορθότητας της απόφασης, επικυρώνοντάς την, ακυρώνοντάς την ή τροποποιώντας την εν όλω ή εν μέρει. Το άρθρο 11(4)(α) προσθέτει ότι το Δικαστήριο τροποποιεί την πράξη όταν το αρμόδιο όργανο, ασκώντας δέσμια αρμοδιότητα, προέβη σε λανθασμένη εκτίμηση των πραγματικών περιστατικών. Δύο όρια συνοδεύουν την εξουσία αυτή: η τροποποίηση δεν εκφεύγει των αιτημάτων που υποβάλλονται με την προσφυγή, και δεν γίνεται εις βάρος του προσφεύγοντος.

Q: Η αρχή δεν έκανε τίποτα μετά την απόφαση. Τι γίνεται τώρα;
A: Η παράγραφος 5 του Άρθρου 146 καθιστά την απόφαση δεσμευτική για κάθε δικαστήριο, όργανο ή αρχή στη Δημοκρατία και υποχρεώνει το όργανο σε ενεργό συμμόρφωση, που είναι κάτι περισσότερο από το να μην την παρεμποδίζει. Η παράγραφος 5Α δίνει στη συνέχεια στο δικαστήριο δικαιοδοσία, ως νόμος ορίζει, να εξετάζει κατά πόσον υπήρξε πράγματι ενεργός συμμόρφωση προς την απόφασή του και να επιβάλλει κυρώσεις εναντίον οργάνου που δεν συμμορφώθηκε. Η σιωπή μετά από ακύρωση είναι κάτι που μπορεί να τεθεί ενώπιον του δικαστηρίου, όχι κάτι που απορροφάται.

Q: Ανακτάται η ζημιά που προκάλεσε η απόφαση;
A: Η παράγραφος 6 του Άρθρου 146 δίνει σε πρόσωπο που ζημιώθηκε από απόφαση, πράξη ή παράλειψη που κηρύχθηκε άκυρη το δικαίωμα, εφόσον η αξίωσή του δεν ικανοποιήθηκε από το όργανο, να επιδιώξει δικαστικώς αποζημίωση ή άλλη θεραπεία, και το δικαστήριο μπορεί να επιδικάσει δίκαιη και εύλογη αποζημίωση ή να παράσχει άλλη δίκαιη και εύλογη θεραπεία που έχει την εξουσία να παράσχει. Είναι χωριστό βήμα από την ακύρωση. Η προσφυγή αποδεικνύει ότι η πράξη ήταν άκυρη. Η ζημιά που προκάλεσε αξιώνεται μετά, και πρέπει να αποδειχθεί.

Q: Εφεσιβάλλεται η απόφαση του Διοικητικού Δικαστηρίου;
A: Ναι, και το περιθώριο είναι στενό. Το άρθρο 13 του Ν. 131(Ι)/2015 ορίζει ότι κάθε απόφαση του Διοικητικού Δικαστηρίου υπόκειται σε έφεση ενώπιον του Διοικητικού Εφετείου, για λόγο που αναφέρεται σε νομικό σημείο μόνο, εντός σαράντα δύο ημερών από την ημερομηνία έκδοσης της απόφασης. Δύο πράγματα προκύπτουν. Η διαφωνία με τα ευρήματα του δικαστηρίου επί των γεγονότων δεν στηρίζει από μόνη της έφεση, και έξι εβδομάδες δεν είναι πολλές, οπότε η απόφαση για έφεση λαμβάνεται πάνω στην απόφαση όπως εκδόθηκε.

## Εγκλωβισμένοι Αγοραστές: Ο Νόμος του 2025
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-egklovismenoi-agorastes
Ο μηχανισμός για τους εγκλωβισμένους αγοραστές μετά τον Ν. 110(Ι)/2025: τα όρια του 2014 και του 2024, ο δικαστικός δρόμος των 45 ημερών, και οι παγωμένες αιτήσεις.

Q: Είμαι εγκλωβισμένος αγοραστής με τη νομική έννοια;
A: Αν αγοράσατε ακίνητο στην Κύπρο, η σύμβασή σας κατατέθηκε στο Κτηματολόγιο μέχρι τις 31 Δεκεμβρίου 2014, ή συνομολογήθηκε μέχρι τότε και κατατέθηκε με διάταγμα δικαστηρίου σε αίτηση που έγινε μέχρι τις 31 Δεκεμβρίου 2024, και ο τίτλος δεν μεταβιβάστηκε ποτέ λόγω προγενέστερης υποθήκης ή άλλων βαρών του πωλητή, βρίσκεστε στο πεδίο του Μέρους VIB του Ν. 9/1965 όπως ξαναχτίστηκε από τον Ν. 110(Ι)/2025. Πρέπει να έχει εκδοθεί ξεχωριστός τίτλος για το ακίνητο.

Q: Τι έγινε τον Ιούνιο του 2024;
A: Στην Πολιτική Έφεση Αρ. 285/2018, που εκδόθηκε στις 20 Ιουνίου 2024, το Εφετείο έκρινε τις κεντρικές διατάξεις του μηχανισμού του 2015 αντισυνταγματικές, αντίθετες με τα Άρθρα 23 και 26 του Συντάγματος, γιατί επέτρεπαν τη μεταβίβαση υποθηκευμένου ακινήτου χωρίς τη συγκατάθεση του εξασφαλισμένου πιστωτή. Οι εκκρεμείς αιτήσεις πάγωσαν μέχρι τον νέο νόμο.

Q: Τι αλλάζει ο Ν. 110(Ι)/2025;
A: Ξαναχτίζει τον μηχανισμό γύρω από τα συνταγματικά δικαιώματα του δανειστή: οι δικαιούχοι των προγενέστερων βαρών πρέπει να συγκατατεθούν γραπτώς στην απαλλαγή, και όταν η συγκατάθεση απορρίπτεται και το τίμημα έχει πλήρως εξοφληθεί, ο αγοραστής μπορεί να αποταθεί στο δικαστήριο εντός 45 ημερών από την άρνηση για διάταγμα ότι η άρνηση είναι καταχρηστική και αδικαιολόγητη. Το διάταγμα αυτό υποκαθιστά τη συγκατάθεση. Η εκτέλεση κατά του ακινήτου αναστέλλεται όσο εκκρεμεί η αίτηση.

Q: Η τράπεζα αρνήθηκε τη συγκατάθεση. Πόσο χρόνο έχω;
A: Σαράντα πέντε ημέρες από την άρνηση για την καταχώριση της δικαστικής αίτησης. Η προθεσμία είναι σύντομη σκόπιμα, και η αίτηση πρέπει να πείσει το δικαστήριο ότι η άρνηση είναι καταχρηστική και αδικαιολόγητη, όρους που ο νόμος αφήνει αόριστους, οπότε η απόδειξη της πλήρους εξόφλησης και της ίδιας της άρνησης πρέπει να είναι έτοιμη πριν έρθει η επιστολή, όχι μετά.

Q: Είχα κάνει αίτηση πριν από χρόνια και όλα σταμάτησαν. Τι γίνεται τώρα;
A: Οι αιτήσεις που έγιναν πριν από τον νέο νόμο εξετάζονται ξανά, εφόσον μπορεί να εκδοθεί ξεχωριστός τίτλος για το ακίνητο μέσα σε δύο χρόνια και οκτώ μήνες από την έναρξη ισχύος του νόμου, δηλαδή έως τις αρχές Μαρτίου 2028. Μετά την ειδοποίηση του Κτηματολογίου έχετε οκτώ μήνες να υποβάλετε τα απαιτούμενα έγγραφα. Αν δεν μπορεί να εκδοθεί τίτλος, η αίτηση μπορεί να απορριφθεί, γι΄ αυτό οι περιπτώσεις χωρίς τίτλο θέλουν ξεχωριστή συμβουλή.

Q: Η οικοδομή μου δεν έχει καθόλου ξεχωριστούς τίτλους. Με βοηθά ο νόμος;
A: Όχι άμεσα. Ο μηχανισμός μεταβίβασης απαιτεί εκδομένο τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας. Όπου η αρμόδια αρχή βεβαιώνει ότι τίτλος δεν μπορεί να εκδοθεί, η περίπτωση μένει έξω από τον μηχανισμό, και οι ρεαλιστικοί δρόμοι είναι συμβατικοί: ειδική εκτέλεση όπου τη στηρίζει η κατατεθειμένη σύμβαση, εκχώρηση, ή αγωγή αποζημιώσεων. Ποιος από αυτούς είναι ανοιχτός εξαρτάται από τα έγγραφα.

## Δικηγόρος Είσπραξης Οφειλών Κύπρος: Εξώδικο ως Εκτέλεση
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-eispraxi-ofeilon-kypros
Πώς εισπράττεται μια οφειλή στην Κύπρο: εξώδικη επιστολή, αγωγή, αίτηση συνοπτικής απόφασης και μέτρα εκτέλεσης. Πότε παραγράφεται η απαίτηση.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο παίρνει η είσπραξη μιας οφειλής;
A: Εξαρτάται από το αν ο οφειλέτης ανταποκριθεί στην εξώδικη επιστολή, από το αν η υπόθεση πληροί τις προϋποθέσεις για συνοπτική απόφαση, και από το αν χρειαστεί πλήρης δίκη. Μια υπόθεση που διακανονίζεται μετά την εξώδικη επιστολή μπορεί να κλείσει σε λίγες εβδομάδες, ενώ μια πλήρης δικαστική διαδικασία διαρκεί περισσότερο.

Q: Ποια είναι η προθεσμία παραγραφής για είσπραξη οφειλής;
A: Η γενική περίοδος παραγραφής για συμβατικές αξιώσεις είναι έξι χρόνια από τη γένεση του αγώγιμου δικαιώματος, δυνάμει του άρθρου 7(1) του Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012, ενώ η αμοιβή ανεξάρτητου επαγγελματία υπόκειται σε τριετή παραγραφή, δυνάμει του άρθρου 7(2). Η παραγραφή διακόπτεται και αρχίζει εκ νέου με έγγραφη αναγνώριση της οφειλής ή με μερική καταβολή που υπερβαίνει το πενήντα τοις εκατό του χρέους μαζί με τους τόκους, δυνάμει του άρθρου 17. Επειδή οι ημερομηνίες κρίνουν την υπόθεση, συστήνουμε άμεση νομική συμβουλή.

Q: Τι είναι η αίτηση συνοπτικής απόφασης και πότε τη χρησιμοποιείτε;
A: Είναι διαδικασία που επιτρέπει την έκδοση δικαστικής απόφασης χωρίς πλήρη δίκη, όταν η οφειλή είναι σαφώς τεκμηριωμένη και ο εναγόμενος δεν έχει πραγματική υπεράσπιση. Την εξετάζουμε σε κάθε υπόθεση όπου τα στοιχεία το επιτρέπουν, γιατί μπορεί να επιταχύνει σημαντικά την είσπραξη.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν ο οφειλέτης δεν έχει περιουσιακά στοιχεία;
A: Πριν προχωρήσουμε σε αγωγή, εξετάζουμε αν είναι γνωστά περιουσιακά στοιχεία ή εισοδήματα του οφειλέτη που θα μπορούσαν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για εκτέλεση της απόφασης. Αν δεν υπάρχουν, σας ενημερώνουμε ειλικρινά ώστε να αποφασίσετε αν αξίζει να προχωρήσετε.

Q: Μπορείτε να εισπράξετε οφειλή από εταιρεία στο εξωτερικό;
A: Σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις ναι, αν και η διαδικασία είναι πιο σύνθετη και μπορεί να απαιτεί συνεργασία με δικηγόρους στη χώρα του οφειλέτη για αναγνώριση και εκτέλεση της κυπριακής απόφασης εκεί. Αξιολογούμε κάθε τέτοια υπόθεση ξεχωριστά.

Q: Ο οφειλέτης με αγνοεί. Πιάνει πράγματι η επιστολή δικηγόρου;
A: Συχνά ναι. Η εξώδικη επιστολή απαίτησης δηλώνει ότι η αγωγή είναι πράγματι το επόμενο βήμα, θέτει προθεσμία και προειδοποιεί για τις συνέπειες σε έξοδα και τόκους. Οφειλέτες που αγνοούν οχλήσεις με ηλεκτρονικό ταχυδρομείο συχνά πληρώνουν, ή αρχίζουν να διαπραγματεύονται, όταν η επιστολή έρχεται από δικηγορικό γραφείο. Προσοχή και σε κάτι που λειτουργεί υπέρ του υπομονετικού πιστωτή: κατά το άρθρο 25(1) του περί Συμβάσεων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 149, γραπτή υπόσχεση, υπογεγραμμένη από τον οφειλέτη, να πληρώσει χρέος που είχε παραγραφεί αποτελεί η ίδια δεσμευτική σύμβαση.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν ο οφειλέτης δεν απαντήσει στην αγωγή;
A: Αν έχει γίνει κανονική επίδοση και ο οφειλέτης δεν εμφανιστεί, μπορεί να ζητηθεί απόφαση ερήμην χωρίς πλήρη ακρόαση, όπου το επιτρέπει το Μέρος 13 των Κανονισμών Πολιτικής Δικονομίας του 2023. Η απόφαση εκτελείται στη συνέχεια εναντίον περιουσιακών στοιχείων: ακίνητα, τραπεζικούς λογαριασμούς, εισπρακτέα ή κινητά. Ο οφειλέτης δεν αποφεύγει την απαίτηση με τη σιωπή του.

Q: Δεν έχω γραπτή σύμβαση, μόνο τιμολόγια και μηνύματα. Αρκεί;
A: Συχνά αρκεί. Εκείνο που πρέπει να αποδειχθεί είναι ότι ένα ποσό κατέστη απαιτητό και δεν πληρώθηκε, και τα τιμολόγια, τα δελτία παράδοσης, η κατάσταση λογαριασμού και η αλληλογραφία μπορούν από κοινού να το τεκμηριώσουν. Η απουσία υπογεγραμμένης σύμβασης δυσκολεύει την απόδειξη των όρων όταν οι όροι είναι το επίδικο, οπότε μετρά πολύ περισσότερο σε αμφισβητούμενη απαίτηση παρά σε παραδεκτή.

Q: Ο οφειλέτης υπόσχεται συνεχώς ότι θα πληρώσει. Να περιμένω;
A: Οι υποσχέσεις είναι χρήσιμη μαρτυρία και κακή στρατηγική. Ζητήστε την υπόσχεση γραπτώς, γιατί οφειλέτης που αναγνωρίζει το ποσό σε μήνυμα έχει περιορίσει σημαντικά τη διαφορά, και στη συνέχεια θέστε ημερομηνία μετά την οποία θα ενεργήσετε. Η αναμονή επ' αόριστον κάνει δύο πράγματα που κοστίζουν: αφήνει τον χρόνο της παραγραφής να τρέχει, και δίνει στον οφειλέτη την ευκαιρία να διαθέσει περιουσιακά στοιχεία πριν εγγραφεί οτιδήποτε εναντίον τους.

Q: Μπορώ να ανακτήσω τα δικηγορικά μου έξοδα από τον οφειλέτη;
A: Ο επιτυχών ενάγων ανακτά κατά κανόνα συνεισφορά στα έξοδά του από τον οφειλέτη, και μπορεί να αξιώσει και τόκο. Η συνεισφορά δεν είναι ολόκληρος ο λογαριασμός, οπότε το ανακτήσιμο μέρος είναι ένα από τα δεδομένα της απόφασης και όχι λόγος να θεωρηθεί η άσκηση δωρεάν. Την πιθανή θέση ως προς τα έξοδα την εκθέτουμε στο στάδιο της αξιολόγησης, πριν δεσμευθείτε.

## Εκκαθάριση Κυπριακής Εταιρείας
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-ekkatharisi-etaireias-kypros
Εκκαθάριση κυπριακής εταιρείας: η ειδοποίηση οφειλής και το τεκμήριο αφερεγγυότητας, τι παγώνει με την καταχώριση της αίτησης, και η σειρά κατάταξης των πιστωτών.

Q: Έλαβα θεσμική απαίτηση για χρέος που πράγματι αμφισβητούμε. Τι κάνω;
A: Απαντήστε μέσα στις τρεις εβδομάδες, γραπτώς, με τα έγγραφα που δείχνουν την αμφισβήτηση. Χρέος που αμφισβητείται γνήσια δεν στηρίζει αίτηση εκκαθάρισης, και αίτηση που στηρίζεται σε τέτοιο χρέος μπορεί να απορριφθεί με έξοδα. Η σιωπή, αντίθετα, χτίζει το τεκμήριο εναντίον σας.

Q: Είναι η αίτηση εκκαθάρισης καλός τρόπος είσπραξης οφειλής;
A: Είναι ισχυρός μοχλός εναντίον εταιρείας που μπορεί να πληρώσει και δεν πληρώνει, και λάθος εργαλείο εναντίον εκείνης που αμφισβητεί το χρέος ή δεν έχει τίποτε να δώσει. Η εκτίμηση πριν από την καταχώριση καλύπτει ακριβώς αυτά: τον κίνδυνο αμφισβήτησης, τα περιουσιακά στοιχεία, και το πού θα καταταγείτε.

Q: Η εταιρεία πλήρωσε έναν πιστωτή και όχι τους άλλους λίγο πριν καταρρεύσει. Ανατρέπεται;
A: Ενδεχομένως. Το άρθρο 301(1) του Κεφ. 113 ορίζει ότι μεταβίβαση, επιβάρυνση, υποθήκη, παράδοση αγαθών, πληρωμή, εκτέλεση ή άλλη πράξη σχετική με ιδιοκτησία, που έγινε από ή εναντίον της εταιρείας μέσα σε έξι μήνες πριν από την έναρξη της εκκαθάρισης και που θα λογιζόταν δόλια προτίμηση στην πτώχευση φυσικού προσώπου, λογίζεται δόλια προτίμηση των πιστωτών της και ακυρώνεται. Η εξάμηνη περίοδος αναστέλλεται όσο η εταιρεία τελεί υπό την προστασία του Δικαστηρίου. Ο εκκαθαριστής, ή πιστωτής που τον κινεί, είναι ο συνήθης φορέας.

Q: Τι γίνεται με την αγωγή που έχουμε ήδη εναντίον της εταιρείας;
A: Μόλις εκδοθεί διάταγμα εκκαθάρισης ή διοριστεί προσωρινός εκκαθαριστής, οι αγωγές εναντίον της εταιρείας χρειάζονται άδεια του δικαστηρίου για να συνεχιστούν. Οι απαιτήσεις προωθούνται στη συνέχεια μέσω της διαδικασίας απόδειξης χρέους της εκκαθάρισης, όπου η κατάταξη κρίνει το αποτέλεσμα.

## Εκτέλεση Δικαστικής Απόφασης στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-ektelesi-apofasis-kypros
Κερδίσατε τη δίκη· τώρα η είσπραξη: οι δρόμοι εκτέλεσης κατά τους ΚΠΔ 2023, το μεμό του Κεφ. 6 με τη δεκαετία του, και ποιο μέτρο φέρνει πραγματικά πληρωμή.

Q: Για πόσο καιρό εκτελείται μια κυπριακή απόφαση;
A: Όσο η απόφαση είναι πρόσφατη, η εκτέλεση χωρεί χωρίς άδεια. Όταν περάσουν δώδεκα χρόνια από την απόφαση ή το διάταγμα, ή αλλάξουν οι διάδικοι που δικαιούνται ή υπόκεινται σε εκτέλεση, χρειάζεται άδεια του δικαστηρίου με αίτηση χωρίς ειδοποίηση, κατά τον κανονισμό 47.1 των ΚΠΔ 2023. Χωριστά, η εγγραφή της απόφασης πάνω σε ακίνητο κατά το Κεφ. 6 κρατά, κατά κανόνα, δέκα χρόνια και παρατείνεται με διάταγμα πριν λήξει.

Q: Ο οφειλέτης άσκησε έφεση. Σταματά η εκτέλεση;
A: Όχι. Κατά τους ΚΠΔ 2023 η έφεση δεν επενεργεί ως αναστολή της εκτέλεσης παρά μόνο στην έκταση που θα διατάξει το δικαστήριο, και μπορεί να απαιτηθεί εξασφάλιση πριν καταχωριστεί διάταγμα αναστολής. Μέχρι να δοθεί πραγματικά αναστολή, τα μέτρα εκτέλεσης παραμένουν ανοιχτά.

Q: Δεν ξέρω τι περιουσία έχει ο οφειλέτης. Από πού ξεκινούμε;
A: Από έρευνες, όχι από εντάλματα. Τρέχουμε δικές μας έρευνες στο Επαρχιακό Κτηματολόγιο και στον Έφορο Εταιρειών, και τις συνδυάζουμε με όσα ήδη ξέρετε: εργοδότη, τράπεζα, ενοικιαστές, οχήματα, εμπορικές επωνυμίες. Ο δρόμος επιλέγεται από την εικόνα της περιουσίας, γιατί ένταλμα που στοχεύει περιουσία που δεν υπάρχει αγοράζει έξοδα και τίποτε άλλο.

Q: Ο οφειλέτης έχει ακίνητο, αλλά δεν θέλω ακόμη αναγκαστική πώληση. Υπάρχει ενδιάμεσο βήμα;
A: Ναι. Κατά τα άρθρα 53 και 54 του περί Πολιτικής Δικονομίας Νόμου, Κεφ. 6, η απόφαση εγγράφεται στο Επαρχιακό Κτηματολογικό Γραφείο πάνω σε ακίνητη ιδιοκτησία στην οποία ο οφειλέτης έχει συμφέρον, και γίνεται εγγύηση για το εξ αποφάσεως χρέος. Το ακίνητο δεν μπορεί να αλλάξει καθαρά χέρια μέχρι να τακτοποιηθεί το χρέος, και η πώληση κατά το Μέρος 49 των κανονισμών παραμένει διαθέσιμη αν η πίεση από μόνη της δεν φέρει πληρωμή.

Q: Ο οφειλέτης είναι εταιρεία. Η εκτέλεση είναι ο καλύτερος δρόμος;
A: Συχνά η γραπτή απαίτηση του νόμου είναι ταχύτερη: απλήρωτη απαίτηση ανοίγει τον δρόμο για διαδικασία εκκαθάρισης, και λίγες φερέγγυες εταιρείες το αφήνουν να φτάσει ως εκεί. Η εκτέλεση κατά της περιουσίας της εταιρείας και η κατάσχεση των απαιτήσεών της παραμένουν διαθέσιμες παράλληλα. Ποιον μοχλό τραβάτε πρώτο εξαρτάται από την κατάσταση της εταιρείας, που τη δείχνουν οι έρευνες.

Q: Η απόφασή μου είναι από άλλη χώρα. Μπορείτε να την εκτελέσετε στην Κύπρο;
A: Ναι, μετά από αναγνώριση. Ο δρόμος εξαρτάται από τη χώρα και το διάταγμα: τα ευρωπαϊκά νομοθετήματα, διμερής σύμβαση, ή αγωγή επί της απόφασης κατά το κοινοδίκαιο. Μετά την αναγνώριση, η απόφαση εκτελείται με τα ίδια μέτρα όπως μια κυπριακή. Θα χρειαστούμε την απόφαση και απαντούμε εντός μίας εργάσιμης ημέρας με τον δρόμο που ισχύει.

Q: Ποιοι τρόποι εκτέλεσης υπάρχουν στην πραγματικότητα;
A: Οι Κανονισμοί τους θέτουν σε χωριστά Μέρη, και είναι χωριστές αποφάσεις: πώληση κινητών κατά το Μέρος 48, πώληση ακίνητης ιδιοκτησίας κατά το Μέρος 49, σύλληψη και κατάσχεση, περιλαμβανομένης της σύλληψης για παρακοή διατάγματος, κατά το Μέρος 50, κατάσχεση χρέους ή περιουσίας στα χέρια τρίτου κατά το Μέρος 51, ένταλμα κατοχής κατά τον κανονισμό 52.1 και ένταλμα παράδοσης κατά τον κανονισμό 53.1. Ποιος από αυτούς αξίζει να εκδοθεί εξαρτάται εξ ολοκλήρου από το τι έχει ο οφειλέτης και πού βρίσκεται. Γι' αυτό η θέση των περιουσιακών στοιχείων διαπιστώνεται πρώτη, και όχι μετά από ένα χαμένο ένταλμα.

Q: Κάποιος τρίτος οφείλει χρήματα στον οφειλέτη. Μπορούν να δεσμευθούν;
A: Ναι. Το Μέρος 51 των Κανονισμών προβλέπει εκτέλεση με κατάσχεση χρέους, ή περιουσίας, στα χέρια τρίτου. Είναι ο δρόμος προς τραπεζικό υπόλοιπο, προς ενοίκιο που οφείλεται στον οφειλέτη, ή προς ποσό που του χρωστά πελάτης του. Έναντι οφειλέτη που δεν έχει καθαρή αξία σε τίποτε αλλά εξακολουθεί να συναλλάσσεται είναι συχνά ο ταχύτερος τρόπος, και κρίνεται εξ ολοκλήρου από το να γνωρίζει κανείς ποιος του οφείλει τι.

Q: Μπορεί ο οφειλέτης να υποχρεωθεί να αποκαλύψει τι κατέχει;
A: Ναι. Μετά την απόφαση, ο κανονισμός 58.1 επιτρέπει στον δικαιούχο να ζητήσει αποκάλυψη εγγράφων για τον εντοπισμό περιουσιακών στοιχείων, ενώ ο κανονισμός 58.2 συνδέει την εκτέλεση με το μητρώο μηχανοκίνητων οχημάτων. Οφειλέτης που δεν απαντά είναι οφειλέτης για τον οποίο μπορεί να ζητηθούν διατάγματα από το δικαστήριο, που είναι ουσιωδώς διαφορετική θέση από το να μην υπάρχει καμία πληροφορία.

Q: Τρίτος ισχυρίζεται ότι τα κατασχεθέντα είναι δικά του. Τι γίνεται;
A: Οι Κανονισμοί έχουν διαδικασία γι' αυτό, οπότε κρίνεται αντί να αφήνεται στον εκτελεστικό υπάλληλο. Κατά τον κανονισμό 57.1, η αξίωση τρίτου επί κατασχεθείσας περιουσίας κρίνεται ως ζήτημα μαρτυρίας περί ιδιοκτησίας, και η πώληση αναμένει την απάντηση. Είναι συνηθισμένη αντίδραση οφειλέτη του οποίου τα πράγματα πρόκειται να πωληθούν, και ενίοτε είναι αληθής.

Q: Η απόφασή μου διατάσσει επιστροφή περιουσίας και όχι πληρωμή. Πώς εκτελείται;
A: Με διαφορετικό ένταλμα. Το ένταλμα κατοχής, κατά τον κανονισμό 52.1 και τον Τύπο 96, είναι το μέσο για ανάκτηση κατοχής γης ή υποστατικών, ενώ το ένταλμα παράδοσης, κατά τον κανονισμό 53.1 και τον Τύπο 98, είναι το μέσο για ανάκτηση πραγμάτων. Δεν εναλλάσσονται με ένταλμα για χρηματική απόφαση, και η έκδοση του λανθασμένου χάνει χρόνο που ο οφειλέτης, ήδη σε κατοχή, θα χρησιμοποιήσει.

## Ελεγκτής Ενοικιοστασίου: εμπίπτει η ενοικίαση στον Ν. 23/1983;
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-elegktis-enoikiostasiou
Αν μια ενοικίαση εμπίπτει στον περί Ενοικιοστασίου Νόμο του 1983, από τα δύο σκέλη του ορισμού του άρθρου 2 και τις ελεγχόμενες περιοχές του ΚΔΠ 519/2007.

Q: Υπάγεται το ακίνητό μου στο ενοικιοστάσιο;
A: Μόνο αν πληρούνται και τα δύο σκέλη του ορισμού του άρθρου 2 του Ν. 23/1983. Το κτήριο πρέπει να βρίσκεται σε ελεγχόμενη περιοχή που κηρύχθηκε από το Υπουργικό Συμβούλιο, και να έχει αποπερατωθεί μέχρι τις 31 Δεκεμβρίου 1999. Κτήριο που αποπερατώθηκε την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2000 ή αργότερα βρίσκεται εκτός.

Q: Ποιες περιοχές είναι ελεγχόμενες;
A: Εκείνες του Πίνακα της Κ.Δ.Π. 519/2007: οι δημοτικές περιοχές Λευκωσίας, Αμμοχώστου, Λάρνακας, Λεμεσού, Πάφου και Κερύνειας, μαζί με κατονομαζόμενους δήμους και κοινοτικά συμβούλια στις επαρχίες Λευκωσίας, Αμμοχώστου, Λάρνακας, Λεμεσού και Πάφου, με τις εξαιρέσεις που ο ίδιος Πίνακας ορίζει.

Q: Τι είναι ο θέσμιος ενοικιαστής;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 2, ενοικιαστής ακινήτου ο οποίος, με τη λήξη ή τον τερματισμό της πρώτης ενοικίασης, εξακολουθεί να το κατέχει. Η ιδιότητα προκύπτει εκ του νόμου και όχι από συμφωνία.

Q: Μπορώ να εξώσω θέσμιο ενοικιαστή;
A: Μόνο για λόγο που περιλαμβάνεται στο άρθρο 11(1), και αρκετοί λόγοι φέρουν προϋποθέσεις. Στα καθυστερημένα ενοίκια, το ενοίκιο πρέπει να είναι νομίμως οφειλόμενο και καθυστερημένο για είκοσι μία ή περισσότερες ημέρες μετά από γραπτή απαίτηση, και το δικαστήριο δεν διατάζει ανάκτηση αν ο ενοικιαστής πληρώσει εντός δεκατεσσάρων ημερών από την επίδοση της αίτησης.

Q: Ποια η διαφορά ανάμεσα σε μίσθωση υπό ενοικιοστάσιο και σε ελεύθερη μίσθωση;
A: Μέσα στον Νόμο, η κατοχή ανακτάται μόνο μέσω του Δικαστηρίου Ελέγχου Ενοικίων και μόνο για τους λόγους που απαριθμεί το άρθρο 11, ενώ η επιτρεπόμενη αύξηση ενοικίου καθορίζεται χωριστά με διάταγμα δυνάμει του άρθρου 8(4)(α). Εκτός αυτού, η μίσθωση είναι συνηθισμένη σύμβαση: οι όροι είναι όσα συμφωνήθηκαν, και τα τακτικά δικαστήρια τους εφαρμόζουν. Σε ποια πλευρά πέφτει μια μίσθωση είναι ακριβώς αυτό που κρίνει ο έλεγχος αυτός.

Q: Καθορίζει το ενοικιοστάσιο το ύψος του ενοικίου;
A: Η επιτρεπόμενη αύξηση καθορίζεται χωριστά, με διάταγμα δυνάμει του άρθρου 8(4)(α), και δεν εξετάζεται σε αυτή τη σελίδα. Η σελίδα απαντά μόνο στο αν εφαρμόζεται ο Νόμος και τι συνεπάγεται αυτό για την κατοχή.

## Έλεγχος Φορολογικής Κατοικίας και Non-Dom
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-elegktis-forologikis-katoikias
Αν είστε φορολογικός κάτοικος Κύπρου κατά τον κανόνα των 183 ή των 60 ημερών, και αν η απαλλαγή non-dom από την έκτακτη εισφορά για την άμυνα είναι διαθέσιμη.

Q: Πότε είμαι φορολογικός κάτοικος Κύπρου;
A: Κατά τον ορισμό του άρθρου 2 του περί Φορολογίας του Εισοδήματος Νόμου, με έναν από δύο τρόπους: περνώντας περισσότερες από 183 ημέρες στην Κύπρο μέσα στο φορολογικό έτος, ή περνώντας την πύλη και τις τρεις προϋποθέσεις του κανόνα των 60 ημερών. Το φορολογικό έτος είναι το ημερολογιακό. Ο Ν. 244(Ι)/2025 αντικατέστησε τον ορισμό από το φορολογικό έτος 2026 και κατάργησε την παλαιά απαίτηση να μη σας θεωρεί κάτοικο άλλο κράτος.

Q: Ποιες είναι οι προϋποθέσεις του κανόνα των 60 ημερών;
A: Από το φορολογικό έτος 2026, μία πύλη και τρεις προϋποθέσεις στο ίδιο έτος. Η πύλη: όχι περισσότερες από 183 ημέρες συνολικά σε ένα άλλο κράτος. Έπειτα, σωρευτικά: τουλάχιστον 60 ημέρες στην Κύπρο· άσκηση επιχείρησης στην Κύπρο, ή εργασία στην Κύπρο, ή αξίωμα σε πρόσωπο φορολογικό κάτοικο Κύπρου, χωρίς κανένα από αυτά να τερματίζεται μέσα στο έτος· και μόνιμη κατοικία στην Κύπρο, ιδιόκτητη ή μισθωμένη. Μέχρι το φορολογικό έτος 2025 υπήρχε και η απαίτηση να μην είστε φορολογικός κάτοικος άλλου κράτους, την οποία κατάργησε ο Ν. 244(Ι)/2025.

Q: Πώς μετρώνται οι ημέρες παρουσίας;
A: Η ημέρα άφιξης στην Κύπρο μετρά ως ημέρα στην Κύπρο, και η ημέρα αναχώρησης ως ημέρα εκτός Κύπρου. Άφιξη και αναχώρηση την ίδια ημέρα μετρούν ως μία ημέρα στην Κύπρο. Αναχώρηση και επιστροφή την ίδια ημέρα μετρούν ως μία ημέρα εκτός.

Q: Τι είναι το καθεστώς non-dom;
A: Φορολογικός κάτοικος Κύπρου που δεν είναι domiciled στην Κύπρο μένει εκτός της έκτακτης εισφοράς για την άμυνα, του φόρου που αλλιώς θα εφαρμοζόταν σε μερίσματα και τόκους. Φυσικό πρόσωπο θεωρείται domiciled για τον σκοπό αυτό αν έχει κυπριακή καταγωγική κατοικία, με εξαιρέσεις, ή μόλις υπάρξει φορολογικός κάτοικος Κύπρου για τουλάχιστον 17 από τα 20 φορολογικά έτη πριν από το κρίσιμο έτος.

Q: Τι περιλαμβάνει η έκθεση με σταθερή αμοιβή;
A: Προσωπική γραπτή έκθεση, ετοιμασμένη από συνέταιρο, που εκθέτει τη θέση κατοικίας σας και κατά τους δύο κανόνες πάνω στα δεδομένα σας, το σχέδιο μέτρησης ημερών για να τη διατηρήσετε, αν η απαλλαγή non-dom είναι διαθέσιμη σε εσάς και για πόσο, και τις εγγραφές και δηλώσεις που ακολουθούν. Η αμοιβή είναι €150, πλέον ΦΠΑ όπου εφαρμόζεται, και η έκθεση παραδίδεται εντός δύο εργάσιμων ημερών.

## Νομικός Έλεγχος Ακινήτου στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-elenchos-akinitou-kypros
Τι ελέγχεται πριν καταβληθεί προκαταβολή: τίτλος, βάρη και υποθήκες, εγκεκριμένες μελέτες και άδειες, μη εγκεκριμένες κατασκευές και η θέση του πωλητή.

Q: Ο κτηματομεσίτης λέει ότι ο τίτλος είναι καθαρός. Χρειάζεται και πάλι έρευνα;
A: Ναι, και όχι μόνο ως προφύλαξη. Δυνάμει του Νόμου 132(Ι)/2023 το πιστοποιητικό έρευνας του Κτηματολογίου αποτελεί αναπόσπαστο μέρος της σύμβασης πώλησης και πρέπει να φέρει ημερομηνία όχι προγενέστερη των πέντε εργάσιμων ημερών πριν από την υπογραφή. Η έρευνα είναι επομένως μέρος της ίδιας της συναλλαγής και όχι προαιρετική διαβεβαίωση από την οποία ο αγοραστής μπορεί να παραιτηθεί επειδή κάποιος του έδωσε προφορική διαβεβαίωση.

Q: Πόσο πρόσφατο πρέπει να είναι το πιστοποιητικό έρευνας;
A: Όχι παλαιότερο των πέντε εργάσιμων ημερών κατά την υπογραφή, δυνάμει του Νόμου 132(Ι)/2023. Πρόκειται για σύντομο χρονικό παράθυρο, και αυτός είναι ο λόγος για τον οποίο η έρευνα ολοκληρώνεται συνήθως τελευταία και όχι πρώτη, παρότι τα ερωτήματα που γεννά τίθενται πολύ νωρίτερα.

Q: Τι δεν δείχνει το πιστοποιητικό έρευνας;
A: Καταγράφει ό,τι έχει εγγραφεί. Δεν καταγράφει ό,τι δεν εγγράφηκε: κατοχή που ουδέποτε καταχωρίστηκε, σύνορο που μετακινήθηκε επί του εδάφους, προσθήκη που κτίστηκε χωρίς άδεια και ουδέποτε δηλώθηκε, ή διευθέτηση μεταξύ του πωλητή και τρίτου προσώπου που ουδέποτε κατατέθηκε κάπου. Για τον λόγο αυτό η έρευνα είναι το πρώτο σημείο του ελέγχου και όχι ολόκληρος ο έλεγχος.

Q: Η μονάδα δεν έχει ξεχωριστό τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας. Να αποσυρθώ;
A: Όχι κατ' ανάγκη, και πολλά ακίνητα στην Κύπρο βρίσκονται σε αυτή τη θέση. Αγοράζονται και πωλούνται με εκχώρηση συμβατικών δικαιωμάτων. Σημασία έχει να γίνει αντιληπτό με ακρίβεια τι λαμβάνεται αντί τίτλου ιδιοκτησίας, τι μεσολαβεί μεταξύ του ακινήτου και της έκδοσης τίτλου, και πώς προστατεύεται ο αγοραστής στο ενδιάμεσο. Αυτά είναι ερωτήματα που απαντώνται πριν από την καταβολή οποιουδήποτε ποσού, όχι μετά.

Q: Ο πωλητής έχει υποθήκη επί του ακινήτου. Είναι μοιραίο;
A: Είναι σύνηθες και είναι διαχειρίσιμο, αλλά μόνο αν ρυθμιστεί μέσα στη σύμβαση. Χρειάζεται μηχανισμός που συνδέει την αποδέσμευση της επιβάρυνσης με την καταβολή, ώστε τα χρήματα και η αποδέσμευση να συμβαίνουν ταυτόχρονα και όχι με την ελπίδα ότι το ένα θα ακολουθήσει το άλλο. Σε αναπτυξιακό έργο, ελέγξτε αν η επιβάρυνση αφορά ολόκληρο το τεμάχιο και όχι μόνο τη μονάδα, γιατί αυτό μεταβάλλει το ποιος άλλος πρέπει να συμφωνήσει.

## Έλεγχος Νομικού Φακέλου Πλειστηριασμού στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-elenchos-fakelou-pleistiriasmou
Έλεγχος νομικού φακέλου πριν προσφέρετε σε πλειστηριασμό ακινήτου στην Κύπρο: δική μας έρευνα Κτηματολογίου, οι όροι πώλησης, τα βάρη, και σύσταση.

Q: Πόσο πριν από τον πλειστηριασμό να σας στείλω τον φάκελο;
A: Όσο πιο νωρίς γίνεται. Παραδίδουμε εγκαίρως πριν από την προθεσμία υποβολής προσφοράς, και κατεπειγόντως όταν ο πλειστηριασμός είναι κοντά. Αναφέρετε την προθεσμία όταν στέλνετε τον φάκελο.

Q: Ελέγχετε φακέλους από οποιαδήποτε πλατφόρμα, και καλύπτει αυτό τους διαγωνισμούς;
A: Και τα δύο, ναι. Ελέγχουμε φακέλους για αγοραστές που προσφέρουν στις ηλεκτρονικές πλατφόρμες πλειστηριασμών και στις πλατφόρμες τραπεζών και διαχειριστών περιουσιακών στοιχείων στην Κύπρο, και για αγοραστές που υποβάλλουν προσφορά σε διαγωνισμό αντί να προσφέρουν σε ζωντανό πλειστηριασμό. Η εργασία είναι η ίδια, και ο λόγος για τον οποίο γίνεται επίσης.

Q: Κάνετε δική σας έρευνα ή βασίζεστε στον φάκελο;
A: Διενεργούμε δική μας έρευνα στο Κτηματολόγιο για το συγκεκριμένο ακίνητο και τη συγκρίνουμε με τον φάκελο. Ο φάκελος ετοιμάζεται από τον πωλητή και δεν συνοδεύεται από εγγυήσεις, οπότε δεν αντιμετωπίζεται ως η πηγή της αλήθειας.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν ο έλεγχος καταλήξει ότι δεν πρέπει να προσφέρω;
A: Τότε αυτή είναι η σύσταση, και είναι το αποτέλεσμα για το οποίο γίνεται ο έλεγχος. Μια αμοιβή που δαπανάται πριν από την προσφορά κοστίζει λιγότερο από μια δεσμευτική υποχρέωση σε ακίνητο που δεν μπορεί να μεταβιβαστεί.

Q: Αν κερδίσω, αναλαμβάνετε και την αγορά;
A: Ναι. Αναλαμβάνουμε το πωλητήριο έγγραφο ή την εκχώρηση, την κατάθεση στο Κτηματολόγιο, την άδεια του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου όπου ο αγοραστής είναι πολίτης τρίτης χώρας, και τη μεταβίβαση του τίτλου. Η αμοιβή του ελέγχου πιστώνεται έναντι της αμοιβής για τη μεταβίβαση.

## Έλεγχος Σύμβασης Πριν την Υπογραφή
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-elenchos-symvasis-kypros
Γραπτός έλεγχος της σύμβασης που έχετε μπροστά σας πριν την υπογράψετε: τι σας δεσμεύει, τι λείπει, τι να ζητήσετε να αλλάξει, με σταθερή αμοιβή κοστολογημένη εντός 24 ωρών.

Q: Αν πρόκειται για σύμβαση ακινήτου, τι πρέπει να είναι ήδη προσαρτημένο;
A: Πιστοποιητικό έρευνας. Το άρθρο 4(1Α) του Ν. 81(Ι)/2011 υποχρεώνει τον πωλητή να το περιλαμβάνει ως αναπόσπαστο μέρος της σύμβασης, με ημερομηνία που δεν απέχει πέραν των πέντε εργάσιμων ημερών από την υπογραφή, και το άρθρο 4(1Β) επιτρέπει διοικητικό πρόστιμο μέχρι €10.000 όταν δεν το πράξει. Αν το προσχέδιο μπροστά σας δεν συνοδεύεται από πρόσφατο πιστοποιητικό έρευνας, αυτό θα είναι το πρώτο που θα πει ο έλεγχος.

Q: Θα μου πει ο έλεγχος για προθεσμίες;
A: Όπου η σύμβαση φέρει νομοθετημένες προθεσμίες, ναι. Σε αγορά ακινήτου η σημαντικότερη βρίσκεται στο άρθρο 3(1)(γ) του Ν. 81(Ι)/2011: έξι μήνες από την υπογραφή για κατάθεση της σύμβασης στο Κτηματολόγιο, επειδή το άρθρο 5(1) καθιστά την κατάθεση εμπράγματο βάρος με σειρά προτεραιότητας από την ημερομηνία κατάθεσης.

Q: Ελέγχετε σύμβαση στα αγγλικά ή στα ελληνικά;
A: Και στα δύο. Το γραφείο εργάζεται και στις δύο γλώσσες, και τα σχόλια επιστρέφουν στη γλώσσα στην οποία μας γράφετε.

Q: Τι ακριβώς λαμβάνω;
A: Γραπτά σχόλια από συνέταιρο: τους όρους που σας δεσμεύουν και τις συνέπειές τους, τις προστασίες που λείπουν, τις τροποποιήσεις που να ζητήσετε με διατύπωση που μπορείτε να προωθήσετε, και καθαρή απάντηση στο δικό σας ερώτημα. Όπου βοηθά, περιλαμβάνεται και τηλεφωνική συζήτηση.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα γίνεται;
A: Η σταθερή αμοιβή επιστρέφει εντός 24 ωρών από τα στοιχεία σας. Ο ίδιος ο έλεγχος παραδίδεται στον χρόνο που συμφωνείται με την προσφορά, συνήθως δύο εργάσιμες ημέρες για σύμβαση συνήθους έκτασης.

Q: Θα διαπραγματευθείτε ή θα ξαναγράψετε τη σύμβαση για μένα;
A: Ο έλεγχος είναι το προϊόν με τη σταθερή αμοιβή. Αν στη συνέχεια θέλετε το γραφείο να διαπραγματευθεί με την άλλη πλευρά ή να αναδιατυπώσει το έγγραφο, αυτό κοστολογείται χωριστά πριν από οποιαδήποτε εργασία, ώστε τίποτα να μην εμφανιστεί σε σημείωμα αμοιβής που δεν έχετε συμφωνήσει.

Q: Είναι εμπιστευτικό ό,τι στείλω;
A: Ναι. Το ερώτημα φθάνει στο γραφείο και πουθενά αλλού: καμία τρίτη υπηρεσία φορμών δεν το κρατά και τίποτα δεν αποθηκεύεται πέρα από το ίδιο το email. Ένα ερώτημα είναι εμπιστευτικό είτε το γραφείο αναλάβει είτε όχι.

## Εμπορικές Διαφορές στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-emporikes-diafores-kypros
Εμπορικές και συμβατικές διαφορές στην Κύπρο: παράβαση σύμβασης, τερματισμός, διανομή και αντιπροσωπεία, διαφορές συνεταίρων, σε δικαστήριο και διαιτησία.

Q: Η άλλη πλευρά παραβίασε τη σύμβαση. Μπορώ απλώς να σταματήσω να εκτελώ;
A: Όχι με ασφάλεια. Η αναστολή της δικής σας εκτέλεσης χωρίς συμβατικό ή νομικό δικαίωμα μπορεί η ίδια να συνιστά παράβαση, και στη χειρότερη περίπτωση δίνει στην άλλη πλευρά απαίτηση τερματισμού. Πρώτα διαβάζεται η σύμβαση, μετά σχεδιάζεται το βήμα.

Q: Η σύμβασή μας έχει ρήτρα διαιτησίας. Μπορώ να προσφύγω στο δικαστήριο;
A: Μπορείτε να καταχωρίσετε, αλλά αναμένετε αναστολή της διαδικασίας αν το ζητήσει εγκαίρως η άλλη πλευρά. Στη διεθνή εμπορική διαιτησία η παραπομπή είναι υποχρεωτική εκτός αν η συμφωνία διαιτησίας είναι άκυρη ή ανενεργή· στην εσωτερική διαιτησία το δικαστήριο αποφασίζει με βάση καθορισμένες προϋποθέσεις. Η ρήτρα συνήθως επικρατεί.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για απαίτηση από σύμβαση;
A: Κατά κανόνα έξι χρόνια από την παράβαση. Οι αμοιβές ανεξάρτητων επαγγελματιών υπόκεινται σε τριετία. Όπου οι ημερομηνίες είναι οριακές, ζητήστε συμβουλή πριν θεωρήσετε την απαίτηση ζωντανή ή χαμένη.

Q: Υπάρχει εξειδικευμένο εμπορικό δικαστήριο;
A: Νομοθετήθηκε, αλλά δεν είναι ακόμη το φόρουμ. Ο Ν. 69(Ι)/2022 καθιδρύει Εμπορικό Δικαστήριο με πρωτοβάθμια δικαιοδοσία επί εμπορικής διαφοράς όπου το πράγματι αμφισβητούμενο ποσό υπερβαίνει τα δύο εκατομμύρια ευρώ, και επί αγωγών αποζημίωσης για παραβάσεις του δικαίου του ανταγωνισμού, θεμάτων πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας και θεμάτων διαιτησίας ανεξαρτήτως ποσού. Δικαστής του μπορεί επίσης να επιτρέψει τη διαδικασία, τα έγγραφα και την απόφαση στην αγγλική. Η δικαιοδοσία του όμως δεν αρχίζει με τον Νόμο: κατά το άρθρο 32(2) οι διατάξεις που του τη χορηγούν ισχύουν μόνο όταν το Ανώτατο Δικαστήριο δημοσιεύσει γνωστοποίηση ότι το Δικαστήριο συγκροτήθηκε και είναι έτοιμο να λειτουργήσει, και το άρθρο 33(1)(α) κρατά την πρωτοβάθμια δικαιοδοσία για τις εμπορικές διαφορές στο Επαρχιακό Δικαστήριο έως τη δημοσίευσή της. Τι σημαίνει ο Νόμος για μια συγκεκριμένη υπόθεση εκτίθεται στο Εμπορικό Δικαστήριο και Ναυτοδικείο. Οι Κανονισμοί Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023 δίνουν τη διαδικασία, με δικό της μητρώο και δική της τροποποιημένη οδό, για διαφορές που προκύπτουν από εμπορικές ή επιχειρηματικές συναλλαγές. Η διαχείριση εκεί είναι ενεργή και το χρονοδιάγραμμα συντομότερο από τη συνήθη οδό. Το αν μια συγκεκριμένη διαφορά ανήκει στο μητρώο αυτό αξίζει να τεθεί εξαρχής, γιατί είναι απόφαση για το πόσο θα διαρκέσει η υπόθεση.

Q: Μπορεί μια απαίτηση να κριθεί χωρίς δίκη;
A: Ενίοτε. Οι Κανονισμοί επιτρέπουν συνοπτική απόφαση όπου δεν υπάρχει πραγματικό ζήτημα προς εκδίκαση επί της απαίτησης, ούτε πραγματική υπεράσπιση σε αυτήν, ούτε άλλος επιτακτικός λόγος για δίκη. Το κατώφλι κόβει και προς τις δύο κατευθύνσεις: ο ενάγων πρέπει να δείξει ότι δεν υπάρχει τίποτε γνήσια αμφισβητούμενο, και ο εναγόμενος ανατρέπει την αίτηση δείχνοντας συζητήσιμη υπεράσπιση και όχι καλή υπεράσπιση. Όπου τα έγγραφα κλείνουν το ζήτημα, είναι η ταχύτερη οδός που υπάρχει.

Q: Τι είναι η πρόταση διακανονισμού και γιατί αλλάζει την αριθμητική;
A: Είναι τυπική πρόταση δυνάμει των Κανονισμών, σε καθορισμένο έντυπο, ανοικτή προς αποδοχή για 21 ημέρες, και όλο της το νόημα είναι τι κάνει στα έξοδα. Αν ο εναγόμενος προσφέρει και ο ενάγων δεν καταφέρει να υπερβεί την προσφορά, ο ενάγων πληρώνει τα έξοδα του εναγομένου από τη λήξη της προθεσμίας αποδοχής. Αν ο ενάγων προσφέρει και υπερβεί την προσφορά του, δικαιούται έξοδα στην υψηλότερη βάση της αποζημίωσης από την ίδια ημερομηνία. Η πρόταση μπορεί να γίνει σε οποιοδήποτε στάδιο, και μετατρέπει το ερώτημα από το ποιος έχει δίκιο στο τι κοστίζει τώρα ο κίνδυνος να έχει άδικο.

Q: Μπορεί η άλλη πλευρά να μου ζητήσει εγγύηση για έξοδα;
A: Μπορεί να το αιτηθεί. Κατά τον κανονισμό 26.1 των ΚΠΔ 2023, το δικαστήριο δύναται να διατάξει ενάγοντα να δώσει εγγύηση όταν δεν διαμένει στην Κύπρο ή είναι εταιρεία χωρίς περιουσία εδώ, ή εταιρεία που φαίνεται ανίκανη να ανταποκριθεί σε διάταγμα εξόδων, σταθμίζοντας την αξία της απαίτησης, τις πιθανότητες επιτυχίας, τη φύση της περιουσίας και τις λοιπές περιστάσεις. Ενάγων εγκατεστημένος στο εξωτερικό το αντιμετωπίζει αρκετά συχνά ώστε να ανήκει στον προϋπολογισμό.

Q: Μπορώ να λάβω κάτι πριν τελειώσει η υπόθεση;
A: Ενδεχομένως. Ο κανονισμός 27.2 επιτρέπει ενδιάμεση πληρωμή έναντι πιθανής τελικής απόφασης όταν ο εναγόμενος έχει παραδεχθεί ευθύνη, όταν ο ενάγων είναι πιθανό να ανακτήσει σημαντικό ποσό, και όταν ο εναγόμενος έχει τα μέσα, με ρητά παραδείγματα τον ασφαλιστή και τη δημόσια αρχή. Κατά τον κανονισμό 27.6 το ποσό αναπροσαρμόζεται στην τελική απόφαση. Δεν ταιριάζει σε κάθε εμπορική απαίτηση, αλλά όπου η ευθύνη δεν αμφισβητείται πραγματικά και το μόνο ζήτημα είναι το ποσό, αξίζει να ζητηθεί.

Q: Πόσο κοστίζει μια τέτοια διαφορά;
A: Η αξιολόγηση γίνεται με σταθερή αμοιβή και γραπτό αποτέλεσμα. Πέραν αυτής, τίποτε δεν δαπανάται χωρίς δική σας απόφαση, και οι σταθερές αμοιβές χρησιμοποιούνται όπου η εργασία είναι πράγματι οριοθετήσιμη.

## Εμπορικές Συμβάσεις στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-emporikes-symvaseis-kypros
Σύνταξη και έλεγχος εμπορικών συμβάσεων κατά το κυπριακό δίκαιο: προμήθεια, υπηρεσίες, διανομή, αντιπροσωπεία, δικαιόχρηση, παραχώρηση αδειών και γενικοί όροι συναλλαγών.

Q: Δεσμεύει μια ανταλλαγή μηνυμάτων ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου;
A: Μπορεί να δεσμεύει. Η κατάρτιση σύμβασης δεν απαιτεί κατά κανόνα επίσημο έγγραφο, και ακριβώς γι' αυτό οι εμπορικές σχέσεις χρειάζονται γραπτούς όρους που ενσωματώνονται σωστά: χωρίς αυτούς η σύμβαση υπάρχει, αλλά το περιεχόμενό της γίνεται αντικείμενο διαφωνίας.

Q: Ισχύουν οι ηλεκτρονικές υπογραφές;
A: Ναι, υπό το ευρωπαϊκό πλαίσιο eIDAS, που εφαρμόζεται άμεσα στην Κύπρο. Η εγκεκριμένη ηλεκτρονική υπογραφή έχει την ίδια νομική ισχύ με την ιδιόχειρη, και ακόμη και μια απλή ηλεκτρονική υπογραφή δεν μπορεί να στερηθεί ισχύος μόνο επειδή είναι ηλεκτρονική: η βαρύτητά της είναι ζήτημα απόδειξης.

Q: Πρέπει η σύμβαση να είναι στα ελληνικά;
A: Όχι. Οι εμπορικές συμβάσεις στην Κύπρο καταρτίζονται τακτικά στα αγγλικά, και αγγλόγλωσσες συμβάσεις εκδικάζονται εδώ καθημερινά. Σημασία έχει ότι και οι δύο πλευρές κατάλαβαν τι υπέγραψαν, και ότι η γλώσσα της σύμβασης ταιριάζει με τη γλώσσα της μαρτυρίας που θα παραγάγει η σχέση.

Q: Τι κοστίζει ένας έλεγχος σύμβασης;
A: Σταθερή αμοιβή, που δίνεται μόλις δούμε την έκταση του εγγράφου και το σχήμα της συναλλαγής, με τη γραπτή έκθεση να περιλαμβάνεται. Αν ο έλεγχος δείξει ότι η σύμβαση είναι εντάξει, η έκθεση το λέει σε μία σελίδα.

## Ενέργεια
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-energeia-kypros
Έργα ανανεώσιμων πηγών στην Κύπρο σε επίπεδο σύμβασης: γη και μισθώσεις, αδειοδότηση, σύνδεση με το δίκτυο, και συμβάσεις πώλησης ενέργειας.

Q: Χρειάζομαι άδεια ΡΑΕΚ για φωτοβολταϊκό σε στέγη;
A: Εξαρτάται από την ισχύ και από το για τι προορίζεται το ρεύμα. Το άρθρο 27(1) του Ν. 130(Ι)/2021 θέτει υπό γενική άδεια την παραγωγή έως 20kW, την παραγωγή για ιδία χρήση έως 30kW, και την παραγωγή από ανανεώσιμες πηγές έως 50kW· η γενική άδεια λαμβάνεται με υποβολή εντύπου κοινοποίησης στη ΡΑΕΚ και όχι με αίτηση. Πάνω από αυτά, το άρθρο 27(4)(α) επιτρέπει στη ΡΑΕΚ να χορηγήσει εξαίρεση για ιδία χρήση άνω των 30kW έως 1MW και για ανανεώσιμες άνω των 50kW έως 8MW. Πάνω από 8MW απαιτείται άδεια κατά το άρθρο 26.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο χρειάζεται η γενική άδεια για να ισχύσει;
A: Έναν μήνα. Το άρθρο 27(3)(α) επιτρέπει σε πρόσωπο που πληροί τους όρους να ασκήσει τη δραστηριότητα κατόπιν υποβολής του εντύπου κοινοποίησης. Το άρθρο 27(3)(β) δίνει στη ΡΑΕΚ έναν μήνα από την παραλαβή για να αξιολογήσει και να ζητήσει γραπτώς διορθωτικές ενέργειες ή πρόσθετες πληροφορίες. Το άρθρο 27(3)(γ) ορίζει ότι η γενική άδεια τίθεται σε ισχύ έναν μήνα μετά την παραλαβή του εντύπου, εφόσον η ΡΑΕΚ δεν ενήργησε. Όπου ζήτησε κάτι, ισχύει από την ημερομηνία που η ΡΑΕΚ κρίνει ότι λήφθηκαν επαρκή στοιχεία.

Q: Η άδεια της ΡΑΕΚ μου επιτρέπει να κατασκευάσω;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 25(1) απαιτεί άδεια της ΡΑΕΚ κατά τα άρθρα 26 και 27 και, χωριστά, κάθε άλλη άδεια, έγκριση ή γνωμοδότηση που απαιτεί οποιοσδήποτε άλλος Νόμος. Το άρθρο 25(2) κατονομάζει τι σταθμίζουν οι άλλες αρχές: δημόσια υγεία και ασφάλεια, προστασία του περιβάλλοντος, χρήση γης και χωροθέτηση, χρήση δημοσίων εκτάσεων, και συνεισφορά της δυναμικότητας στη μείωση εκπομπών. Έργο που πέρασε τη ΡΑΕΚ και όχι την πολεοδομία δεν είναι έργο που κατασκευάζεται.

Q: Χρειάζεται άδεια η αποθήκευση ενέργειας;
A: Το άρθρο 26(1)(ιγ) περιλαμβάνει την εγκατάσταση ή λειτουργία εγκατάστασης αποθήκευσης ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας στις δραστηριότητες που απαιτούν άδεια της ΡΑΕΚ, και εξαιρεί τις εγκαταστάσεις που λειτουργούν αποκλειστικά για ιδία χρήση. Το άρθρο 25(1) μεταχειρίζεται την αποθήκευση όπως την παραγωγή για τις λοιπές άδειες, και το άρθρο 30(2)(ζ) υποχρεώνει τη ΡΑΕΚ, όταν αποφασίζει για νέα δυναμικότητα παραγωγής, να σταθμίζει τις εναλλακτικές λύσεις, κατονομάζοντας την απόκριση ζήτησης και την αποθήκευση ενέργειας.

Q: Η ΡΑΕΚ απέρριψε την αίτησή μου. Τι μπορώ να κάνω;
A: Το άρθρο 31(1) απαιτεί η απόρριψη να κοινοποιείται γραπτώς με λόγους αντικειμενικούς, ακριβοδίκαιους, βάσιμους και τεκμηριωμένους, οπότε το πρώτο βήμα είναι να διαβαστεί τι λένε πράγματι εκείνοι οι λόγοι. Το άρθρο 31(2) δίνει δικαίωμα προσφυγής στο Διοικητικό Δικαστήριο κατά το Άρθρο 146 του Συντάγματος και το άρθρο 20 του Ν. 129(Ι)/2021. Η προθεσμία τρέχει από τότε που η απόφαση περιήλθε σε εσάς, οπότε στείλτε μας την επιστολή και την ημερομηνία παραλαβής πριν από οτιδήποτε άλλο.

Q: Παρατείνεται η άδεια αν το έργο καθυστερεί;
A: Το άρθρο 32(1) καθιστά την άδεια ή εξαίρεση υποκείμενη σε τροποποίηση, αναστολή, ανάκληση, τερματισμό, μεταβίβαση ή παράταση κατά τους Κανονισμούς της ΡΑΕΚ. Το άρθρο 32(2)(α) ορίζει τι απαιτεί η παράταση για σταθμό παραγωγής ή εγκατάσταση αποθήκευσης: αίτημα με τα έγγραφα που το δικαιολογούν και τεκμηριώνουν τους λόγους της καθυστέρησης, ικανοποίηση ότι οι ενέργειες του κατόχου τεκμηριώνουν πρόθεση υλοποίησης, ικανοποίηση ότι διαθέτει την τεχνική, οικονομική και χρηματοδοτική δυνατότητα, και ότι απευθύνθηκε στην Υπηρεσία Ενιαίας Εξυπηρέτησης. Η παράταση είναι αιτιολογημένη απόφαση, όχι τυπικότητα.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα αλλάζει προμηθευτή ένας πελάτης;
A: Το άρθρο 119(1)(α) απαιτεί η αλλαγή να πραγματοποιείται εντός του συντομότερου δυνατού διαστήματος και κατά μέγιστο εντός τριών εβδομάδων από την ημερομηνία της αίτησης. Το άρθρο 119(1)(β) ορίζει ότι από τον Ιανουάριο του 2026 η τεχνική διαδικασία διαρκεί έως είκοσι τέσσερις ώρες και είναι δυνατή οποιαδήποτε εργάσιμη ημέρα. Το άρθρο 119(2) απαιτεί το δικαίωμα να παρέχεται χωρίς διακρίσεις ως προς κόστος, προσπάθεια και χρόνο, και το άρθρο 119(3) δίνει στους οικιακούς πελάτες δικαίωμα συμμετοχής σε συστήματα μαζικής αλλαγής.

Q: Μπορεί ο προμηθευτής να αλλάξει σύμβαση σταθερής τιμής;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 118(1)(β) υποχρεώνει τους προμηθευτές να προσφέρουν σε κάθε τελικό πελάτη σύμβαση ορισμένου χρόνου σε σταθερή τιμή διάρκειας τουλάχιστον ενός έτους, και επιφύλαξη ορίζει ότι δεν τροποποιούν μονομερώς τους όρους της ούτε την καταγγέλλουν πριν από τη λήξη της. Περαιτέρω επιφύλαξη διατηρεί τη συμμετοχή του πελάτη στην απόκριση ζήτησης και στην κοινή χρήση ενέργειας, οπότε η σταθερή τιμή δεν είναι λόγος αποκλεισμού από καμία από τις δύο.

Q: Μπορώ να έχω πάνω από μία σύμβαση προμήθειας;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 116(β) δίνει στους πελάτες το δικαίωμα να συνάπτουν ταυτόχρονα περισσότερες από μία συμβάσεις προμήθειας ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας ή συμφωνίες κοινής χρήσης ενέργειας, και για τον σκοπό αυτό να διαθέτουν περισσότερα από ένα σημεία μέτρησης και τιμολόγησης που καλύπτονται από το ενιαίο σημείο σύνδεσης για τις εγκαταστάσεις τους, όπου τα έξυπνα συστήματα μέτρησης του άρθρου 125 το καθιστούν τεχνικά εφικτό.

Q: Τι φέρει μια παράβαση;
A: Το άρθρο 133(1) φέρει φυλάκιση μέχρι τρία έτη ή χρηματική ποινή μέχρι €90.000, ή και τα δύο, για παραβίαση όρου άδειας, εξαίρεσης ή Διατάγματος, για παραβίαση ρυθμιστικής απόφασης της ΡΑΕΚ, για δυσμενή διάκριση μεταξύ χρηστών του συστήματος, για παράλειψη παροχής πληροφοριών που ζητά η ΡΑΕΚ ή ο Υπουργός, για παρακώλυση εξουσιοδοτημένου λειτουργού, και για εσκεμμένη ή αμελή αναληθή δήλωση προς αυτόν. Το άρθρο 133(2)(α) φέρει μέχρι πέντε έτη ή χρηματική ποινή μέχρι €350.000, ή και τα δύο, για παράβαση του άρθρου 3 του Κανονισμού (ΕΕ) 1227/2011, που απαγορεύει σε κάτοχο εμπιστευτικής πληροφορίας για ενεργειακό προϊόν χονδρικής να συναλλάσσεται επ' αυτού, να την αποκαλύπτει εκτός της συνήθους άσκησης των καθηκόντων του, ή να παροτρύνει άλλον να συναλλαγεί βάσει αυτής.

Q: Με ποια σειρά συναρμολογείται ένα φωτοβολταϊκό έργο;
A: Πρώτα τα δικαιώματα επί της γης, μετά η αδειοδότηση και οι πολεοδομικές και περιβαλλοντικές εγκρίσεις, μετά η σύνδεση με το δίκτυο, και μετά η συμβατική διάθεση της παραγωγής. Τα έργα σπάνια αποτυγχάνουν στην τεχνολογία. Αποτυγχάνουν επειδή τα δικαιώματα επί της γης αποκτήθηκαν πριν γίνει γνωστή η θέση του δικτύου.

Q: Καταχωρίζετε εσείς τις αιτήσεις αδειοδότησης;
A: Εργαζόμαστε σε συμβατικό επίπεδο: δικαιώματα και μισθώσεις γης, συμβάσεις εγκατάστασης και σύνδεσης, συμβάσεις αγοράς ενέργειας, χρηματοδότηση έργου, και τις διαφορές που ακολουθούν. Όπου ένα ζήτημα είναι τεχνική ρυθμιστική κατάθεση, το λέμε.

## Επαγγελματική Αμέλεια στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-epaggelmatiki-amelia-kypros
Απαιτήσεις επαγγελματικής αμέλειας κατά δικηγόρων, λογιστών, αρχιτεκτόνων και μηχανικών: το μέτρο του Κεφ. 148, ο ρόλος του πραγματογνώμονα και η τριετής προθεσμία.

Q: Έχασα την υπόθεσή μου επειδή ο προηγούμενος δικηγόρος παρέλειψε ένα βήμα. Ανακτώ τη ζημιά;
A: Ενδεχομένως, αν ικανός δικηγόρος δεν θα το παρέλειπε και αν η υποκείμενη υπόθεση είχε πραγματική αξία. Και τα δύο σκέλη χρειάζονται μαρτυρία: το επαγγελματικό μέτρο μέσω εμπειρογνώμονα, και η αξία εκείνου που χάθηκε. Αυτή η διπλή ανάλυση είναι ακριβώς το αντικείμενο της γραπτής εκτίμησης.

Q: Ο επαγγελματίας είναι φίλος της οικογένειας. Λύνεται χωρίς δικαστήριο;
A: Συνήθως τέτοιες απαιτήσεις διευθετούνται χωρίς δίκη, γιατί πίσω από τον επαγγελματία στέκει κατά κανόνα ασφαλιστής που αποφασίζει εμπορικά. Μια σωστά συγκροτημένη απαίτηση, παρουσιασμένη νηφάλια, είναι η πιθανότερη οδός προς λύση που διατηρεί ό,τι μπορεί να διατηρηθεί.

Q: Η κακή συμβουλή δόθηκε πριν από χρόνια αλλά η ζημιά φάνηκε πρόσφατα. Έχω χάσει τον χρόνο;
A: Όχι κατ' ανάγκη. Η τριετία και το σημείο από το οποίο αρχίζει χρειάζονται ειδική ανάλυση όταν η ζημιά εμφανίστηκε αργά. Φέρτε τις ημερομηνίες στην πρώτη συνάντηση και το ερώτημα απαντάται πριν ξοδευτεί οτιδήποτε άλλο.

Q: Τι θα μου κοστίσει;
A: Η εκτίμηση δίνεται με σταθερή αμοιβή και γραπτό αποτέλεσμα, που περιλαμβάνει και την τίμια απάντηση όπου η απαίτηση είναι αδύναμη. Πέραν αυτής, τίποτε δεν ξοδεύεται χωρίς δική σας απόφαση.

## Επικοινωνία: Δικηγόροι στη Λευκωσία
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-epikoinonia
Οδός Φλωρίνης 7, Greg Tower, Λευκωσία. Τηλέφωνο +357 22 680 330 και office@kleanthousplatis.com. Τι να περιλάβετε στο πρώτο σας μήνυμα και πότε απαντούμε.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα θα λάβω απάντηση;
A: Στοχεύουμε να απαντούμε σε κάθε επικοινωνία εντός μίας εργάσιμης ημέρας. Για πραγματικά επείγοντα θέματα, μπορείτε να επικοινωνήσετε απευθείας με τον Κλείτο Πλατή στο klitos@kleanthousplatis.com.

Q: Χρειάζεται να κλείσω ραντεβού πριν επισκεφθώ το γραφείο σας;
A: Ναι, συστήνουμε να κλείσετε ραντεβού μέσω ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου, ή τηλεφωνικά, πριν από την επίσκεψή σας, ώστε να διασφαλίσουμε ότι θα σας υποδεχθεί ο κατάλληλος συνεργάτης για το θέμα σας.

Q: Μπορώ να επικοινωνήσω μαζί σας αν βρίσκομαι στο εξωτερικό;
A: Ναι. Εξυπηρετούμε τακτικά πελάτες που διαμένουν μόνιμα εκτός Κύπρου, μέσω ηλεκτρονικού ταχυδρομείου, τηλεφωνικά ή μέσω βιντεοκλήσης, και μπορούμε να προχωρήσουμε πολλές διαδικασίες εξ αποστάσεως, όπου αυτό επιτρέπεται νομικά.

Q: Πόσο κοστίζει μια πρώτη συνάντηση ή αξιολόγηση του θέματός μου;
A: Εξαρτάται από τη φύση του θέματος. Επικοινωνήστε μαζί μας περιγράφοντας συνοπτικά την υπόθεσή σας και θα σας ενημερώσουμε για τη βάση χρέωσης, πριν αναλάβουμε οτιδήποτε.

## Εργατικά και Εργοταξιακά Ατυχήματα στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-ergatika-atychimata-kypros
Ποιος μπορεί να ευθύνεται για ατύχημα σε εργοτάξιο ή στην εργασία στην Κύπρο, τι δείχνουν η άδεια οικοδομής και τα αρχεία του έργου, και η τριετής παραγραφή.

Q: Δεν ήμουν εργοδοτούμενος κανενός στο εργοτάξιο. Εκδίδω τιμολόγια για την εργασία μου.
A: Πείτε το από την αρχή. Το αν κάποιος σε ένα εργοτάξιο είναι εργοδοτούμενος, υπεργολάβος ή έχει προσληφθεί μέσω γραφείου είναι από τα πρώτα που πρέπει να διαπιστωθούν. Το κυπριακό δίκαιο κρίνει το ζήτημα κατ' ουσίαν και όχι από τον τίτλο: ποιος καθόριζε τον χρόνο, τον τόπο και τον τρόπο της εργασίας, ποιος ασκούσε εποπτεία, αν αποκόπτονταν εισφορές και φόρος, ποιος είχε δικαίωμα πρόσληψης και απόλυσης, και αν το πρόσωπο ανελάμβανε επιχειρηματικό κίνδυνο. Η έκδοση τιμολογίων συνηγορεί υπέρ της ανεξαρτησίας αλλά δεν είναι από μόνη της αποφασιστική. Δεν συνάγεται από αυτό ότι δεν υπάρχει απαίτηση. Συνάγεται ότι τα έγγραφα που χρειαζόμαστε είναι άλλα.

Q: Κανείς δεν κατέγραψε τίποτε τη στιγμή του ατυχήματος.
A: Είναι σύνηθες και δεν είναι το τέλος. Γράψτε τώρα τη δική σας εκδοχή, με ημερομηνία, ώρα, ακριβές σημείο του εργοταξίου και τα ονόματα όλων όσων θυμάστε ότι ήταν παρόντες, και κρατήστε την. Σημείωμα που συντάσσεται σύγχρονα με το γεγονός αξίζει περισσότερο από ανάμνηση που δίνεται έναν χρόνο αργότερα, και δεν κοστίζει τίποτε.

Q: Ποιος ευθύνεται όταν στο εργοτάξιο δουλεύουν πολλές εταιρείες;
A: Το πρώτο ερώτημα είναι ποιος είχε τον έλεγχο του τμήματος του εργοταξίου όπου συνέβη το ατύχημα, και η απάντηση μπορεί να αφορά τον εργοδότη σας, τον κύριο εργολάβο, άλλον υπεργολάβο, τον ιδιοκτήτη ή τον προμηθευτή του εξοπλισμού. Η κατανομή μεταξύ τους είναι συνήθως γραμμένη στη σύμβαση έργου και στις υπεργολαβίες, οι οποίες διέπονται από τον περί Συμβάσεων Νόμο, ΚΕΦ. 149. Γι' αυτό ζητούμε τα συμβατικά έγγραφα από νωρίς.

Q: Ανησυχώ για τη δουλειά μου.
A: Είναι εύλογη ανησυχία και δικαιούστε να τη θέσετε πριν κάνετε οτιδήποτε. Οι εργασιακές συνέπειες της έγερσης απαίτησης είναι χωριστό αντικείμενο από την ίδια την απαίτηση, και προτιμούμε να τις συζητήσουμε μαζί σας εξαρχής παρά να αποφασίσετε μόνος σας.

Q: Πού βρίσκω ποιος ήταν ο επιβλέπων μηχανικός του έργου;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 9Α του περί Ρυθμίσεως Οδών και Οικοδομών Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 96, καμία άδεια δεν υλοποιείται αν η αρμόδια αρχή δεν ικανοποιηθεί ότι έχει διοριστεί επιβλέπων μηχανικός, με εξαίρεση τα έργα περιορισμένης κλίμακας και σημασίας. Ο διορισμός κατατίθεται στον Επαρχιακό Οργανισμό Αυτοδιοίκησης και ζητείται από εκεί, γραπτώς δυνάμει του Ν. 184(Ι)/2017 ή με δικαστικό διάταγμα αποκάλυψης. Οι γραπτές γνωστοποιήσεις του ιδιοκτήτη για την έναρξη και τις αναστολές απευθύνονται στον ίδιο τον μηχανικό και εξασφαλίζονται από αυτόν ή από τον ιδιοκτήτη. Το αν ο μηχανικός φέρει ευθύνη έναντι του παθόντος είναι χωριστό ερώτημα: δεν εντοπίστηκε κυπριακή απόφαση που να θεμελιώνει τέτοιο καθήκον.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να διεκδικήσω μετά από εργατικό ατύχημα;
A: Η αγωγή για αποζημίωση λόγω σωματικής βλάβης υπόκειται σε προθεσμία παραγραφής τριών ετών, βάσει του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012. Όταν το ατύχημα συνυπάρχει με συμβατική διαφορά, οι προθεσμίες που ισχύουν για την καθεμία πρέπει να διαπιστώνονται χωριστά. Πείτε μας πρώτα την ημερομηνία. Κατά το άρθρο 6(2) η προθεσμία τρέχει από την ημέρα που συμπληρώθηκε η βάση της αγωγής, ή από την ημέρα που ο παθών έλαβε γνώση της βλάβης αν αυτή ήταν μεταγενέστερη, ενώ κατά το άρθρο 6(3) το δικαστήριο έχει διακριτική ευχέρεια να μην εφαρμόσει τις διατάξεις περί παραγραφής σε απαίτηση για σωματική βλάβη ή θάνατο, ευχέρεια που δεν ασκείται μετά την πάροδο δύο ετών από την ημέρα παραγραφής.

Q: Η εταιρεία λέει ότι το ατύχημα ήταν δικό μου λάθος.
A: Το επιχείρημα αυτό είναι σύνηθες και σπανίως είναι ολόκληρη η απάντηση. Κατά το άρθρο 57 του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 148, το πταίσμα του παθόντος δεν αναιρεί την απαίτηση: μειώνει την αποζημίωση κατά το μερίδιο που το δικαστήριο κρίνει δίκαιο. Και το επιχείρημα δοκιμάζεται επί των γεγονότων: ποιος προστατευτικός εξοπλισμός δόθηκε πράγματι, ποια οδηγία δόθηκε πράγματι, και αν δόθηκε σε γλώσσα που κατανοείτε, όπως απαιτεί από τον εργοδότη το άρθρο 13 του περί Ασφάλειας και Υγείας στην Εργασία Νόμου 89(Ι)/1996. Πείτε μας τι σας δόθηκε και τι σας ειπώθηκε, και πότε.

Q: Δεν φορούσα τον προστατευτικό εξοπλισμό. Χάνω το δικαίωμά μου;
A: Το άρθρο 57 του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 148, προβλέπει ότι, όταν κάποιος υποστεί ζημιά εν μέρει συνεπεία δικού του πταίσματος και εν μέρει συνεπεία πταίσματος άλλου, η αξίωση δεν αναιρείται, αλλά η αποζημίωση μειώνεται στην έκταση που το Δικαστήριο κρίνει δίκαιη ενόψει του μεριδίου ευθύνης του. Το πώς θα εφαρμοστεί ο κανόνας αυτός στα δικά σας γεγονότα είναι ζήτημα μαρτυρίας, και δεν πρέπει να το θεωρήσετε λυμένο εις βάρος σας πριν το εξετάσει δικηγόρος. Απέναντι στο επιχείρημα στέκει και το άρθρο 13 του Ν. 89(Ι)/1996: ο εξοπλισμός πρέπει να έχει πράγματι παρασχεθεί, και οι οδηγίες να έχουν δοθεί σε γλώσσα κατανοητή στον εργοδοτούμενο.

Q: Παίρνω επίδομα από τις Κοινωνικές Ασφαλίσεις. Θα αφαιρεθεί από την αποζημίωση;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 65 του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 148, κατά τον υπολογισμό της αποζημίωσης δεν λαμβάνεται υπόψη ποσό που καταβλήθηκε ή πρέπει να καταβληθεί από το Ταμείο Κοινωνικών Ασφαλίσεων ως παροχή ή επίδομα συνεπεία των ίδιων περιστάσεων, ούτε ποσό βάσει σύμβασης ασφάλισης. Η λήψη επιδόματος δεν είναι λόγος να καθυστερήσετε τη συμβουλή. Χωριστός κανόνας, το άρθρο 62, αποκλείει τη διπλή ικανοποίηση από τον εργοδότη, δηλαδή και αποζημίωση εργατικών αποζημιώσεων βάσει σχετικής νομοθεσίας και αποζημίωση κατά το ΚΕΦ. 148 για το ίδιο συμβάν: ποια οδός ισχύει στη δική σας περίπτωση είναι από τα πρώτα που εξετάζονται.

Q: Η ίδια η οικοδομή είναι ελαττωματική. Είναι η ίδια υπόθεση;
A: Όχι, αν και τα ίδια γεγονότα μπορεί να στηρίζουν και τα δύο. Η απαίτηση για την οικοδομή είναι συμβατική και αφορά το τι υποσχέθηκε και τι παραδόθηκε, και εξετάζεται στις κατασκευαστικές διαφορές. Η απαίτηση για τον τραυματισμό αφορά το καθήκον προς το πρόσωπο που τραυματίστηκε. Οι προθεσμίες που ισχύουν για την καθεμία πρέπει να διαπιστώνονται χωριστά, και αυτός είναι ο πρακτικός λόγος να κρατούνται χωριστά.

## Εταιρικό και Εμπορικό Δίκαιο στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-etairiko-emporiko-dikaio
Σύσταση και δομή κυπριακών εταιρειών, συμφωνίες μετόχων και εταιρική διακυβέρνηση, εμπορικές συμβάσεις, εξαγορές με νομικό έλεγχο, και εταιρικές διαφορές.

Q: Είμαστε δύο ισότιμοι μέτοχοι και τα πάμε καλά. Χρειαζόμαστε πράγματι συμφωνία μετόχων;
A: Η συμφωνία δεν γράφεται για την περίοδο που τα πάτε καλά. Γράφεται για τη στιγμή που ο ένας θέλει να πουλήσει, να σταματήσει να εργάζεται, να φέρει συνεργάτη ή αποβιώνει, και ο άλλος διαφωνεί. Δύο ισότιμοι μέτοχοι χωρίς μηχανισμό επίλυσης διαφωνίας έχουν φτιάξει εταιρεία που σταματά να λειτουργεί μόλις προκύψει η πρώτη. Είναι σύντομο έγγραφο, φθηνό όσο η σχέση είναι καλή, και σχεδόν αδύνατο να συμφωνηθεί όταν πάψει να είναι.

Q: Μπορείτε να ελέγξετε σύμβαση που έχει ήδη υπογραφεί;
A: Ναι, και είναι διαφορετική εργασία από τον έλεγχο πριν από την υπογραφή. Πριν, το ερώτημα είναι τι πρέπει να αλλάξει. Μετά, το ερώτημα είναι τι συμφωνήθηκε, τι σημαίνει για την κατάσταση που έχετε μπροστά σας και ποιες επιλογές υπάρχουν. Θα χρειαστούμε τη σύμβαση, ό,τι την τροποποίησε και την αλληλογραφία γύρω από το πρόβλημα.

Q: Ο συνέταιρός μου με αποκλείει από την εταιρεία. Τι μπορώ να κάνω;
A: Πρώτα διαπιστώνεται ποια είναι πράγματι τα δικαιώματά σας, δηλαδή το καταστατικό, τυχόν συμφωνία μετόχων, και τι δείχνουν το μητρώο και οι καταχωρίσεις στον Έφορο Εταιρειών. Ο αποκλεισμός είναι συνηθισμένο παράπονο και οι διαθέσιμες θεραπείες εξαρτώνται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από το τι είναι τεκμηριωμένο, γι' αυτό η εκτίμηση προηγείται της επιστολής. Συμβουλεύουμε μετόχους μειοψηφίας ως προς τα δικαιώματά τους όταν η εταιρεία διοικείται κατά τρόπο που τους αδικεί.

Q: Ενεργείτε για την εταιρεία ή για τον μέτοχο;
A: Για το ένα ή για το άλλο, και το δηλώνουμε εξαρχής και το καταγράφουμε στην ανάληψη. Η εταιρεία και οι μέτοχοί της έχουν διαφορετικά συμφέροντα, και τα συμφέροντα αυτά χωρίζουν ακριβώς τη στιγμή που η συμβουλή χρειάζεται περισσότερο.

Q: Τι ρυθμίζει η συμφωνία μετόχων που δεν καλύπτει το καταστατικό;
A: Τον τρόπο λήψης αποφάσεων, τη μεταβίβαση μετοχών, τη χρηματοδότηση, τη διανομή κερδών, την επίλυση αδιεξόδου και την έξοδο μετόχου. Ετοιμάζουμε και διαπραγματευόμαστε τέτοιες συμφωνίες, καθώς και συμφωνίες κοινοπραξίας μεταξύ επιχειρηματικών εταίρων, και συμβουλεύουμε διοικητικούς συμβούλους ως προς τα καθήκοντα και την ευθύνη τους.

## Εξώδικη Απαίτηση Οφειλής στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-exodiko-apaitisis-ofeilis
Το πρώτο βήμα για την είσπραξη οφειλής στην Κύπρο: τι πρέπει να περιέχει η εξώδικη επιστολή, τι προστατεύει ως προς την παραγραφή, και τι ακολουθεί αν αγνοηθεί.

Q: Τι είναι η εξώδικη απαίτηση;
A: Γραπτή απαίτηση που αποστέλλεται πριν από τη λήψη δικαστικών μέτρων και προσδιορίζει την οφειλή, τη σύμβαση ή τα τιμολόγια από τα οποία προκύπτει, το ποσό και την ημερομηνία μέχρι την οποία ζητείται η πληρωμή. Δίνει στον οφειλέτη μια τελευταία ευκαιρία να πληρώσει ή να εξηγήσει γιατί αμφισβητεί, και καταγράφει τη θέση σας πριν από την καταχώριση αγωγής.

Q: Ποια είναι η προθεσμία παραγραφής;
A: Η γενική περίοδος παραγραφής για συμβατικές αξιώσεις είναι έξι χρόνια από τη γένεση του αγώγιμου δικαιώματος, δυνάμει του άρθρου 7(1) του Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012, ενώ η αμοιβή ανεξάρτητου επαγγελματία υπόκειται σε τριετή παραγραφή, δυνάμει του άρθρου 7(2). Επειδή οι ημερομηνίες κρίνουν την υπόθεση, συστήνουμε άμεση νομική συμβουλή.

Q: Μπορεί να ξεκινήσει ξανά η παραγραφή;
A: Ναι. Η παραγραφή διακόπτεται και αρχίζει εκ νέου με έγγραφη αναγνώριση της οφειλής ή με μερική καταβολή που υπερβαίνει το πενήντα τοις εκατό του χρέους μαζί με τους τόκους, δυνάμει του άρθρου 17. Γι' αυτό μια γραπτή απάντηση του οφειλέτη έχει σημασία πέρα από το περιεχόμενό της.

Q: Πρέπει να σταλεί από δικηγόρο;
A: Όχι, και πολλές δεν στέλνονται. Αυτό που αλλάζει όταν προέρχεται από δικηγόρο είναι ότι ο οφειλέτης αντιλαμβάνεται πως το επόμενο βήμα είναι υπαρκτό, και ότι η επιστολή συντάσσεται ώστε να μη βλάπτει την απαίτηση που προηγείται. Επιστολή που υπερβάλλει στο ποσό, ή απειλεί βήμα που δεν θα ληφθεί, επιστρέφεται εναντίον του αποστολέα αργότερα.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν την αγνοήσει;
A: Τότε λαμβάνετε απόφαση με καλύτερη πληροφόρηση από πριν, γιατί η σιωπή είναι και αυτή απάντηση. Συμβουλεύουμε αν αξίζει η καταχώριση αγωγής, πού βρίσκονται τα περιουσιακά στοιχεία του οφειλέτη, και τι θα μπορούσε ρεαλιστικά να επιτύχει η εκτέλεση, πριν δαπανηθεί οτιδήποτε άλλο.

Q: Πόσο κοστίζει;
A: Η αμοιβή είναι σταθερή, όχι ωριαία. Σταθερή αμοιβή με προσφορά εντός 24 ωρών από τη λήψη των στοιχείων σας, και καμία εργασία δεν ξεκινά προτού λάβετε το ποσό και το εγκρίνετε.

## Φορολογικές Κλίμακες στην Κύπρο από το 2026
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-forologikes-klimakes-kypros
Η κλίμακα φόρου εισοδήματος φυσικών προσώπων από το φορολογικό έτος 2026, οι παλαιές ζώνες για τα προηγούμενα έτη, και ο νέος εταιρικός συντελεστής 15%.

Q: Με αφορούν καθόλου αυτές οι κλίμακες;
A: Μόνο αν είστε φορολογικός κάτοικος εδώ. Το άρθρο 2 του περί Φορολογίας του Εισοδήματος Νόμου, Ν. 118(Ι)/2002, ορίζει τον κάτοικο στη Δημοκρατία, για φυσικό πρόσωπο, με αναφορά στις ημέρες παραμονής, και ορίζει πώς μετρώνται: η ημέρα αναχώρησης λογίζεται ως ημέρα εκτός της Δημοκρατίας, η ημέρα άφιξης ως ημέρα στη Δημοκρατία, η άφιξη και αναχώρηση την ίδια ημέρα ως μία ημέρα στη Δημοκρατία, και η αναχώρηση και επιστροφή την ίδια ημέρα ως μία ημέρα εκτός. Αυτοί οι τέσσερις κανόνες κρίνουν περισσότερες οριακές περιπτώσεις από την ίδια την καταμέτρηση.

Q: Και για εταιρεία;
A: Το άρθρο 2 δίνει δύο σκέλη. Εταιρεία είναι κάτοικος στη Δημοκρατία όταν ο έλεγχος και η διεύθυνσή της ασκούνται στη Δημοκρατία, ή όταν έχει συσταθεί στη Δημοκρατία δυνάμει του περί Εταιρειών Νόμου, εκτός εάν σύμβαση για αποφυγή διπλής φορολογίας ορίζει διαφορετικά. Επιφύλαξη προσθέτει ότι εταιρεία που μετέφερε το εγγεγραμμένο της γραφείο ή την έδρα της στη Δημοκρατία θεωρείται ότι έχει συσταθεί εδώ.

Q: Πότε αρχίζουν να ισχύουν οι νέες κλίμακες;
A: Από το φορολογικό έτος 2026, δηλαδή το ημερολογιακό 2026. Ο Ν. 244(Ι)/2025 τέθηκε σε ισχύ την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2026 και η κλίμακά του ορίζεται να εφαρμόζεται από το φορολογικό έτος 2026 και μετά. Το εισόδημα του 2025 και των προηγούμενων ετών μένει στην προηγούμενη κλίμακα.

Q: Μόλις περάσω τα 72.000 ευρώ, χρεώνεται το 35 τοις εκατό σε όλο το εισόδημά μου;
A: Όχι. Η κλίμακα είναι οριακή: το 35 τοις εκατό εφαρμόζεται μόνο στο μέρος του φορολογητέου εισοδήματος πάνω από τα 72.000 ευρώ. Οι από κάτω ζώνες κρατούν τους δικούς τους συντελεστές, από το αφορολόγητο των 22.000 και πάνω.

Q: Οι κλίμακες εφαρμόζονται στο μεικτό εισόδημα;
A: Όχι, στο φορολογητέο: ό,τι απομένει μετά τις εκπτώσεις και απαλλαγές που επιτρέπει ο περί Φορολογίας του Εισοδήματος Νόμος. Δύο άνθρωποι με τον ίδιο μεικτό μισθό μπορούν να βρεθούν σε διαφορετική ζώνη μόλις διαφέρουν οι εκπτώσεις τους.

Q: Τι γίνεται με μερίσματα και τόκους;
A: Για φυσικά πρόσωπα είναι κατά κανόνα έδαφος της έκτακτης εισφοράς για την άμυνα, όχι της κλίμακας του φόρου εισοδήματος, και η εισφορά κρίνεται και από το domicile εκτός από την κατοικία. Από το 2026 ο συντελεστής μερισμάτων για κατοίκους domiciled είναι 5 τοις εκατό, με μεταβατικό κανόνα για παλαιότερα κέρδη· κάτοικος non-dom μένει εκτός εισφοράς.

Q: Ο εταιρικός συντελεστής άλλαξε και για τις υφιστάμενες εταιρείες;
A: Ναι. Το 15 τοις εκατό δεν περιορίζεται σε νέες εταιρείες· εφαρμόζεται στο φορολογητέο εισόδημα των εταιρειών για φορολογικά έτη από το 2026 και μετά, όποιες κι αν είναι και όποτε κι αν συστάθηκαν.

## Φορολογική Κατοικία στην Κύπρο: 183 και 60 Ημέρες
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-forologiki-katoikia-kypros
Ποιος είναι φορολογικός κάτοικος Κύπρου: ο κανόνας των 183 ημερών, η πύλη και οι τρεις προϋποθέσεις των 60 μετά τον Ν. 244(Ι)/2025, και η μέτρηση των ημερών.

Q: Πρέπει οι 183 ημέρες να είναι συνεχόμενες;
A: Όχι. Ο νόμος μετρά μία ή περισσότερες περιόδους που υπερβαίνουν συνολικά τις 183 ημέρες μέσα στο φορολογικό έτος. Είκοσι χωριστές επισκέψεις μετρούν όσο και μία μακρά παραμονή, με τους κανόνες μέτρησης να εφαρμόζονται σε κάθε άφιξη και αναχώρηση.

Q: Μπορώ να είμαι φορολογικός κάτοικος Κύπρου και άλλης χώρας το ίδιο έτος;
A: Με τον κανόνα των 183 ημερών, ναι: ο κανόνας κοιτάζει μόνο την παρουσία σας στην Κύπρο, και άλλο κράτος μπορεί να σας διεκδικεί κατά το δικό του δίκαιο, με τη σύμβαση διπλής φορολογίας να λύνει τη σύγκρουση. Με τον κανόνα των 60 ημερών, όχι: προϋπόθεσή του είναι να μην είστε φορολογικός κάτοικος κανενός άλλου κράτους το έτος αυτό.

Q: Η εργοδότησή μου στην Κύπρο τερματίστηκε τον Οκτώβριο. Με καλύπτει ο κανόνας των 60 ημερών για το έτος;
A: Όχι. Ο νόμος προβλέπει ότι, αν η επιχείρηση, η εργοδότηση ή το αξίωμα στην Κύπρο τερματιστεί μέσα στο έτος, η προϋπόθεση λογίζεται ότι δεν πληρούται για το έτος αυτό. Η πόρτα των 183 ημερών παραμένει ανοιχτή αν τη στηρίζουν οι ημέρες σας.

Q: Μετρά το ενοικιαζόμενο διαμέρισμα ως μόνιμη κατοικία για τον κανόνα των 60 ημερών;
A: Ναι. Ο νόμος ζητά μόνιμη κατοικία στην Κύπρο που ανήκει στο άτομο ή ενοικιάζεται από αυτό. Αυτό που δεν δέχεται είναι να μην υπάρχει καμία κατοικία στην Κύπρο, ή διευθέτηση τόσο πρόχειρη ώστε να μη διατηρείται τίποτε.

Q: Πώς μετρούνται οι ημέρες άφιξης και αναχώρησης;
A: Η ημέρα άφιξης λογίζεται ως ημέρα στην Κύπρο και η ημέρα αναχώρησης ως ημέρα εκτός. Άφιξη και αναχώρηση την ίδια ημέρα λογίζεται μία ημέρα εντός· αναχώρηση και επιστροφή την ίδια ημέρα λογίζεται μία ημέρα εκτός. Οι κανόνες ισχύουν και για τους δύο υπολογισμούς, των 183 και των 60 ημερών.

Q: Τι σημαίνει η κυπριακή φορολογική κατοικία για τα μερίσματά μου;
A: Ο φόρος εισοδήματος και η έκτακτη εισφορά για την άμυνα είναι χωριστές επιβαρύνσεις. Η εισφορά στα μερίσματα και στους τόκους πιάνει μόνο κατοίκους που έχουν και κατοικία (domicile) στην Κύπρο· κάτοικος χωρίς κυπριακό domicile, ο non-dom, μένει εκτός. Ο οδηγός μας για το non-dom εξηγεί ποιος το έχει, για πόσο, και τι άλλαξε από το 2026.

## Ιατρική Αμέλεια στην Κύπρο: Απαιτήσεις
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-iatriki-amelia-kypros
Τι πρέπει να αποδείξει μια απαίτηση ιατρικής αμέλειας στην Κύπρο, γιατί το δύσκολο σκέλος είναι η αιτιώδης συνάφεια, ποια αρχεία ζητούνται, και η προθεσμία.

Q: Θα μου πείτε αμέσως αν έχω υπόθεση;
A: Όχι, και όποιος το κάνει εικάζει. Εκείνο που μπορούμε να κάνουμε νωρίς είναι να σας πούμε τι πρέπει να αποδειχθεί, να εξασφαλίσουμε τον πλήρη φάκελο, και να πούμε αν υπάρχουν επαρκή στοιχεία που να δικαιολογούν ανεξάρτητη γνωμάτευση εμπειρογνώμονα. Η γνωμάτευση αυτή, και όχι η αφήγηση των γεγονότων, απαντά στο ερώτημα.

Q: Έχω ήδη υποβάλει παράπονο στο νοσοκομείο.
A: Στείλτε μας τα πάντα: τι γράψατε, τι απάντησαν, και πότε. Το παράπονο και η απαίτηση είναι διαφορετικές διαδικασίες με διαφορετικό σκοπό, και η έκβαση της μίας δεν κρίνει την άλλη. Ο διαχωρισμός αυτός είναι και νομοθετικός: ο περί της Κατοχύρωσης και της Προστασίας των Δικαιωμάτων των Ασθενών Νόμος, Ν. 1(Ι)/2005, προβλέπει Λειτουργό Δικαιωμάτων των Ασθενών σε κάθε παροχέα υπηρεσιών υγείας πλην των μικρότερων και Επιτροπή Εξέτασης Παραπόνων ανά επαρχία, αλλά το άρθρο 23 ρητά εξαιρεί από την αρμοδιότητα της Επιτροπής τα θέματα ιατρικής αμέλειας και τα αιτήματα αποζημίωσης. Μη θεωρήσετε ότι το παράπονο αναστέλλει την τριετία του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012.

Q: Δεν θέλω να μηνύσω τον γιατρό. Θέλω να μάθω τι έγινε.
A: Είναι συνηθισμένη και απολύτως θεμιτή αφετηρία, και η εξασφάλιση του πλήρους φακέλου είναι ακριβώς το βήμα που την εξυπηρετεί. Η κατανόηση του τι δείχνει ο φάκελος προηγείται ούτως ή άλλως. Το αν θα ακολουθήσει οτιδήποτε είναι απόφαση που παίρνετε μετά, με τον φάκελο μπροστά σας.

Q: Η θεραπεία έγινε πριν από αρκετά χρόνια.
A: Πείτε μας τις ημερομηνίες, περιλαμβανομένου του πότε αντιληφθήκατε πρώτη φορά ότι κάτι είχε πάει στραβά, διότι χρειαζόμαστε και τις δύο. Μη συμπεράνετε μόνος σας ότι είναι αργά, ούτε όμως και το αντίθετο. Είναι το πρώτο ζήτημα που θα εξετάσουμε.

Q: Πώς παίρνω τον ιατρικό μου φάκελο;
A: Ζητήστε τον γραπτώς, ώστε να υπάρχει καταγραφή του πότε ζητήθηκε, και ζητήστε τον πλήρη φάκελο και όχι περίληψη ή εξιτήριο. Το άρθρο 18 του περί της Κατοχύρωσης και της Προστασίας των Δικαιωμάτων των Ασθενών Νόμου, Ν. 1(Ι)/2005, δίνει στον ασθενή δικαίωμα πρόσβασης στο ιατρικό αρχείο που τον αφορά, άμεσα ή διά του νομίμου αντιπροσώπου του, περιλαμβανομένου αντιγράφου ή αποσπάσματος, και η πρόσβαση περιορίζεται μόνο για τους λόγους που ορίζει το ίδιο το άρθρο. Άρνηση που δεν κατονομάζει λόγο, ή περίληψη που προσφέρεται αντί του φακέλου, δεν συνιστά συμμόρφωση, και η ορθή προώθηση του αιτήματος είναι συχνά το πρώτο βήμα που κάνουμε.

Q: Η επέμβαση έγινε σε ιδιωτική κλινική. Έχει διαφορά;
A: Το αν η θεραπεία δόθηκε σε δημόσιο ή σε ιδιωτικό πλαίσιο πρέπει να διαπιστώνεται εξαρχής και όχι να θεωρείται δεδομένο. Πείτε μας το όνομα του ιδρύματος και των θεραπόντων και θα εξετάσουμε τη θέση.

Q: Υπέγραψα έντυπο συγκατάθεσης. Σημαίνει ότι αποδέχθηκα τον κίνδυνο;
A: Το έντυπο συγκατάθεσης είναι έγγραφο που εξετάζεται μαζί με τις σημειώσεις της συζήτησης που προηγήθηκε, και δεν απαντά από μόνο του στο ερώτημα αν η ενημέρωση που δόθηκε ήταν επαρκής. Το μέτρο της επάρκειας βρίσκεται στα άρθρα 11 και 12 του Ν. 1(Ι)/2005: ενημερωμένη συγκατάθεση ύστερα από ολοκληρωμένη ιατρική πληροφόρηση, που περιλαμβάνει τη διάγνωση, τον σκοπό και την πιθανότητα επιτυχίας της θεραπείας, τους κινδύνους της, περιλαμβανομένων των παρενεργειών, και τις εναλλακτικές, μαζί με το ενδεχόμενο της μη θεραπείας. Υπογραφή σε έντυπο χωρίς τέτοια ενημέρωση δεν κλείνει το ερώτημα. Στείλτε μας το έντυπο και όσα σας δόθηκαν γραπτώς πριν από την επέμβαση.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για απαίτηση ιατρικής αμέλειας;
A: Η αγωγή για αποζημίωση λόγω σωματικής βλάβης υπόκειται σε προθεσμία παραγραφής τριών ετών, βάσει του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012. Από πότε άρχισε να τρέχει τίθεται νωρίς και απαντάται επί των γεγονότων. Πείτε μας και την ημερομηνία της θεραπείας και την ημερομηνία κατά την οποία αντιληφθήκατε ότι κάτι πήγε στραβά. Κατά το άρθρο 6(2) η προθεσμία τρέχει από την ημέρα που συμπληρώθηκε η βάση της αγωγής, ή από την ημέρα που ο παθών έλαβε γνώση της βλάβης αν αυτή ήταν μεταγενέστερη, ενώ κατά το άρθρο 6(3) το δικαστήριο έχει διακριτική ευχέρεια να μην εφαρμόσει τις διατάξεις περί παραγραφής σε απαίτηση για σωματική βλάβη ή θάνατο, ευχέρεια που δεν ασκείται μετά την πάροδο δύο ετών από την ημέρα παραγραφής.

## IP Box στην Κύπρο: Έκπτωση 80% και Συντελεστής 3%
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-ip-box-kypros
Πώς λειτουργεί το κυπριακό IP box μετά τη μεταρρύθμιση του 2026: η έκπτωση 80 τοις εκατό, το κλάσμα nexus, ποια στοιχεία είναι επιλέξιμα, και το όριο 3 τοις εκατό.

Q: Ποιος είναι ο πραγματικός συντελεστής στο κυπριακό IP box;
A: Το πολύ 3 τοις εκατό στα επιλέξιμα κέρδη για φορολογικά έτη από το 2026: το 80 τοις εκατό των επιλέξιμων κερδών λογίζεται έξοδο και το υπόλοιπο 20 τοις εκατό φορολογείται με τον εταιρικό συντελεστή 15 τοις εκατό. Μέχρι το φορολογικό έτος 2025 το όριο ήταν 2,5 τοις εκατό, με τον τότε συντελεστή 12,5. Το πόσο κοντά στο όριο φθάνει μια εταιρεία το κρίνει το κλάσμα nexus της.

Q: Το λογισμικό είναι επιλέξιμο;
A: Ναι. Τα λογισμικά προγράμματα ηλεκτρονικών υπολογιστών είναι αυτοτελώς επιλέξιμο άυλο στοιχείο κατά τους Κανονισμούς του 2016, εφόσον προκύπτουν από δραστηριότητα έρευνας και ανάπτυξης του διεκδικούντος. Είναι το συνηθέστερο στοιχείο στις κυπριακές δομές IP box.

Q: Τα εμπορικά σήματα ή οι μάρκες είναι επιλέξιμα;
A: Όχι. Οι Κανονισμοί αποκλείουν εμπορικές επωνυμίες, μάρκες, εμπορικά σήματα, δικαιώματα εικόνας και άλλη πνευματική ιδιοκτησία που χρησιμοποιείται για την εμπορία προϊόντων και υπηρεσιών. Καμία πιστοποίηση ή δόμηση δεν το αλλάζει.

Q: Αγοράσαμε το IP αντί να το αναπτύξουμε. Ωφελούμαστε;
A: Πολύ λιγότερο. Το κόστος κτήσης δεν είναι επιλέξιμη δαπάνη· μπαίνει στον παρονομαστή του κλάσματος nexus και επιστρέφει μόνο μέσω της πρόσθετης δαπάνης, με οροφή το 30 τοις εκατό των επιλέξιμων δαπανών. Το καθεστώς είναι χτισμένο να επιβραβεύει την ανάπτυξη που κάνατε εσείς ή αναθέσατε σε μη συνδεδεμένα πρόσωπα, και να αραιώνει το αγορασμένο ή ενδοομιλικά ανεπτυγμένο IP.

Q: Τι αρχεία απαιτεί το καθεστώς;
A: Λογιστικά βιβλία και αρχεία εισοδημάτων και δαπανών χωριστά για κάθε άυλο περιουσιακό στοιχείο. Το κλάσμα nexus υπολογίζεται ανά στοιχείο από τα αρχεία αυτά, οπότε η λογιστική δομή πρέπει να στηθεί πριν από το πρώτο έτος της αξίωσης, όχι να ανασυντεθεί εκ των υστέρων.

Q: Καλύπτεται εισόδημα από πώληση προϊόντων που χρησιμοποιούν το IP;
A: Μπορεί. Το ολικό εισόδημα περιλαμβάνει το ενσωματωμένο εισόδημα: το μέρος του εισοδήματος από πώληση προϊόντων ή υπηρεσιών, ή από τη χρήση διαδικασιών, που αποδίδεται ευθέως στο επιλέξιμο στοιχείο. Η απομόνωση του μέρους αυτού είναι άσκηση ουσίας, και εκεί τα αρχεία ανά στοιχείο βγάζουν το ψωμί τους.

## Καριέρα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-kariera
Ευκαιρίες καριέρας σε δικηγορικό γραφείο στη Λευκωσία. Πώς είναι η εργασία στο γραφείο, πώς γίνεται η αίτηση, και τι πρέπει να περιλαμβάνει.

## Κατασκευαστικές Διαφορές στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-kataskeuastikes-diafores-kypros
Καθυστέρηση παράδοσης, κατασκευαστικά ελαττώματα, αποκλίσεις από τις μελέτες και διαφορές πληρωμών. Πότε η υπόθεση πηγαίνει σε διαιτησία και πότε σε αγωγή.

Q: Είμαστε ακόμη στο έργο και η σχέση έχει διαρραγεί. Είναι νωρίς για συμβουλή;
A: Είναι το αντίθετο του νωρίς. Όσο οι εργασίες συνεχίζονται, τα αρχεία που κρίνουν την υπόθεση εξακολουθούν να δημιουργούνται, οι ειδοποιήσεις που απαιτεί η σύμβαση μπορούν ακόμη να δοθούν εμπρόθεσμα, και τίποτε μη αναστρέψιμο δεν έχει γίνει. Το μεγαλύτερο μέρος της ζημιάς που μας ζητείται να επανορθώσουμε αργότερα έγινε στις εβδομάδες κατά τις οποίες η μία πλευρά έπαψε να ακολουθεί τη σύμβαση και άρχισε να γράφει επιστολές.

Q: Η σύμβαση ορίζει ποσό για κάθε εβδομάδα καθυστέρησης. Το δικαιούται χωρίς άλλο ο εργοδότης;
A: Όχι αυτομάτως. Κατά το άρθρο 74(1) του περί Συμβάσεων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 149, όπου η σύμβαση κατονομάζει ποσό πληρωτέο σε περίπτωση παράβασης, μπορεί να επιδικαστεί εύλογη αποζημίωση που δεν υπερβαίνει το ποσό αυτό, ανεξάρτητα από το αν αποδεικνύεται πραγματική ζημιά ή απώλεια. Το κατονομαζόμενο ποσό λειτουργεί ως οροφή. Το τι ανακτάται μέσα σε αυτήν είναι ζήτημα του τι είναι εύλογο, και το δικαίωμα του ίδιου του εργολάβου σε παράταση χρόνου συζητείται συνήθως την ίδια στιγμή.

Q: Ο υπεργολάβος έκανε κακή δουλειά. Μπορώ να στραφώ απευθείας εναντίον του;
A: Μόνο αν κάτι σας συνδέει μαζί του. Ο υπεργολάβος λογοδοτεί κατά κανόνα στον εργολάβο που τον προσέλαβε. Χωρίς απευθείας συμφωνία, παρεπόμενη εγγύηση ή εκχώρηση, η αξίωση του εργοδότη στρέφεται κατά του εργολάβου, ο οποίος μπορεί με τη σειρά του να τη μεταφέρει προς τα κάτω. Αυτό κρίνεται διαβάζοντας τις συμβάσεις, και είναι ένας από τους λόγους για τους οποίους τα χαρτιά ενός έργου αξίζει να τακτοποιούνται πριν χρειαστούν.

Q: Περιορίζει η περίοδος ευθύνης ελαττωμάτων το τι μπορώ να αξιώσω;
A: Η περίοδος ευθύνης ελαττωμάτων είναι συμβατικός μηχανισμός που δίνει στον εργολάβο το δικαίωμα και την υποχρέωση να επιστρέψει και να αποκαταστήσει ελαττώματα εντός ορισμένου παραθύρου. Το τι κάνει σε αξίωση για παράβαση σύμβασης αφού κλείσει το παράθυρο αυτό εξαρτάται από τις λέξεις της συγκεκριμένης σύμβασης, και γι’ αυτό η απάντηση ξεκινά από τη ρήτρα και όχι από τη γενική θέση.

Q: Τι μπορώ να κάνω αν ο εργολάβος καθυστερεί την παράδοση;
A: Εξετάζουμε πρώτα τη σύμβαση για ρήτρες αποζημίωσης λόγω καθυστέρησης και τη συμφωνημένη προθεσμία παράδοσης. Ανάλογα με τους όρους, μπορεί να στοιχειοθετείται αξίωση αποζημίωσης ή, σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις, δικαίωμα τερματισμού της σύμβασης.

Q: Ποια είναι η προθεσμία παραγραφής για αξίωση λόγω ελαττώματος;
A: Εξαρτάται από το πώς στηρίζεται η αξίωση. Από σύμβαση, έξι χρόνια από τη γένεση του αγώγιμου δικαιώματος, δυνάμει του άρθρου 7(1) του Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012. Για αμέλεια κατά του αρχιτέκτονα, του μηχανικού ή του εργολάβου, τρία χρόνια, δυνάμει του άρθρου 6(2). Ο χρόνος τρέχει από την πλημμελή εκτέλεση ή την παράδοση, όχι από την ημέρα που εμφανίστηκε το ελάττωμα, εκτός αν αυτό αποκρύφθηκε σκόπιμα. Η ακριβής ημερομηνία εξαρτάται από τα γεγονότα της υπόθεσής σας.

Q: Χρειάζομαι μηχανικό ή αρκεί ο δικηγόρος;
A: Σε υποθέσεις κατασκευαστικών ελαττωμάτων, η τεχνική πραγματογνωμοσύνη ενός ανεξάρτητου μηχανικού συνήθως ενισχύει σημαντικά την αξίωση. Συνεργαζόμαστε με μηχανικούς όπου χρειάζεται, ώστε η νομική στρατηγική να στηρίζεται σε τεκμηριωμένα τεχνικά ευρήματα.

Q: Διαιτησία ή δικαστήριο για διαφορά με τον εργολάβο;
A: Εξαρτάται από τη σύμβασή σας. Αν προβλέπει ρήτρα διαιτησίας, συνήθως αυτή είναι η ενδεδειγμένη οδός. Αν όχι, η αγωγή ενώπιον του αρμόδιου Επαρχιακού Δικαστηρίου, σύμφωνα με τους Κανονισμούς Πολιτικής Δικονομίας του 2023, είναι η συνήθης επιλογή.

Q: Μπορώ να συμψηφίσω οφειλόμενες πληρωμές με το κόστος διόρθωσης ελαττωμάτων;
A: Σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις ναι, εφόσον τα ελαττώματα τεκμηριώνονται επαρκώς και η σύμβαση ή ο νόμος το επιτρέπει. Εξετάζουμε τη σύμβασή σας και τα διαθέσιμα στοιχεία για να αξιολογήσουμε αν ο συμψηφισμός στηρίζεται νομικά.

## Κατασκευαστικό Δίκαιο στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-kataskeuastiko-dikaio-kypros
Οικοδομικά συμβόλαια, άδειες και δόμηση έργου στην Κύπρο, και διαφορές για ελαττώματα, καθυστερήσεις, τροποποιήσεις και απλήρωτα πιστοποιητικά.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για απαίτηση σχετικά με ελάττωμα οικοδομής;
A: Εξαρτάται από το πώς διατυπώνεται η απαίτηση. Επί της οικοδομικής σύμβασης, έξι χρόνια, κατά το άρθρο 7(1) του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012. Σε αμέλεια εναντίον του αρχιτέκτονα, του μηχανικού ή του εργολάβου, τρία χρόνια, κατά το άρθρο 6(2). Και οι δύο προθεσμίες τρέχουν από την ημέρα που συμπληρώθηκε η βάση της αγωγής, και όχι αυτομάτως από την ελαττωματική εργασία. Στην αμέλεια, επειδή η ζημιά είναι στοιχείο της αξίωσης, η βάση μπορεί να συμπληρωθεί σε μεταγενέστερο έτος από την αμελή πράξη. Το άρθρο 6(2) μεταθέτει την αφετηρία όπου ο παθών πληροφορείται αργότερα σωματική βλάβη, και το άρθρο 14 όπου η αξίωση εμπλέκει δόλο, εσκεμμένη απόκρυψη ή πλάνη. Το ακριβές σημείο εκκίνησης είναι ζήτημα πραγματικό. Στην πράξη η μαρτυρία δεσμεύει πριν από την προθεσμία: η απαίτηση για ελάττωμα χρειάζεται μαρτυρία εμπειρογνώμονα για το τι πήγε στραβά και πότε, και αυτό δυσκολεύει όσο περισσότερο έχει κατοικηθεί το κτήριο. Τεκμηριώστε το ελάττωμα, καθορίστε τις ημερομηνίες, και μετά ζητήστε συμβουλή.

Q: Ελέγχετε οικοδομική σύμβαση πριν την υπογράψω;
A: Ναι, και είναι το φθηνότερο χρήσιμο πράγμα που κάνουμε. Εξετάζουμε αν το αντικείμενο ορίζεται πράγματι από σχέδια και προδιαγραφές, αν το χρονοδιάγραμμα έχει ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης που σημαίνει κάτι, αν η πληρωμή ακολουθεί την πρόοδο, και αν υπάρχει πραγματική θεραπεία για την καθυστέρηση και για τα ελαττώματα. Οι περισσότερες κατασκευαστικές διαφορές κρίνονται από έγγραφο που υπογράφηκε πριν τοποθετηθεί το πρώτο τούβλο.

Q: Ο εργολάβος σταμάτησε τις εργασίες και ζητά περισσότερα χρήματα. Τι επιλογές έχω;
A: Ξεκινήστε από τη σύμβαση και όχι από τη συζήτηση. Το αν ο εργολάβος δικαιούται περισσότερα εξαρτάται από το τι έχει εντολοδοτηθεί, τι έχει πιστοποιηθεί και τι λένε οι πρόνοιες πληρωμής, ενώ το αν δικαιούται να σταματήσει εξαρτάται από άλλες πρόνοιες. Η πληρωμή για να ξαναρχίσουν οι εργασίες, χωρίς να καταγραφεί για τι είναι η πληρωμή και χωρίς να αντιμετωπιστεί το υποκείμενο δικαίωμα, συνήθως αγοράζει λίγες εβδομάδες και αδυνατίζει τη θέση σας. Με τη σύμβαση, τις αιτήσεις πληρωμής και τα πιστοποιητικά μπροστά μας, η απάντηση συνήθως προκύπτει γρήγορα.

Q: Χρειάζεται γραπτή σύμβαση για μικρό έργο;
A: Όσο μικρότερο το έργο, τόσο πιθανότερο είναι να μην υπάρχει τίποτε γραπτό και τόσο πιο επώδυνη γίνεται η διαφωνία, γιατί δεν υπάρχει μέτρο για το τι υποσχέθηκε ο καθένας. Σύντομη γραπτή συμφωνία που προσδιορίζει τα σχέδια και τις προδιαγραφές, καθορίζει τιμή και ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης και συνδέει την πληρωμή με την πρόοδο, και ορίζει τι γίνεται με τα ελαττώματα, κοστίζει κλάσμα μιας εβδομάδας διαφοράς. Δεν χρειάζεται να είναι μεγάλη για να είναι χρήσιμη.

Q: Η σχέση με τον εργολάβο χαλάει στη μέση του έργου. Είναι νωρίς για συμβουλή;
A: Είναι η καλύτερη στιγμή. Όσο οι εργασίες συνεχίζονται, τα αρχεία που θα κρίνουν την υπόθεση δημιουργούνται ακόμη και οι ειδοποιήσεις που απαιτεί η σύμβαση μπορούν ακόμη να δοθούν εμπρόθεσμα. Η συμβουλή στο στάδιο αυτό αφορά συνήθως τη σωστή διαχείριση της σύμβασης για το υπόλοιπο του έργου, που είναι και φθηνότερη από τη δίκη και συχνά εκείνο που την αποτρέπει.

Q: Ποιος ευθύνεται αν λάθος είναι ο σχεδιασμός και όχι η εργασία;
A: Εξαρτάται από το ποιος ανέλαβε τι, και απαντάται από τις συμβάσεις ανάθεσης και όχι από το εργοτάξιο. Η ευθύνη σχεδιασμού μπορεί να βρίσκεται σε σύμβουλο που ανέθεσε απευθείας ο εργοδότης, ή στον εργολάβο όπου η σύμβαση τοποθετεί τον σχεδιασμό σε αυτόν, και ένα και μόνο φυσικό ελάττωμα μπορεί να εμπλέκει και τους δύο σε αναλογία που πρέπει να θεμελιωθεί. Γι’ αυτό οι συμβάσεις των συμβούλων και το οικοδομικό συμβόλαιο διαβάζονται μαζί και όχι χωριστά.

Q: Το κτήριο ολοκληρώθηκε αλλά εκκρεμούν εργασίες. Να πληρώσω τον τελικό λογαριασμό;
A: Όχι χωρίς να καταγραφεί η θέση σας. Η πληρωμή έναντι ανεπιφύλακτου τελικού λογαριασμού μπορεί να εκληφθεί ως αποδοχή, οπότε αν εκκρεμούν εργασίες, ελαττώματα ή κρατήσεις προς αποδέσμευση, αυτό πρέπει να τεκμηριωθεί τη στιγμή εκείνη και η πληρωμή να γίνει με δηλωμένους όρους.

## Κλείτος Πλατής, Δικηγόρος στη Λευκωσία
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-kleitos-platis
Δικηγόρος και συνεταίρος στο Κλεάνθους & Πλατής, Λευκωσία: δικαστηριακές υποθέσεις και διαιτησίες, ακίνητα και κατασκευές, εταιρικό και εμπορικό, κληρονομικά.

## Κληρονομιά Ακινήτου στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-klironomia-akinitou-kypros
Ακίνητο που περιήλθε με κληρονομιά: διαχείριση κληρονομιάς, εγγραφή στο όνομα των κληρονόμων, συγκυριότητα και τι χρειάζεται πριν από πώληση.

Q: Ένας από τους αδελφούς μου βρίσκεται στην Κύπρο και χρησιμοποιεί τη γη επί σειρά ετών. Αλλάζει αυτό το ποιος είναι ο ιδιοκτήτης;
A: Η χρήση δεν ταυτίζεται με την ιδιοκτησία, και η οικογενειακή διευθέτηση δεν ταυτίζεται με την εγγραφή στο μητρώο. Το κατά πόσον η μακροχρόνια χρήση έχει οποιαδήποτε νομική συνέπεια εξαρτάται από τα γεγονότα, από το τι συμφωνήθηκε τότε και από το ίδιο το μητρώο. Είναι ερώτημα που τίθεται σε εμάς με το πιστοποιητικό έρευνας στα χέρια, και αποτελεί έναν από τους λόγους για τους οποίους το πιστοποιητικό εξασφαλίζεται προτού ανοίξει η συζήτηση εντός της οικογένειας.

Q: Μπορώ να πωλήσω μόνο το δικό μου μερίδιο;
A: Η διάθεση ενός και μόνο εξ αδιαιρέτου μεριδίου είναι διαφορετική συναλλαγή από την πώληση ολόκληρου του τεμαχίου, και η αγορά για αυτήν είναι πολύ πιο περιορισμένη. Πριν αποφασίσετε, αξίζει να διαπιστωθεί τι αξίζει το σύνολο και αν οι υπόλοιποι συγκύριοι θα συμφωνούσαν πράγματι σε πώληση, διότι η απάντηση συχνά μεταβάλλεται όταν τα ποσά τεθούν ενώπιον όλων.

Q: Δεν συμφωνούμε μεταξύ μας. Μπορείτε να ενεργήσετε για όλους μας;
A: Όχι όπου τα συμφέροντα συγκρούονται. Μπορούμε να ενεργήσουμε για έναν από εσάς, ή για όλους από κοινού όπου πράγματι δεν υπάρχει σύγκρουση, και διενεργούμε έλεγχο σύγκρουσης συμφερόντων προτού αναλάβουμε οδηγίες. Όπου η οικογένεια είναι διχασμένη, κάθε πλευρά χρειάζεται τον δικό της δικηγόρο, και το να λεχθεί αυτό από την αρχή κοστίζει λιγότερο από το να διαπιστωθεί αργότερα.

Q: Το ακίνητο δεν έχει δικό του τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας. Λειτουργεί και πάλι η κληρονομική διαδοχή;
A: Ακίνητα που αγοράστηκαν με σύμβαση πώλησης χωρίς ποτέ να εκδοθεί ξεχωριστός τίτλος είναι συνήθη στην Κύπρο, ιδίως σε αναπτύξεις της δεκαετίας του 1990 και του 2000. Εκείνο που μεταβιβάζεται στην περίπτωση αυτή είναι συμβατικής φύσεως και όχι εγγεγραμμένο τεμάχιο, και η ανάλυση είναι διαφορετική. Εξετάζεται τι ακριβώς είναι τα δικαιώματα αυτά, καθώς και η κατάθεση της σύμβασης πώλησης, από την οποία εξαρτάται η προστασία που ενδεχομένως εξασφαλίστηκε κατά τον χρόνο εκείνο.

Q: Υπάρχει κάτι που δεν πρέπει να κάνουμε όσο το ζήτημα εκκρεμεί;
A: Δύο πράγματα αξίζει να αποφευχθούν. Μην υπογράφετε οτιδήποτε σας αποστέλλεται από την Κύπρο, στα ελληνικά ή στα αγγλικά, χωρίς να γνωρίζετε τι επιφέρει, ιδίως έγγραφο που περιγράφεται ως δήλωση ή ως συγκατάθεση. Και μην αποδέχεστε πληρωμή που περιγράφεται ως μερίδιο επί του ακινήτου χωρίς να τεκμηριώνεται σε τι αφορά.

## Μετανάστευση και Εργασιακά
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-metanasteusi-ergasiaka-kypros
Άδειες διαμονής και εργασίας στην Κύπρο, συμβάσεις εργασίας και τερματισμοί, και η θέση προσωπικού που μετεγκαθίσταται σε κυπριακή εταιρεία.

Q: Ήμουν εργοδοτούμενος πέντε μήνες. Έχω απαίτηση;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 3(1) του περί Τερματισμού Απασχολήσεως Νόμου, 24/1967, το δικαίωμα αποζημίωσης προϋποθέτει συνεχή απασχόληση τουλάχιστον 26 εβδομάδων, δηλαδή περίπου έξι μήνες. Κάτω από αυτό, η εκ του νόμου απαίτηση αποζημίωσης δεν είναι διαθέσιμη, αν και άλλες απαιτήσεις μπορεί να είναι. Η περίοδος επεκτείνεται στις 104 εβδομάδες μόνο με γραπτή σύμβαση που έγινε κατά την πρόσληψη, οπότε αν η σύμβασή σας το λέει αλλά υπογράφηκε αργότερα, αξίζει έλεγχος.

Q: Ο εργοδότης λέει ότι ήταν πλεονασμός. Πρέπει να το ανατρέψω εγώ;
A: Όχι, και αυτή είναι η διάταξη που κρίνει τις περισσότερες υποθέσεις. Το άρθρο 6(1) τεκμαίρει ότι ο τερματισμός δεν έγινε για λόγο του άρθρου 5, μέχρι ο εργοδότης να αποδείξει το αντίθετο. Το βάρος είναι στον εργοδότη να στοιχειοθετήσει τον νόμιμο λόγο στον οποίο στηρίζεται, όχι σε εσάς να τον ανατρέψετε.

Q: Πόσα μπορούν να επιδικαστούν, και ποιος τα πληρώνει;
A: Η αποζημίωση περιορίζεται σε μισθούς δύο ετών, με τον εργοδότη να καταβάλλει μέχρι ενός έτους και το Ταμείο το υπερβάλλον. Όπου ο εργοδότης απασχολεί περισσότερους από δεκαεννέα και η απόλυση ήταν προδήλως παράνομη, ή παράνομη και κακόπιστη, το Δικαστήριο Εργατικών Διαφορών μπορεί να διατάξει επαναπρόσληψη μαζί με αποζημίωση για πραγματική απώλεια μέχρι δώδεκα μηνών μισθών.

Q: Πόση ετήσια άδεια δικαιούται ένας εργοδοτούμενος;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 5(1) του περί Ετησίων Αδειών μετ’ Απολαβών Νόμου, 8/1967, είκοσι εργάσιμες ημέρες σε πενθήμερο και είκοσι τέσσερις σε εξαήμερο. Το άρθρο 7(1) απαιτεί η άδεια να περιλαμβάνει μία συνεχή περίοδο τουλάχιστον εννέα ημερών, οπότε έτος που λήφθηκε εξ ολοκλήρου σε μεμονωμένες ημέρες δεν συμμορφώνεται. Το άρθρο 6(1) κρατά εκτός του λογαριασμού άδειας τις αργίες, την άδεια μητρότητας και πατρότητας, τις ημέρες ανικανότητας από ατύχημα ή ασθένεια, και τις ημέρες απεργίας ή ανταπεργίας.

Q: Η άδεια εργασίας ακολουθεί τον εργοδοτούμενο ή τον εργοδότη;
A: Στη συνήθη περίπτωση η άδεια συνδέεται με την απασχόληση για την οποία χορηγήθηκε, γι’ αυτό και η αλλαγή εργοδότη είναι ζήτημα άδειας και όχι μόνο σύμβασης. Πείτε μας ποιος είναι ο εργοδότης, για τι χορηγήθηκε η άδεια και πότε λήγει, πριν παραιτηθεί ή απολυθεί οποιοσδήποτε.

## Οι Πηγές Πίσω Από Αυτόν Τον Ιστότοπο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-nomikes-piges
Κάθε νόμος στον οποίο στηρίζεται ο ιστότοπος, με τον επίσημο τίτλο, την πηγή επαλήθευσης και την ημερομηνία ελέγχου. Το μητρώο που επιβάλλει η κατασκευή του ιστότοπου.

## Νομικό Γλωσσάρι Κυπριακού Δικαίου
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-nomiko-glossari
Σαράντα τέσσερις όροι του κυπριακού δικαίου με απλά λόγια, με τον αγγλικό όρο δίπλα: από τον τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας και την ειδική εκτέλεση ως το μεμό και τη νόμιμη μοίρα.

## Νομικοί Υπολογιστές για την Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-nomikoi-ypologistes
Πέντε δωρεάν υπολογιστές για το κυπριακό δίκαιο: μεταβιβαστικά και ΦΠΑ, παραγραφή, νόμιμη μοίρα, ενοικιοστάσιο, και φορολογική κατοικία με το καθεστώς non-dom.

Q: Είναι δωρεάν τα εργαλεία;
A: Ναι. Είναι δωρεάν, δεν ζητούν προσωπικά στοιχεία, και η αριθμητική εκτελείται στον δικό σας φυλλομετρητή και όχι σε διακομιστή.

Q: Μπορώ να βασιστώ στο αποτέλεσμα;
A: Ο υπολογισμός ακολουθεί τα δεδομένα και τις παραδοχές που δίνετε, όμως τα εφαρμοστέα δεδομένα και η ορθή νομική κατηγορία πρέπει να επαληθευτούν πριν ενεργήσει κανείς επί του αποτελέσματος, και αυτό το διαπιστώνει δικηγόρος από τα έγγραφα. Κάθε εργαλείο κατονομάζει τη διάταξη που εφαρμόζει.

Q: Καλύπτουν όλη την Κύπρο;
A: Τα εργαλεία για τα μεταβιβαστικά τέλη, την παραγραφή και τη διαδοχή αφορούν τις περιοχές υπό τον έλεγχο της Δημοκρατίας. Ο ελεγκτής ενοικιοστασίου εξαρτάται από τις ελεγχόμενες περιοχές που ορίζονται με κανονιστική πράξη και σας λέει ποια περιοχή έκρινε την απάντηση.

Q: Ενημερώνονται;
A: Κάθε σελίδα δηλώνει την ημερομηνία κατά την οποία ελέγχθηκε το δίκαιο πίσω από αυτήν. Ένας νόμος μπορεί να τροποποιηθεί μετά την ημερομηνία εκείνη και η σελίδα δεν ενημερώνεται μόνη της, γι' αυτό η ημερομηνία εμφανίζεται αντί να κρύβεται.

## Non-Dom στην Κύπρο: Τι Άλλαξε από το 2026
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-non-dom-kypros
Τι σημαίνει το καθεστώς non-dom στην Κύπρο, ποιος το έχει και για πόσο, και τι άλλαξε ο Ν. 245(Ι)/2025 από το 2026: μερίσματα στο 5 τοις εκατό, τα ενοίκια εκτός εισφοράς.

Q: Χρειάζεται αίτηση για το καθεστώς non-dom;
A: Όχι. Το καθεστώς είναι προϊόν δύο ορισμών του νόμου, της κατοικίας κατά τον περί Φορολογίας του Εισοδήματος Νόμο και του domicile κατά τον νόμο της εισφοράς. Αν είστε κάτοικος χωρίς κυπριακό domicile, βρίσκεστε εκτός της χρέωσης σε μερίσματα και τόκους χωρίς καμία αίτηση. Αξίζει όμως να αποκτηθεί απόδειξη: γραπτή ανάλυση της θέσης σας και, όπου χρειάζεται, πιστοποιητικό για τις εταιρείες που πληρώνουν και τις αλλοδαπές αρχές που ρωτούν.

Q: Πόσο διαρκεί το καθεστώς non-dom;
A: Μέχρι να σας πιάσουν οι ορισμοί. Για νεοφερμένο με αλλοδαπή κατοικία καταγωγής, ο κανόνας της λογιζόμενης κατοικίας ενεργοποιείται όταν συμπληρωθούν δεκαεπτά έτη κατοικίας μέσα στα τελευταία είκοσι, οπότε το δέκατο όγδοο έτος είναι κατά κανόνα το πρώτο domiciled. Κυπριακή κατοικία καταγωγής μπορεί να σας βάλει στη χρέωση πολύ νωρίτερα, με την επιφύλαξη των εικοσαετών εξαιρέσεων του νόμου.

Q: Τι πληρώνει ο non-dom στα μερίσματα, αφού όχι εισφορά;
A: Η έκτακτη εισφορά δεν εφαρμόζεται, όποια κι αν είναι η χώρα της πηγής. Η εισφορά στο Γενικό Σύστημα Υγείας όμως εφαρμόζεται: το άρθρο 19(1)(ζ) του Ν. 89(Ι)/2001 επιβάλλει 2,65% επί του εισοδήματος κάθε εισοδηματία, και ο ορισμός του εισοδήματος αυτού περιλαμβάνει ρητά τα μερίσματα. Η επιβάρυνση σταματά σε άθροισμα 180.000 ευρώ αποδοχών, συντάξεων και εισοδημάτων μαζί. Τυχόν παρακράτηση στην πηγή στο εξωτερικό είναι χωριστό ζήτημα της χώρας που πληρώνει και της σύμβασης διπλής φορολογίας.

Q: Ο μισθός μου ξεπερνά ήδη το όριο. Πληρώνω και στο μέρισμα;
A: Όχι, και αυτό προκύπτει από τη σειρά που ορίζει το άρθρο, όχι από κάποια επιλογή σας. Το άθροισμα των 180.000 ευρώ χτίζεται πρώτα από τις αποδοχές, μετά τις συντάξεις και τελευταία τα εισοδήματα, οπότε μισθός στο ύψος του ορίου ή πάνω από αυτό το απορροφά πριν φτάσει στο μέρισμα, και το μέρισμα δεν φέρει εισφορά. Όπου καταβλήθηκε εισφορά επί ποσού πέραν του ορίου, μπορεί να ζητηθεί επιστροφή, και για έτος εισφορών που αρχίζει κατά ή μετά την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2025 το επιπλέον επιστρέφεται από τον Έφορο Φορολογίας.

Q: Η μεταρρύθμιση του 2026 κατάργησε τη λογιζόμενη διανομή;
A: Για το μέλλον, ναι. Ο Ν. 245(Ι)/2025 περιορίζει τη λογιζόμενη διανομή στα λογιστικά κέρδη των ετών 2024 και 2025, που λογίζονται διανεμηθέντα κατά 70 τοις εκατό εντός δύο ετών από το τέλος κάθε έτους με 17 τοις εκατό, και μόνο κατά το μέρος που αναλογούν σε κατοίκους domiciled. Τα κέρδη του 2026 και μετά δεν υπόκεινται σε λογιζόμενη διανομή· τα πραγματικά μερίσματα από αυτά χρεώνονται με το νέο 5 τοις εκατό όταν καταβληθούν σε κατοίκους domiciled.

Q: Ισχύει το 5 τοις εκατό και για μερίσματα από παλαιά κέρδη;
A: Όχι αμέσως. Μερίσματα από κυπριακές εταιρείες που λαμβάνονται εντός έξι ετών από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2026 και προέρχονται από κέρδη φορολογικών ετών μέχρι και το 2025 μένουν στο 17 τοις εκατό με τον μεταβατικό κανόνα. Το 5 τοις εκατό αφορά διανομές από τα νεότερα κέρδη.

Q: Αλλάζει κάτι για το εισόδημα από ενοίκια;
A: Ναι, και για όλους: η έκτακτη εισφορά στα ενοίκια καταργήθηκε από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2026 και οι σχετικές διατάξεις διαγράφηκαν από τον νόμο. Το εισόδημα από ενοίκια παραμένει στον φόρο εισοδήματος κατά τον περί Φορολογίας του Εισοδήματος Νόμο.

## Η Ομάδα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-omada
Οι δύο συνεταίροι του γραφείου Κλεάνθους & Πλατής Δ.Ε.Π.Ε.: τομείς εργασίας, προσόντα και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο χειρίζονται μια υπόθεση, χωρίς ενδιάμεσους συνεργάτες.

## Όροι Χρήσης Ιστότοπου
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-oroi-chrisis
Όροι χρήσης του ιστότοπου του Κλεάνθους & Πλατής Δ.Ε.Π.Ε.: γενική ενημέρωση και όχι νομική συμβουλή, πνευματική ιδιοκτησία, αποδεκτή χρήση και ευθύνη.

## Παγοποίηση Περιουσιακών Στοιχείων στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-pagopoiisi-periousiakon-kypros
Προσωρινά διατάγματα παγοποίησης στην Κύπρο: πότε παγώνει η περιουσία, τι πρέπει να αποδείξει και να αναλάβει ο αιτητής, και τι κάνετε αν σας επιδοθεί διάταγμα.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα εκδίδεται διάταγμα παγοποίησης στην Κύπρο;
A: Σε πραγματικά επείγουσες υποθέσεις, μέσα σε ημέρες. Η προετοιμασία είναι κυρίως μαρτυρία: ο εντοπισμός των περιουσιακών στοιχείων, η τεκμηρίωση του κινδύνου διασποράς και η σύνταξη της αποκάλυψης. Αν η υπόθεση δικαιολογεί κίνηση, το λέμε και κινούμαστε· αν δεν τη δικαιολογεί, το λέμε επίσης, γιατί αίτηση που καταρρέει στην ακύρωση κοστίζει περισσότερο από αίτηση που δεν έγινε.

Q: Μπορεί να παγοποιηθεί περιουσία πριν καταχωρίσω αγωγή;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 32(Α1) του περί Δικαστηρίων Νόμου 14/1960 επιτρέπει αίτηση για ενδιάμεση θεραπεία σε οποιοδήποτε χρόνο, περιλαμβανομένου του χρόνου πριν από την καταχώριση της αγωγής και μετά την έκδοση απόφασης, και ο κανονισμός 25.4 των Κανονισμών Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023 λέει το ίδιο από δικονομική άποψη. Το διάταγμα διατηρείται στη συνέχεια μέσα από τη διαδικασία που προστατεύει.

Q: Η κύρια υπόθεση εκδικάζεται στο εξωτερικό. Παγοποιούνται κυπριακά περιουσιακά στοιχεία;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 32(Α1) του Νόμου 14/1960 επεκτείνει την εξουσία σε δικαστικές ή διαιτητικές διαδικασίες που διεξάγονται, διεξάγονται ήδη ή πρόκειται να διεξαχθούν εκτός δικαιοδοσίας, και το άρθρο 32(ΑΒ1) ορίζει πότε το κυπριακό δικαστήριο αναλαμβάνει τέτοια αίτηση: όπου ο καθ’ ου βρίσκεται εδώ, ή όπου βρίσκεται εδώ η περιουσία ή το αντικείμενο της θεραπείας, ή όπου υπάρχει τέτοια άλλη σύνδεση με τη Δημοκρατία ώστε το δικαστήριο αυτό να είναι το κατάλληλο. Αρκεί οποιοδήποτε από τα τρία. Είναι ένας από τους συχνότερους λόγους για τους οποίους μας καλούν ξένες ομάδες.

Q: Μου επιδόθηκε διάταγμα παγοποίησης. Τι κάνω πρώτα;
A: Συμμορφωθείτε, αμέσως και ορατά, και ζητήστε συμβουλή την ίδια ημέρα. Οι λόγοι ακύρωσης είναι καθορισμένοι και προβάλλονται σωστά ή καθόλου. Εκείνο που δεν πρέπει να γίνει είναι η μετακίνηση περιουσιακών στοιχείων: η παράβαση συνιστά παρακοή, και οι πρώιμες μεταφορές γίνονται η καλύτερη μαρτυρία του αιτητή.

Q: Τι πρέπει να ικανοποιηθεί το δικαστήριο πριν παγοποιήσει οτιδήποτε;
A: Υπό τους Κανονισμούς Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023, το ενδιάμεσο απαγορευτικό διάταγμα σταθμίζεται στο αν υπάρχει συζητήσιμη υπόθεση, αν η αποζημίωση θα ήταν επαρκής θεραπεία για τον καθ' ου, πού βρίσκεται το ισοζύγιο της ευχέρειας, και τι διατηρεί την υφιστάμενη κατάσταση. Το διάταγμα παγοποίησης ζητά ένα ακόμη στοιχείο, και είναι εκείνο που κρίνει τις περισσότερες αιτήσεις: πραγματικό κίνδυνο ότι τα περιουσιακά στοιχεία θα μετακινηθούν ή θα διασπαρούν προτού μια απόφαση μπορέσει να εκτελεστεί εναντίον τους. Συζητήσιμη υπόθεση χωρίς τον κίνδυνο αυτόν δεν είναι διάταγμα παγοποίησης, είναι μια συνηθισμένη αγωγή.

Q: Μπορεί να ακυρωθεί ένα διάταγμα που έχει ήδη εκδοθεί;
A: Ναι, κατόπιν αίτησης. Ο κανονισμός 25.8 των ΚΠΔ 2023 επιτρέπει την αναστολή ενδιάμεσου διατάγματος κατόπιν αίτησης, και το άρθρο 32(2) του Νόμου 14/1960 επιτρέπει στο δικαστήριο να παραμερίσει ή να τροποποιήσει οποιοδήποτε ενδιάμεσο διάταγμα οποτεδήποτε, εφόσον αποδειχθεί εύλογη αιτία. Χωριστά, το διάταγμα μπορεί να ακυρωθεί για τους καθιερωμένους λόγους, από τους οποίους ο συχνότερος είναι η παράλειψη πλήρους και ειλικρινούς αποκάλυψης στο στάδιο όπου ο καθ’ ου δεν ήταν παρών για να απαντήσει. Γι’ αυτό η αποκάλυψη στην υποστηρικτική ένορκη δήλωση γράφεται με την ίδια προσοχή που γράφεται και το διάταγμα. Αίτηση που πετυχαίνει την ημέρα εκείνη και ακυρώνεται τρεις εβδομάδες μετά έχει κοστίσει στον πελάτη δύο φορές.

Q: Μπορεί το δικαστήριο να διατάξει και έρευνα υποστατικών;
A: Μπορεί, και είναι το πιο επεμβατικό διάταγμα που προβλέπουν οι Κανονισμοί. Κατά τον κανονισμό 25.10 των ΚΠΔ 2023, διάταγμα έρευνας εκδίδεται όταν η απαίτηση είναι πολύ ισχυρή, όταν θα προκληθεί σοβαρή ζημιά αν ειδοποιηθεί εκ των προτέρων η άλλη πλευρά, και όταν υπάρχει εύλογη υπόνοια ότι τα έγγραφα ή τα πράγματα βρίσκονται εκεί και δεν θα επιβιώσουν της ειδοποίησης. Κατά τον κανονισμό 25.11 η εκτέλεση γίνεται υπό την επίβλεψη δικηγόρου, που είναι όρος του ίδιου του διατάγματος.

Q: Μπορεί το διάταγμα να φθάσει περιουσία που βρίσκεται σε χέρια τρίτου;
A: Ναι. Ο κανονισμός 25.16 προβλέπει προστατευτικά και απαγορευτικά διατάγματα εναντίον τρίτων που κατέχουν περιουσία, και είναι ο τρόπος με τον οποίο τράπεζα, εμπιστευματοδόχος ή εταιρεία που κρατά περιουσιακό στοιχείο για τον καθ' ου εντάσσεται στο διάταγμα. Χωριστά, ο κανονισμός 25.15 επιτρέπει διάταγμα παράδοσης εγγράφων ή περιουσίας. Ποιο από τα δύο ταιριάζει εξαρτάται από το πού βρίσκεται πράγματι το περιουσιακό στοιχείο, και γι' αυτό ο εντοπισμός προηγείται της αίτησης.

Q: Είναι η παγοποίηση το μόνο προσωρινό διάταγμα που αξίζει να εξεταστεί;
A: Όχι, και η λανθασμένη επιλογή κοστίζει. Το Παράρτημα του Μέρους 25 των Κανονισμών παραθέτει τρεις τύπους: διάταγμα διορισμού ενδιάμεσου παραλήπτη, διάταγμα παγοποίησης και διάταγμα έρευνας. Απαντούν σε διαφορετικά προβλήματα. Η παγοποίηση σταματά τη μετακίνηση περιουσίας. Ο παραλήπτης αναλαμβάνει τον έλεγχο πράγματος που πρέπει να συνεχίσει να λειτουργεί ή να διατηρήσει την αξία του. Η έρευνα διαφυλάσσει μαρτυρία που δεν θα επιβίωνε της ειδοποίησης. Η επιλογή γίνεται από τα γεγονότα για το περιουσιακό στοιχείο, όχι από την ένταση του αισθήματος έναντι του καθ' ου.

## Πολεοδομικές Άδειες και Προσφυγές στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-poleodomikes-adeies-kypros
Πολεοδομική άδεια και άδεια οικοδομής στην Κύπρο: το σύστημα των δύο αδειών, οι ιεραρχικές προσφυγές και οι προθεσμίες τους, και οι ειδοποιήσεις επιβολής.

Q: Η αίτησή μου για πολεοδομική άδεια απορρίφθηκε. Πόσο χρόνο έχω;
A: Η ιεραρχική προσφυγή στο Υπουργικό Συμβούλιο τρέχει από την κοινοποίηση της απόφασης και μετριέται σε ημέρες, τριάντα υπό τους κανονισμούς όπως ίσχυαν, με το ισχύον κείμενο να ελέγχεται την ίδια ημέρα. Αντιμετωπίστε την επιστολή της απόφασης ως έναρξη προθεσμίας.

Q: Η αρχή δεν αποφάσισε καθόλου επί της αίτησής μου. Είμαι εγκλωβισμένος;
A: Όχι. Η παράλειψη απόφασης εντός της προβλεπόμενης προθεσμίας αντιμετωπίζεται ως απόρριψη, γεγονός που ανοίγει την ίδια οδό προσφυγής. Η σιωπή στον τομέα αυτόν είναι απόφαση, και προσβάλλεται ως τέτοια.

Q: Ο γείτονας κτίζει χωρίς άδεια. Τι λειτουργεί πραγματικά;
A: Και οι δύο οδοί μαζί: τεκμηριωμένη καταγγελία που ενεργοποιεί τον μηχανισμό επιβολής, και, όπου οι εργασίες βλάπτουν ή παρεμποδίζουν το δικό σας ακίνητο, αστική απαίτηση με αίτηση αναστολής των εργασιών όσο εκκρεμεί. Φωτογραφίες με ημερομηνία, από την πρώτη ημέρα, αξίζουν περισσότερο από οτιδήποτε γραφτεί αργότερα.

Q: Αντικαθιστάτε τον αρχιτέκτονά μου;
A: Όχι. Ο τεχνικός φάκελος παραμένει του αρχιτέκτονα ή του μηχανικού· εμείς τρέχουμε το νομικό επίπεδο: την προσφυγή, τις προθεσμίες, την επιβολή και τα δικαστικά βήματα. Τα δύο λειτουργούν καλύτερα μαζί.

## Πώληση Ακινήτου Χωρίς Τίτλο Ιδιοκτησίας
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-polisi-akinitou-choris-titlo-kypros
Πώληση κυπριακού ακινήτου χωρίς ξεχωριστό τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας: τι πωλείται πράγματι, η εκχώρηση συμβατικών δικαιωμάτων, και τι παραμένει στον πωλητή.

Q: Μπορώ να πουλήσω ακίνητο που δεν έχει ξεχωριστό τίτλο;
A: Ναι, και τέτοιες μονάδες πωλούνται και αγοράζονται καθημερινά, αλλά δεν πωλείτε κυριότητα γιατί δεν την έχετε. Το άρθρο 7 του περί Μεταβιβάσεως και Υποθηκεύσεως Ακινήτων Νόμου του 1965, Ν. 9/1965, απαγορεύει τη μεταβίβαση ή υποθήκευση ακινήτου από πρόσωπο άλλο από τον ιδιοκτήτη του, και μέχρι να εκδοθούν οι ξεχωριστοί τίτλοι ιδιοκτήτης στο μητρώο είναι ο επιχειρηματίας ανάπτυξης ή όποιος πήρε έκτοτε τη θέση του. Εκείνο που κρατάτε είναι συμβατική θέση, τα δικαιώματα του αγοραστή δυνάμει πωλητηρίου εγγράφου, και αυτό πωλείτε, με εκχώρηση.

Q: Γιατί μετρά τόσο πολύ η κατάθεση του πωλητηρίου εγγράφου;
A: Γιατί σχεδόν κάθε τι αξίας στη θέση σας στηρίζεται σε αυτήν. Κατά το άρθρο 3(1)(γ) του περί Πώλησης Ακινήτων (Ειδική Εκτέλεση) Νόμου του 2011, Ν. 81(Ι)/2011, σε συνδυασμό με το άρθρο 77Α του περί Συμβάσεων Νόμου, Κεφ. 149, πιστό αντίγραφο του εγγράφου έπρεπε να κατατεθεί στο αρμόδιο Επαρχιακό Κτηματολογικό Γραφείο εντός έξι μηνών από την υπογραφή, ενώ η εκπρόθεσμη κατάθεση επισύρει επιβάρυνση δέκα τοις εκατό επί των μεταβιβαστικών τελών.

Q: Το συμβόλαιό μου δεν κατατέθηκε ποτέ. Τελείωσε η υπόθεση;
A: Όχι κατ' ανάγκη, αλλά αλλάζει το τι πωλείται και πρέπει να λεχθεί εξαρχής. Το άρθρο 12 του Ν. 81(Ι)/2011 επιτρέπει στο δικαστήριο, κατόπιν αίτησης, να επιτρέψει κατάθεση ή αγωγή εκπρόθεσμα όπου το κρίνει δίκαιο και εύλογο για την προστασία του αγοραστή. Υπάρχουν επίσης καθορισμένες εναλλακτικές αφετηρίες της προθεσμίας, μεταξύ άλλων η σύμβαση ανταλλαγής γης με μονάδες, όπου τρέχει από τη μεταβίβαση. Ο αγοραστής που θα το ανακαλύψει αργά θα το εκλάβει ως λόγο αποχώρησης και όχι ως λόγο επαναδιαπραγμάτευσης.

Q: Τι έγγραφα θα ζητήσει ο δικηγόρος του αγοραστή;
A: Ολόκληρη την αλυσίδα, χωρίς αποκρύψεις. Δικαιώματα αυτού του είδους συχνά μεταβιβάζονται περισσότερες από μία φορές, από τον αρχικό αγοραστή σε τράπεζα, από την τράπεζα σε εταιρεία εξαγοράς πιστώσεων και παρακάτω, και κάθε κρίκος πρέπει να υπάρχει ως έγγραφο και να προσκομίζεται. Το άρθρο 44ΙΘ(1) του Ν. 9/1965 απαριθμεί τον εκδοχέα μεταξύ των προσώπων που μπορούν να αιτηθούν στον Διευθυντή μεταβίβαση δυνάμει του Μέρους VIIΑ, δίπλα στον αγοραστή, τον πωλητή, τον ενυπόθηκο δανειστή και τον δανειστή. Εκείνο που δεν κάνει ο νόμος είναι να αποδείξει την αλυσίδα σας: είναι εργασία εγγράφων, και είναι εκείνη που καθυστερεί συχνότερα αυτές τις πωλήσεις.

Q: Χρειάζεται η συναίνεση του επιχειρηματία ανάπτυξης για να εκχωρήσω;
A: Η νομοθεσία που έχει ερευνήσει το γραφείο δεν επιβάλλει γενική απαίτηση συναίνεσης του εγγεγραμμένου ιδιοκτήτη σε εκχώρηση, οπότε η απάντηση κρίνεται από τους όρους του δικού σας αρχικού συμβολαίου πώλησης, υπό τον περί Συμβάσεων Νόμο, ΚΕΦ. 149. Οι συναινέσεις που κατονομάζει η νομοθεσία είναι άλλες: του προηγούμενου ενυπόθηκου δανειστή ή κατόχου επιβάρυνσης κατά το άρθρο 44Θ του Ν. 9/1965, των κατόχων προηγούμενων επιβαρύνσεων και απαγορεύσεων κατά το άρθρο 44ΙΗ του ίδιου Νόμου, και της αρχής υπέρ της οποίας λειτουργεί απαγόρευση κατά το άρθρο 34 του ΚΕΦ. 224. Με το συμβόλαιο μπροστά μας μπορούμε να σας πούμε ποια από αυτές χρειάζεται πράγματι η δική σας πώληση.

Q: Εξακολουθώ να ευθύνομαι έναντι του επιχειρηματία μετά την εκχώρηση;
A: Εξαρτάται από το τι λένε τα έγγραφα, και είναι το ερώτημα που μένει συχνότερα αναπάντητο. Η εκχώρηση μεταβιβάζει δικαιώματα· το αν απαλλάσσει τον εκχωρητή από τις δικές του υποχρεώσεις είναι ζήτημα των όρων που συμφωνήθηκαν και του αν τον απάλλαξε ο εγγεγραμμένος ιδιοκτήτης, που είναι συνήθη ζητήματα του ΚΕΦ. 149. Απαντάται από τα έγγραφα και όχι γενικά, οπότε στείλτε τα πριν υπογράψετε.

Q: Η τράπεζα έχει υποθήκη επί ολόκληρου του τεμαχίου. Γίνεται κάτι;
A: Ενίοτε, και η οδός έχει όνομα. Το Μέρος VIIA του Ν. 9/1965 επιτρέπει στον Διευθυντή να μεταβιβάσει σε αγοραστή όπου το συμβόλαιο κατατέθηκε μέχρι την ημερομηνία που ορίζει το άρθρο και οι κάτοχοι προηγούμενων επιβαρύνσεων συναίνεσαν στην αποδέσμευσή τους, ή, όπου το τίμημα καταβλήθηκε πλήρως και η συναίνεση αρνείται, όπου το δικαστήριο διέταξε ότι η άρνηση είναι καταχρηστική και αδικαιολόγητη, κατά το άρθρο 44ΙΗ. Το άρθρο 44ΙΘ επιτρέπει η αίτηση να υποβληθεί από τον αγοραστή, τον πωλητή, τον ενυπόθηκο δανειστή, τον δανειστή ή τον εκδοχέα, και αναστέλλει εκκρεμείς διαδικασίες πτώχευσης και εταιρειών μέχρι να κριθεί.

Q: Ποιο μητρώο ελέγχεται, αφού δεν έχω δική μου εγγραφή;
A: Η εγγραφή του μητρικού τεμαχίου επί του οποίου βρίσκεται η μονάδα, γιατί εκεί φαίνεται τι μπορείτε πράγματι να παραδώσετε. Πριν εκδοθούν ξεχωριστοί τίτλοι δεν υπάρχει ξεχωριστή εγγραφή μονάδας προς υποθήκευση, οπότε οι επιβαρύνσεις που καταχωρίζονται αφορούν το τεμάχιο ως σύνολο, και αυτό αλλάζει ποιος πρέπει να συναινέσει σε αποδέσμευση και πότε.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχει ο αγοραστής για να επιδιώξει ειδική εκτέλεση, και με αφορά;
A: Σας αφορά, γιατί οι υποχρεώσεις που εκχωρείτε παραμένουν ενεργές για χρόνια. Το άρθρο 6(1)(β) του Ν. 81(Ι)/2011 παραπέμπει την αγωγή ειδικής εκτέλεσης στην προθεσμία παραγραφής των αξιώσεων από παράβαση σύμβασης, αντί για την εξάμηνη προθεσμία που απαιτούσε το καταργηθέν ΚΕΦ. 232.

Q: Τι θα μου ζητήσει ένας καλά συμβουλευμένος αγοραστής;
A: Το αρχικό πωλητήριο έγγραφο και απόδειξη της κατάθεσής του με ημερομηνία, κάθε εκχώρηση της αλυσίδας χωρίς περικοπές, πιστοποιητικό έρευνας για το μητρικό τεμάχιο που να δείχνει υποθήκες, σημειώματα, σημειώσεις και απαγορεύσεις, και το ιστορικό πληρωμών υπό το αρχικό συμβόλαιο. Αναμένετε να ερωτηθείτε ποιος ευθύνεται για την εκκρεμή διαίρεση και για τυχόν οφειλές.

## Πώληση Ακινήτου στην Κύπρο: Τι Σταματά μια Πώληση
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-polisi-akinitou-kypros
Τι πρέπει να παραδώσει ο πωλητής στην Κύπρο, τι σταματά μια πώληση, πώς αίρονται υποθήκη, memo και απαγόρευση, και τι ρυθμίζεται πριν την τιμή.

Q: Μπορώ να πωλήσω το σπίτι μου στην Κύπρο αν υπάρχει ακόμη υποθήκη;
A: Ναι, αλλά το βάρος πρέπει να αντιμετωπιστεί, και ο τρόπος συμφωνείται πριν υποσχεθεί κανείς ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης. Το άρθρο 44Θ του Ν. 9/1965 απαιτεί είτε γραπτή δήλωση ή συγκατάθεση του προηγούμενου ενυπόθηκου δανειστή ή κατόχου του βάρους, είτε δικαστική απόφαση που επιτρέπει την πώληση χωρίς αυτήν. Όπου η εξασφαλιζόμενη υποχρέωση εξοφλήθηκε ή έπαυσε να υπάρχει και ο δανειστής δεν εξαλείφει την υποθήκη, το άρθρο 36 επιτρέπει στον ενυπόθηκο οφειλέτη να αποταθεί στο Επαρχιακό Δικαστήριο για διάταγμα ακύρωσης.

Q: Υπάρχει memo στον τίτλο μου από παλιά απόφαση. Το σβήνει η πώληση;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 43 του Ν. 9/1965 προβλέπει ότι η μεταβίβαση του ακινήτου δεν ακυρώνει τη διαδικασία, δεν παρατείνει προθεσμία που τάσσει ο Νόμος, και δεν ακυρώνει, καθυστερεί ή αναβάλλει οποιαδήποτε πώληση. Το memo ακολουθεί τη γη και δεσμεύει όποιον την πάρει, οπότε αντιμετωπίζεται με ικανοποίηση ή διευθέτηση της απόφασης και όχι με τη μεταβίβαση του ακινήτου μακριά από αυτό.

Q: Ο τίτλος έχει σημείωση για παράνομες εργασίες. Μπορώ να πωλήσω;
A: Εξαρτάται ποια από τις δύο εγγραφές είναι καταχωρισμένη. Πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης με σημειώσεις δυνάμει του άρθρου 10Β του ΚΕΦ. 96 παράγει σημείωση παρατυπίας, που καταγράφει το εύρημα αλλά δεν εμποδίζει εκούσια μεταβίβαση. Πιστοποιητικό παράνομων εργασιών δυνάμει του άρθρου 10Γ παράγει επιπλέον απαγόρευση εκούσιας μεταβίβασης και επιβάρυνσης, που όντως σταματά την πώληση μέχρι να αρθεί ή να συμψηφιστεί η παρατυπία και η αρμόδια αρχή να ζητήσει διαγραφή δυνάμει του άρθρου 65ΚΗ του ΚΕΦ. 224.

Q: Ο αδελφός μου κατέχει το μισό ακίνητο και δεν υπογράφει. Τι μπορώ να κάνω;
A: Η πώληση ολόκληρου του τεμαχίου χρειάζεται κάθε εγγεγραμμένο συνιδιοκτήτη, οπότε το ερώτημα γίνεται ποιος νομοθετικός δρόμος ταιριάζει. Το άρθρο 29(1) του ΚΕΦ. 224 επιτρέπει σε οποιονδήποτε συνιδιοκτήτη να ζητήσει από τον Διευθυντή διαχωρισμό, και το άρθρο 29(9) επιτρέπει σε συνιδιοκτήτες με τουλάχιστον είκοσι πέντε τοις εκατό να αποταθούν στις περιπτώσεις του άρθρου 27(1)(α). Όπου ο διαχωρισμός σε τουλάχιστον δύο τεμάχια δεν είναι δυνατός χωρίς παράβαση των ελάχιστων εμβαδών, το άρθρο 28(1) επιτρέπει σε συνιδιοκτήτη να λάβει σχετικό πιστοποιητικό του Διευθυντή, οπότε ο Διευθυντής μπορεί να πωλήσει με πλειστηριασμό και να διανείμει το προϊόν κατά τα αντίστοιχα δικαιώματα. Μπορείτε επίσης να πωλήσετε μόνο το δικό σας αδιαίρετο μερίδιο, με επιφύλαξη του δικαιώματος προτίμησης των υπόλοιπων συνιδιοκτητών δυνάμει του άρθρου 25.

Q: Ο αγοραστής θέλει να καταθέσει το συμβόλαιο στο Κτηματολόγιο. Τι σημαίνει για μένα;
A: Καθιστά το συμβόλαιο δεκτικό ειδικής εκτέλεσης με διάταγμα του δικαστηρίου δυνάμει του άρθρου 6(1) του Ν. 81(Ι)/2011, οπότε ο αγοραστής μπορεί να επιβάλει τη μεταβίβαση αντί να αρκεστεί σε αποζημίωση. Δυνάμει του άρθρου 8(1) οι εγγραφές που γίνονται με τέτοιο διάταγμα γίνονται ανεξάρτητα από βάρη και απαγορεύσεις που κατατάσσονται μετά το κατατεθειμένο συμβόλαιο, οπότε από την ημερομηνία κατάθεσης δεν μπορείτε πλέον να δημιουργήσετε βάρος που να νικά τον αγοραστή. Είναι θεμιτό βήμα που κάνει κάθε καλά συμβουλευμένος αγοραστής, και το συμβόλαιο συντάσσεται με τη γνώση ότι θα γίνει.

Q: Πληρώνω φόρο όταν πωλώ ακίνητο στην Κύπρο;
A: Φόρος κεφαλαιουχικών κερδών επιβάλλεται επί του κέρδους δυνάμει του Ν. 52/1980, και δεν είναι ζήτημα που περιμένει μετά την αποπεράτωση. Το άρθρο 12(1) απαιτεί από τον διαθέτη να δηλώσει τη διάθεση στον Διευθυντή εντός ενός μηνός από αυτήν και σε κάθε περίπτωση πριν από τη μεταβίβαση, και το άρθρο 16 απαιτεί ο φόρος να καταβληθεί κατά τον χρόνο της διάθεσης. Το άρθρο 5 περιέχει εξαιρέσεις, μεταξύ των οποίων εφάπαξ απαλλαγή για φυσικό πρόσωπο και χωριστή απαλλαγή για κατοικία που χρησιμοποιήθηκε αποκλειστικά ως κατοικία για τουλάχιστον πέντε έτη, και αν κάποια από αυτές ισχύει για εσάς είναι ζήτημα γεγονότων που απαντιέται πριν δεσμευτείτε σε τιμή.

Q: Ο αγοραστής μου δεν είναι πολίτης της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Με επηρεάζει ως πωλητή;
A: Επηρεάζει την ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσής σας. Το άρθρο 3(1) του ΚΕΦ. 109 απαγορεύει την κτήση από αλλοδαπό χωρίς προηγούμενη άδεια του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου, και το άρθρο 3(5) καθιστά άκυρη κάθε εγγραφή κατά παράβαση του άρθρου. Το ίδιο το συμβόλαιο είναι έγκυρο, αλλά δυνάμει του άρθρου 3(3) δεν παρέχει δικαίωμα κτήσης μέχρι να χορηγηθεί η άδεια, και δυνάμει του άρθρου 3(4) ο αγοραστής μπορεί να καταθέσει το συμβόλαιο στο Κτηματολόγιο χωρίς να την περιμένει. Πολίτες κρατών της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης και του Ευρωπαϊκού Οικονομικού Χώρου βρίσκονται εκτός του ορισμού του αλλοδαπού και δεν χρειάζονται καμία άδεια.

Q: Πρέπει να είμαι στην Κύπρο για να υπογράψω τη μεταβίβαση;
A: Συχνά όχι. Το άρθρο 10(1) του Ν. 9/1965 ρυθμίζει ρητά δήλωση μεταβίβασης που γίνεται μέσω αντιπροσώπου και απαιτεί από τον αντιπρόσωπο να αποδείξει στον Διευθυντή γραπτή εξουσιοδότηση δεόντως πιστοποιημένη από αρμόδια αρχή. Τίποτε στον Νόμο δεν απαιτεί αυτοπρόσωπη παρουσία όπου υπάρχει τέτοια εξουσιοδότηση, αν και ο Διευθυντής μπορεί να απαιτήσει απόδειξη ότι δεν ανακλήθηκε και να αρνηθεί τη δήλωση όπου υπάρχει ελάττωμα ή αμφιβολία για την ταυτότητα ή για την αρμοδιότητα της πιστοποιούσας αρχής.

## Πολιτική Απορρήτου
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-politiki-aporritou
Πώς το Κλεάνθους & Πλατής Δ.Ε.Π.Ε. συλλέγει και χρησιμοποιεί προσωπικά δεδομένα: τι συλλέγουμε, για ποιον σκοπό, ποιοι τα λαμβάνουν και τα δικαιώματά σας.

## Πρόσφατο Έργο: Οι Υποθέσεις Πίσω από τις Σελίδες
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-prosfato-ergo
Επιλογή από τις υποθέσεις του γραφείου, ανωνυμοποιημένες: κατασκευές, σωματικές βλάβες, χρηματοοικονομικές διαφορές, εμπιστεύματα, και αγοραστές από το εξωτερικό.

## Προσωπική Αφερεγγυότητα στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-prosopiki-aferengyotita-kypros
Προσωπική αφερεγγυότητα στην Κύπρο: σχέδιο αποπληρωμής, διάταγμα απαλλαγής και πτώχευση σε σύγκριση, η προστασία της κύριας κατοικίας, και η πλευρά του πιστωτή.

Q: Θα χάσω το σπίτι μου;
A: Το σχέδιο αποπληρωμής σχεδιάζεται, εκ του νόμου, ώστε να αποφεύγεται η πώληση της κύριας κατοικίας όπου αυτό είναι εύλογα εφικτό με βάση τα δικά σας νούμερα. Το αν τα νούμερα το αντέχουν είναι ακριβώς αυτό που απαντά η πρώτη εκτίμηση, και είναι υπολογισμός και όχι εικασία.

Q: Τι χρειάζεται ένας πιστωτής για να με πτωχεύσει;
A: Το άρθρο 5(1) του περί Πτωχεύσεως Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 5, θέτει τέσσερις προϋποθέσεις και πρέπει να συντρέχουν όλες: χρέος προς τον αιτούντα πιστωτή, ή συνολικό χρέος προς περισσότερους που αιτούνται από κοινού, ύψους δεκαπέντε χιλιάδων ευρώ· εκκαθαρισμένο ποσό πληρωτέο είτε αμέσως είτε σε ορισμένο μελλοντικό χρόνο· πράξη πτώχευσης που συνέβη μέσα στους τελευταίους έξι μήνες· και διαμονή ή επιχειρηματική παρουσία σας στην Κύπρο. Χωρίς αυτά, η απειλή είναι συχνά δυνατότερη από την πραγματικότητα, και ακόμη και καταχωρισμένη αίτηση μπορεί να ανασταλεί για βιώσιμο σχέδιο αποπληρωμής.

Q: Εγγυήθηκα δάνειο συγγενή και η τράπεζα κυνηγά εμένα. Είναι δική μου αφερεγγυότητα ή δική του;
A: Ενδεχομένως δική σας, και γι' αυτό η έκθεση ως εγγυητή αντιμετωπίζεται ως χρέος πρώτης γραμμής στην εκτίμηση και όχι ως υποσημείωση. Οι μηχανισμοί μπορούν να εφαρμοστούν και σε χρέη από εγγύηση, και σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις η ελάφρυνση εκτείνεται και στους εγγυητές. Φέρτε τα έγγραφα της εγγύησης στην πρώτη συνάντηση.

Q: Δημοσιοποιείται η διαδικασία;
A: Οι διαδικασίες περιλαμβάνουν μητρώα και, στην πτώχευση, δημοσιότητα την οποία οι μηχανισμοί αποπληρωμής σε μεγάλο βαθμό αποφεύγουν. Η διακριτικότητα είναι μία από τις πρακτικές διαφορές μεταξύ των εργαλείων και ανήκει στη σύγκριση.

## Τίτλοι Ιδιοκτησίας Κύπρου: Δικηγόροι, Εμπόδια, Λύσεις
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-provlimata-titlon-kypros
Γιατί δεν εκδόθηκε ο ξεχωριστός τίτλος του ακινήτου σας στην Κύπρο, ποιο ακριβώς είναι το πρόβλημα από τις πέντε διακριτές καταστάσεις, και ποιες θεραπείες υπάρχουν.

Q: Έχω εξοφλήσει αλλά η τράπεζα του επιχειρηματία έχει υποθήκη στη γη. Υπάρχει λύση;
A: Ναι. Το Μέρος VIIΑ του Ν. 9/1965, άρθρα 44ΙΗ έως 44ΚΖ, υπάρχει ακριβώς για αγοραστές που εκπλήρωσαν ή ουσιωδώς εκπλήρωσαν τις υποχρεώσεις τους και δεν έχουν τίτλο επειδή η ανάπτυξη είναι επιβαρυμένη. Το άρθρο 44ΙΗ θέτει τις προϋποθέσεις, μεταξύ των οποίων ότι το συμβόλαιο κατατέθηκε δυνάμει του περί Πώλησης Ακινήτων (Ειδική Εκτέλεση) Νόμου.

Q: Αν ο επιχειρηματίας τεθεί σε εκκαθάριση, σταματά η διαδικασία;
A: Όχι από μόνο του. Το άρθρο 44ΙΘ αναστέλλει εκκρεμείς διαδικασίες δυνάμει των Μερών VI και VIΑ του Νόμου, δυνάμει του περί Πτώχευσης Νόμου και δυνάμει του περί Εταιρειών Νόμου, μέχρι να κριθεί η αίτηση.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν έχω πληρώσει μόνο μέρος του τιμήματος;
A: Το άρθρο 44Κ ορίζει τι εξετάζει ο Διευθυντής, μεταξύ άλλων αν το τίμημα καταβλήθηκε ολόκληρο και αν υπάρχει εγγεγραμμένος τίτλος, και προβλέπει ότι όπου η καταβολή είναι μερική ο αγοραστής καλείται εντός εξήντα ημερών να καταβάλει το υπόλοιπο σε ειδικό προσωρινό λογαριασμό.

Q: Υπάρχει σημείωση στον τίτλο για την οικοδομή. Εμποδίζει τη μεταβίβαση;
A: Εξαρτάται ποια σημείωση. Πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης με σημειώσεις κατά το άρθρο 10Β του Κεφ. 96 παράγει σημείωση παρατυπίας, η οποία καταγράφει το εύρημα αλλά δεν εμποδίζει εκούσια μεταβίβαση. Πιστοποιητικό μη εγκεκριμένων εργασιών κατά το άρθρο 10Γ παράγει επιπλέον απαγόρευση εκούσιας μεταβίβασης.

Q: Καταχωρίστηκε δικαστική απόφαση εναντίον του πωλητή. Εξαφανίζεται όταν αγοράσω;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 43 του Ν. 9/1965 προβλέπει ότι η μεταβίβαση του ακινήτου δεν ακυρώνει τη διαδικασία, δεν παρατείνει προθεσμία που ορίζει ο Νόμος, ούτε ακυρώνει, καθυστερεί ή αναβάλλει οποιαδήποτε πώληση. Το memo ακολουθεί τη γη και είναι ένα από τα εμπόδια που αντιμετωπίζει ο πωλητής όταν πωλεί ακίνητο στην Κύπρο, οπότε αποδεσμεύεται ως μέρος της συναλλαγής και δεν αφήνεται.

Q: Το συμβόλαιό μου δεν κατατέθηκε ποτέ. Είναι χαμένη η θέση μου;
A: Όχι, αλλά είναι ασθενέστερη, και προς δύο κατευθύνσεις: η ειδική εκτέλεση μπορεί να μην είναι διαθέσιμη με τους ίδιους όρους, και η θεσμική οδός του Μέρους VIIΑ εξαρτάται από την κατάθεση. Διαπιστώστε πρώτα το γεγονός, γιατί όσα πιστεύουν οι άνθρωποι για τη δική τους κατάθεση αποδεικνύονται συχνά λανθασμένα και προς τις δύο κατευθύνσεις.

## Σας Ενάγουν στην Κύπρο: Προθεσμίες και Πρώτα Βήματα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-sas-enagoun-kypros
Σας επιδόθηκε έντυπο απαίτησης στην Κύπρο: 14 ημέρες για σημείωμα εμφάνισης, 28 για υπεράσπιση από την καταχώρισή του, και τι γίνεται αν οι προθεσμίες περάσουν.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω αφού μου επιδόθηκε έντυπο απαίτησης;
A: Η περίοδος για την καταχώριση σημειώματος εμφάνισης είναι 14 ημέρες από την επίδοση του εντύπου απαίτησης, κατά τον κανονισμό 10.4 των ΚΠΔ 2023. Όταν το έντυπο δηλώνει ότι θα ακολουθήσει έκθεση απαίτησης, οι 14 ημέρες μετρούν από την επίδοση της έκθεσης απαίτησης. Οι ημέρες υπολογίζονται ως καθαρές: δεν μετρά η ημέρα της επίδοσης.

Q: Τι είναι το σημείωμα εμφάνισης και με δεσμεύει;
A: Είναι το έντυπο με το οποίο δηλώνετε στο δικαστήριο ότι λάβατε γνώση της αγωγής, ποιος σας εκπροσωπεί ή ότι υπερασπίζεστε τον εαυτό σας, και τη διεύθυνση επίδοσής σας. Δεν αποτελεί παραδοχή της απαίτησης και δεν σας δεσμεύει επί της ουσίας: κρατά ανοιχτό το δικαίωμά σας να υπερασπιστείτε.

Q: Πότε πρέπει να καταχωριστεί η υπεράσπιση;
A: Ο γενικός κανόνας του κανονισμού 17.4 είναι 28 ημέρες από την καταχώριση του σημειώματος εμφάνισης, όχι από την επίδοση. Με γραπτή συμφωνία με τον ενάγοντα η περίοδος μπορεί να παραταθεί μέχρι 42 ημέρες συνολικά, κατά τον κανονισμό 17.5, με άμεση γραπτή ενημέρωση του δικαστηρίου. Το δικαστήριο διατηρεί χωριστή εξουσία παράτασης.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν δεν κάνω τίποτα;
A: Ο ενάγων μπορεί να εξασφαλίσει απόφαση ερήμην κατά το Μέρος 13 των ΚΠΔ 2023, χωρίς ακρόαση επί της ουσίας. Η απόφαση αυτή εκτελείται όπως κάθε δικαστική απόφαση. Παραμερισμός είναι δυνατός κατά το Μέρος 14, υποχρεωτικά όταν η απόφαση εκδόθηκε εσφαλμένα, κατά διακριτική ευχέρεια στις άλλες περιπτώσεις, όπου μετρά και το αν κινηθήκατε χωρίς χρονοτριβή.

Q: Βρίσκομαι στο εξωτερικό και μου επέδωσαν έγγραφα. Ισχύουν τα ίδια;
A: Οι βασικές υποχρεώσεις είναι ίδιες, όμως όταν η επίδοση γίνεται εκτός δικαιοδοσίας οι περίοδοι υπολογίζονται διαφορετικά, κατά την Ενότητα V του Μέρους 6 των κανονισμών. Πείτε μας τα ονόματα των διαδίκων και την ημερομηνία και τον τρόπο που παραλάβατε τα έγγραφα, και θα σας πούμε τις προθεσμίες που ισχύουν στη δική σας περίπτωση. Τα ίδια τα έγγραφα θα σας τα ζητήσουμε μόλις ολοκληρωθεί ο έλεγχος σύγκρουσης συμφερόντων.

Q: Μπορώ να αμφισβητήσω ότι το κυπριακό δικαστήριο έχει δικαιοδοσία;
A: Ναι, με αίτηση κατά το Μέρος 12 των ΚΠΔ 2023, και δεν χρειάζεται να καταχωρίσετε υπεράσπιση πριν από την ακρόαση της αίτησης αυτής. Η απόφαση πρέπει να ληφθεί στην αρχή, γιατί όποιος προχωρήσει σε υπεράσπιση επί της ουσίας δύσκολα αμφισβητεί στη συνέχεια τη δικαιοδοσία.

Q: Πόσο κοστίζει;
A: Εξαρτάται από την υπόθεση, γι' αυτό δεν αναγράφουμε ενιαία αμοιβή. Πείτε μας τα ονόματα των εμπλεκομένων και τι συνέβη, και απαντούμε εντός μίας εργάσιμης ημέρας με τα άμεσα βήματα και το κόστος τους, ώστε να αποφασίσετε πριν δαπανηθεί οτιδήποτε.

## Σωματικές Βλάβες και Αποζημίωση στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-somatikes-vlaves-kypros
Τι πρέπει να αποδείξει μια απαίτηση για σωματική βλάβη στην Κύπρο, ποια μαρτυρία την κρίνει και πόσο γρήγορα χάνεται, και η τριετής προθεσμία παραγραφής.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να διεκδικήσω αποζημίωση για σωματική βλάβη;
A: Η αξίωση για σωματική βλάβη υπόκειται σε προθεσμία παραγραφής τριών ετών, βάσει του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012. Κατά το άρθρο 6(2) η προθεσμία τρέχει από την ημέρα που συμπληρώθηκε η βάση της αγωγής, ή από την ημέρα που ο παθών έλαβε γνώση της βλάβης αν αυτή ήταν μεταγενέστερη, ενώ κατά το άρθρο 6(3) το δικαστήριο έχει διακριτική ευχέρεια να μην εφαρμόσει τις διατάξεις περί παραγραφής σε απαίτηση για σωματική βλάβη ή θάνατο, ευχέρεια που δεν ασκείται μετά την πάροδο δύο ετών από την ημέρα παραγραφής. Πρόκειται για σύντομη προθεσμία, και γι' αυτό η ημερομηνία του ατυχήματος είναι το πρώτο που ζητούμε. Αν η τριετία πλησιάζει, πείτε το πριν από οτιδήποτε άλλο.

Q: Το ατύχημα οφειλόταν εν μέρει και σε δικό μου πταίσμα. Υπάρχει νόημα;
A: Συνήθως υπάρχει. Το άρθρο 57 του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 148, προβλέπει ότι, όταν κάποιος υποστεί ζημιά εν μέρει συνεπεία δικού του πταίσματος και εν μέρει συνεπεία πταίσματος άλλου, η αξίωση δεν αναιρείται, αλλά η αποζημίωση μειώνεται στην έκταση που το Δικαστήριο κρίνει δίκαιη ενόψει του μεριδίου ευθύνης του. Πώς θα καταμεριστεί η ευθύνη σε μια συγκεκριμένη υπόθεση είναι ζήτημα μαρτυρίας και δεν προλέγεται στην πρώτη συνάντηση.

Q: Να δεχθώ αυτό που μου πρόσφερε η ασφαλιστική;
A: Όχι προτού κατανοηθεί η ιατρική εικόνα. Η πρόωρη προσφορά γίνεται στο σημείο όπου γνωρίζουμε τα λιγότερα για τον τραυματισμό, δηλαδή ακριβώς τότε που ο διακανονισμός είναι λιγότερο ενδεδειγμένος. Ζητήστε συμβουλή πριν υπογράψετε οτιδήποτε, περιλαμβανομένου κάθε εγγράφου που περιγράφεται ως απόδειξη ή ως απαλλαγή. Το εξοφλητικό, η δήλωση απαλλαγής και η συμφωνία συμβιβασμού είναι συμβάσεις και σας δεσμεύουν εφόσον πληρούν τις προϋποθέσεις του άρθρου 10 του περί Συμβάσεων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 149. Μπορούν να παραμεριστούν, αλλά μόνο για τους λόγους που ο ίδιος Νόμος προβλέπει: εξαναγκασμός κατά το άρθρο 15, ψυχική πίεση κατά το άρθρο 16, απάτη κατά το άρθρο 17, ψευδής παράσταση κατά το άρθρο 18 και κοινή πλάνη ως προς ουσιώδες πραγματικό γεγονός κατά το άρθρο 21. Το ότι το ποσό ήταν χαμηλό δεν αρκεί από μόνο του, αν και το άρθρο 25(3) επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να λάβει υπόψη την ανεπάρκεια της αντιπαροχής κατά την κρίση του αν η συναίνεση δόθηκε ελεύθερα.

Q: Ενεργείτε και για ασφαλιστικές εταιρείες. Δεν είναι αυτό σύγκρουση;
A: Όχι στη δική σας υπόθεση. Η απαγόρευση να υποστηρίζει ο ίδιος δικηγόρος διαδίκους με αντίθετα συμφέροντα ανήκει στους επαγγελματικούς και δεοντολογικούς κανόνες που διέπουν την άσκηση του επαγγέλματος. Ο περί Δικηγόρων Νόμος, ΚΕΦ. 2, την κατονομάζει ρητά στο άρθρο 14Ν(1), το οποίο απαιτεί την τήρηση των διατάξεων που αναφέρονται, μεταξύ άλλων, «στην απαγόρευση υποστήριξης από τον ίδιο δικηγόρο διαδίκων που έχουν αντίθετα συμφέροντα». Για τον λόγο αυτό δεν ενεργούμε και για τις δύο πλευρές της ίδιας ή συναφούς υπόθεσης, και προηγείται πάντοτε έλεγχος σύγκρουσης συμφερόντων. Εκείνο που διαθέτει το γραφείο είναι εμπειρία εκπροσώπησης, σε χωριστές και ανεξάρτητες μεταξύ τους υποθέσεις, τόσο ασφαλιστών όσο και παθόντων: γνωρίζουμε πώς αξιολογείται ένας φάκελος από εκείνους που θα αξιολογήσουν τον δικό σας.

Q: Δεν έχω πάει ακόμη σε γιατρό. Έχει σημασία;
A: Έχει, και μεγαλύτερη από όση υποθέτουν οι περισσότεροι. Το κενό μεταξύ του ατυχήματος και της πρώτης ιατρικής επίσκεψης είναι το σημείο που προβάλλεται συχνότερα εις βάρος του παθόντος, διότι επιτρέπει το επιχείρημα ότι ο τραυματισμός προήλθε από κάτι άλλο. Το πρώτο ιατρικό αρχείο μετά από ατύχημα επιτελεί έργο που καμία μεταγενέστερη έκθεση δεν μπορεί να επιτελέσει.

Q: Ποια είναι τα κονδύλια που καλύπτει μια απαίτηση;
A: Τα κονδύλια ζημιάς που συνήθως εξετάζονται εκτίθενται στον οδηγό του γραφείου Personal Injury Claims in Cyprus και περιλαμβάνουν τον πόνο και την ταλαιπωρία, την απώλεια εισοδημάτων που έχει ήδη επέλθει και τη μελλοντική, την απώλεια της ικανότητας προς εργασία, τα ιατρικά και νοσηλειακά έξοδα και τα έξοδα αποκατάστασης, και τα λοιπά τεκμηριωμένα έξοδα. Οι ειδικές αποζημιώσεις πρέπει να δικογραφούνται ρητά και να αποδεικνύονται με αυστηρότητα. Το ύψος εξαρτάται από την ιατρική μαρτυρία και από την τεκμηριωμένη ζημιά, και δεν εκτιμάται από το είδος του ατυχήματος.

Q: Παίρνω επίδομα ή ασφαλιστική αποζημίωση. Θα αφαιρεθεί από την απαίτηση;
A: Όχι. Κατά το άρθρο 65 του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 148, κατά τον υπολογισμό της αποζημίωσης δεν λαμβάνεται καθόλου υπόψη ποσό που πληρώθηκε ή πρέπει να πληρωθεί βάσει σύμβασης ασφάλισης σε σχέση με το αδίκημα, ούτε ποσό που καταβλήθηκε ή πρέπει να καταβληθεί από το Ταμείο Κοινωνικών Ασφαλίσεων ως παροχή ή επίδομα συνεπεία των ίδιων περιστάσεων. Η λήψη επιδόματος όσο αναρρώνετε δεν μειώνει την απαίτηση, και δεν είναι λόγος να καθυστερήσετε τη συμβουλή.

Q: Ο τραυματισμός αφορά παιδί. Ισχύουν τα ίδια;
A: Ρωτήστε για την προθεσμία και για το ποιος εγείρει την απαίτηση πριν κάνετε οτιδήποτε άλλο, και μη θεωρήσετε κανένα από τα δύο δεδομένο χωρίς να ρωτήσετε. Ένας κανόνας αξίζει να είναι γνωστός: κατά τη δεύτερη επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 59 του ΚΕΦ. 148, παιδί που δεν συμπλήρωσε το δωδέκατο έτος της ηλικίας του δεν θεωρείται ικανό να έχει γνώση ή αντίληψη επικίνδυνης κατάστασης πραγμάτων ούτε να εκθέσει εκουσίως τον εαυτό του σε αυτήν, οπότε η υπεράσπιση της εκούσιας ανάληψης του κινδύνου δεν είναι καν ανοικτή έναντι μικρότερου παιδιού. Συγκεντρώστε την ίδια μαρτυρία: φωτογραφίες, την καταγραφή του συμβάντος και τα ιατρικά αρχεία.

Q: Το ατύχημα ήταν θανατηφόρο. Τι ισχύει;
A: Πρόκειται για διαφορετική απαίτηση, που εγείρεται προς όφελος των εξαρτωμένων. Κατά το άρθρο 58 του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 148, όταν πρόσωπο θανατώνεται συνεπεία αστικού αδικήματος το οποίο, αν δεν επακολουθούσε ο θάνατος, θα του παρείχε δικαίωμα αγωγής, ο υπεύθυνος παραμένει υπόχρεος παρά τον θάνατο, η δε αγωγή εγείρεται προς όφελος των εξαρτωμένων του αποβιώσαντος. Το εδάφιο (3) ορίζει ποιοι είναι αυτοί, ανεξαρτήτως ηλικίας: ο σύζυγος ή η σύζυγος, κάθε γονέας ή άλλος ανιών, κάθε πρόσωπο που ο αποβιώσας μεταχειριζόταν ως γονέα του, και κάθε τέκνο ή άλλος κατιών. Η προθεσμία τρέχει από τον θάνατο και όχι από το ατύχημα. Επικοινωνήστε μαζί μας απευθείας με τις ημερομηνίες και τα έγγραφα που έχετε.

## Οι Σταθερές μας Αμοιβές
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-statheres-amoives
Οι υπηρεσίες που το γραφείο τιμολογεί με δημοσιευμένη σταθερή αμοιβή, και εκείνες που κοστολογούνται εντός μίας εργάσιμης, με το τι καλύπτει κάθε αμοιβή και πού σταματά.

Q: Γιατί να δημοσιεύονται καθόλου αμοιβές;
A: Επειδή το εναλλακτικό σπαταλά τον χρόνο όλων. Όποιος δεν μπορεί να βρει τι κοστίζει κάτι, γράφει ένα μήνυμα για να ρωτήσει, περιμένει, και συχνά αποφασίζει στο μεταξύ. Όπου η εργασία είναι πράγματι τυποποιημένη, το ποσό είναι γνωστό εκ των προτέρων και δεν υπάρχει λόγος να κρύβεται πίσω από ένα ερώτημα.

Q: Γιατί κάποιες εργασίες δεν είναι σε αυτή τη σελίδα;
A: Επειδή η σταθερή αμοιβή είναι ειλικρινής μόνο όπου η εργασία είναι προβλέψιμη. Αμφισβητούμενες διαδικασίες, διασυνοριακές κληρονομιές και διαφορές κοστολογούνται κατά στάδιο, πριν από κάθε στάδιο, ώστε να αποφασίζετε εσείς. Ό,τι δεν είναι προβλέψιμο δεν κοστολογείται εδώ, αντί να κοστολογηθεί λάθος.

Q: Περιλαμβάνεται ο ΦΠΑ στα ποσά αυτά;
A: Όχι. Τα ποσά είναι χωρίς ΦΠΑ, ο οποίος προστίθεται όπου εφαρμόζεται, και χωρίς έξοδα όπως δικαστικά τέλη, τέλη Κτηματολογίου και ταχυμεταφορές, τα οποία μετακυλίονται στο κόστος τους.

Q: Μπορεί μια αμοιβή να αλλάξει αφού κοστολογηθεί;
A: Όχι για την εργασία που κοστολογήθηκε. Αν προκύψει κάτι που αλλάζει το αντικείμενο, το λέμε πριν κάνουμε την εργασία και κοστολογούμε το επιπλέον βήμα χωριστά, ώστε να μην εμφανίζεται τίποτα σε σημείωμα αμοιβής που δεν έχετε συμφωνήσει.

Q: Τι σημαίνει αμοιβή που κοστολογείται εντός 24 ωρών;
A: Ότι στέλνετε τα στοιχεία μέσω της φόρμας στη σχετική σελίδα, και απαντούμε εντός μίας εργάσιμης ημέρας με σταθερό ποσό για την εργασία που περιγράφεται. Καμία εργασία δεν αρχίζει πριν έχετε το ποσό και το εγκρίνετε.

## Συμφωνίες Μετόχων στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-symfonies-metochon-kypros
Σύνταξη και διαπραγμάτευση συμφωνιών μετόχων για κυπριακές εταιρείες: μεταβιβάσεις, αδιέξοδο, έξοδος, αποτίμηση, οι κρίσιμες ρήτρες και η σχέση τους με το καταστατικό.

Q: Τα συμφωνήσαμε όλα προφορικά στην αρχή. Μετράει αυτό;
A: Μια μη τεκμηριωμένη συνεννόηση είναι μαρτυρία για το τι συμφωνήθηκε, και πηγή ετών διαφωνίας για το ίδιο. Αν η συνεννόηση είναι πραγματική, το να γραφτεί κοστίζει λίγα. Αν δεν αντέχει να γραφτεί, δεν ήταν ποτέ συμφωνία.

Q: Δεσμεύει η συμφωνία όποιον αγοράσει μετοχές αργότερα;
A: Μόνο αν ο μηχανισμός το προβλέπει: πράξη προσχώρησης που υπογράφεται πριν καταχωριστεί η μεταβίβαση. Η απαίτηση αυτή χτίζεται στη συμφωνία και στο καταστατικό μαζί.

Q: Τι υπερισχύει αν συγκρούονται η συμφωνία και το καταστατικό;
A: Κατά κανόνα το καταστατικό διέπει την εταιρεία: εταιρική πράξη που έγινε σύμφωνα με αυτό στέκει, και η παράβαση της συμφωνίας δίνει στον αδικημένο μέτοχο συμβατική απαίτηση εναντίον των υπολοίπων αντί να ανατρέπει την πράξη. Ακριβώς γι' αυτό τα δύο έγγραφα συντάσσονται και τροποποιούνται μαζί, ώστε το ερώτημα να μη χρειαστεί ποτέ να απαντηθεί.

Q: Πότε πρέπει να αναθεωρείται;
A: Σε κάθε αλλαγή μετοχικής σύνθεσης, σε κάθε γύρο επένδυσης, και όταν αλλάζει σχήμα η ίδια η επιχείρηση. Συμφωνία γραμμένη για δύο ιδρυτές σπάνια ταιριάζει σε πέντε μετόχους και έναν επενδυτή.

## Σύσταση Εταιρείας στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-systasi-etaireias-kypros
Σύσταση κυπριακής εταιρείας με τη δομή να αποφασίζεται πρώτη: κατηγορίες μετοχών, καταστατικό που ταιριάζει στη συμφωνία, τα έγγραφα και το εγγεγραμμένο γραφείο.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα συστήνεται κυπριακή εταιρεία;
A: Η ίδια η εγγραφή είναι σύντομη και προβλέψιμη διαδικασία όταν οι αποφάσεις έχουν ληφθεί. Εκείνο που καθορίζει πραγματικά το χρονοδιάγραμμα είναι η συζήτηση για τη δομή και, όταν οι ιδρυτές βρίσκονται στο εξωτερικό, η συγκέντρωση υπογραφών και εγγράφων ταυτοποίησης. Όταν η κατάθεση γίνεται γρήγορα και οι αποφάσεις αργά, τα προβλήματα έρχονται αργότερα: οι περισσότερες διαφορές μετόχων που χειριζόμαστε ανάγονται σε εταιρεία που συστάθηκε βιαστικά.

Q: Ποιες αποφάσεις πρέπει να ληφθούν πριν από την εγγραφή;
A: Ποιος κρατά τι ποσοστό και σε ποια κατηγορία μετοχών· τι λέει το καταστατικό για τις μεταβιβάσεις, το δικαίωμα προτίμησης και τον διορισμό και την απομάκρυνση συμβούλων· αν χρειάζεται συμφωνία μετόχων από την πρώτη ημέρα· και πού βρίσκεται το εγγεγραμμένο γραφείο και ποιος ενεργεί ως γραμματέας. Η μετοχική σύνθεση είναι η πρώτη απόφαση και η δυσκολότερη να αλλάξει αργότερα.

Q: Είμαι ο μοναδικός ιδρυτής. Χρειάζονται όλα αυτά;
A: Η συζήτηση για τη δομή είναι συντομότερη αλλά όχι κενή. Το καταστατικό πρέπει ήδη να προβλέπει τι γίνεται όταν εμφανιστεί δεύτερος μέτοχος ή επενδυτής, γιατί η προσθήκη προστασιών αφού μπει χρήμα είναι διαπραγμάτευση από θέση αδυναμίας.

Q: Έχει σημασία η κατηγορία μετοχών όταν οι εισφορές διαφέρουν;
A: Έχει, και είναι από τα σημεία που παραβλέπονται συχνότερα. Όταν ο ένας ιδρυτής φέρνει χρήμα και ο άλλος εργασία, οι πανομοιότυπες συνήθεις μετοχές περιγράφουν σιωπηλά λάθος αυτή τη συμφωνία. Οι ισότιμοι εταίροι χρειάζονται μηχανισμό εξόδου από το αδιέξοδο πριν από οτιδήποτε άλλο, και οι άνισοι σαφήνεια για το τι μπορεί και τι δεν μπορεί να μπλοκάρει η μειοψηφία.

Q: Πώς ξεκινά η διαδικασία με το γραφείο σας;
A: Πείτε μας ποιοι συμμετέχουν, τι εισφέρει ο καθένας και τι θα κάνει η εταιρεία. Απαντούμε εντός μίας εργάσιμης ημέρας με τη δομή που θα προτείναμε και σταθερή αμοιβή για το σύνολο της εργασίας. Δεν πουλάμε πακέτο σύστασης.

## Τεχνολογία και Ηλεκτρονικό Εμπόριο στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-technologia-ilektroniko-emporio
Συμβάσεις τεχνολογίας, κυριότητα λογισμικού, όροι χρήσης και δικαίωμα υπαναχώρησης του καταναλωτή στην Κύπρο, με τα άρθρα που κρίνουν τη διαφορά.

Q: Ένα γραφείο έφτιαξε το προϊόν μας και πληρώσαμε κάθε τιμολόγιο. Μας ανήκει;
A: Πιθανότατα, και εκ του νόμου και όχι από τα τιμολόγια. Δυνάμει του άρθρου 11(1) του Ν. 59/1976, όπου η δημιουργία έργου αναλαμβάνεται κατά παραγγελία προσώπου ή οργανισμού, το δικαίωμα λογίζεται ότι μεταβιβάστηκε σε εκείνον που το παρήγγειλε. Το ίδιο άρθρο καθιστά όμως τη μεταβίβαση αυτή υποκείμενη σε οποιαδήποτε συμφωνία των μερών που την αποκλείει ή την περιορίζει, και οι τυποποιημένοι όροι ενός γραφείου συνήθως κάνουν ακριβώς αυτό, επιφυλάσσοντας την κυριότητα και δίνοντας στον πελάτη άδεια. Οι όροι ανάθεσης εξακολουθούν επομένως να το κρίνουν, αλλά το κρίνουν αφαιρώντας μεταβίβαση που ο νόμος θα είχε κάνει, που είναι διαφορετικό ερώτημα προς αυτούς. Δύο πρακτικά σημεία: δυνάμει του άρθρου 12(5) εκχώρηση ή αποκλειστική άδεια ισχύει μόνο γραπτώς, οπότε προφορική συνεννόηση δεν είναι εκχώρηση· και το δικαίωμα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας δεν είναι όλο όσα θα ρωτήσει ένας αγοραστής, αφού τα σήματα, τα ονόματα χώρου, η τεχνογνωσία και τα συστατικά τρίτων βρίσκονται εκτός του.

Q: Τι πρέπει να έχουμε έτοιμο πριν αρχίσει να ρωτά επενδυτής ή αγοραστής;
A: Κατάλογο όλων όσοι έφτιαξαν οποιοδήποτε μέρος του προϊόντος και τους όρους υπό τους οποίους εργάστηκε ο καθένας. Υπογεγραμμένα έγγραφα που μεταβιβάζουν στην εταιρεία ό,τι παρήγαγαν. Επιβεβαίωση ότι τα ονόματα χώρου, τα αποθετήρια, η φιλοξενία και οι λογαριασμοί καταστημάτων στέκουν στο όνομα της εταιρείας. Καταγραφή των συστατικών τρίτων και ανοικτού κώδικα στο προϊόν. Τις συμβάσεις πελατών και τους όρους που είναι πράγματι σε χρήση στον ιστότοπο, να ταιριάζουν με την οντότητα που εμπορεύεται. Η περισσότερη καθυστέρηση σε τέτοιους ελέγχους προέρχεται από τη συγκέντρωση υλικού που ποτέ δεν μαζεύτηκε, όχι από κάτι που είναι λάθος.

Q: Ο προμηθευτής δεν κουνιέται από το ανώτατο όριο ευθύνης. Είναι ασυνήθιστο;
A: Όχι, και διαπραγμάτευση που συνίσταται μόνο στο σπρώξιμο του αριθμού είναι συνήθως λάθος διαπραγμάτευση. Είναι συχνά πιο παραγωγικό να γίνει δεκτό ένα όριο και να δουλευτεί ό,τι κάθεται γύρω του: ποιες κατηγορίες ζημιάς εξαιρούνται, αν συγκεκριμένοι κίνδυνοι βγαίνουν έξω από το όριο, τι καλύπτει η ασφάλεια του προμηθευτή, αν οι πιστώσεις υπηρεσίας διατυπώνονται ως η μόνη θεραπεία, και τι βοήθεια εξόδου οφείλεται αν η σχέση αποτύχει. Οι διατάξεις αυτές δίνουν συχνά περισσότερη πραγματική προστασία από ό,τι θα έδινε μεγαλύτερο ποσό.

Q: Μπορούμε να προσαρμόσουμε όρους χρήσης από άλλον ιστότοπο;
A: Οι αντιγραμμένοι όροι αποτυγχάνουν στα ίδια σημεία: λάθος οντότητα, νόμισμα ή δικαιοδοσία χωρίς σχέση με την επιχείρηση, περιγραφή προϊόντος που δεν είναι αυτό που πωλείται, και σιωπή για τη χρέωση, την ανανέωση και την ακύρωση, όπου προκύπτουν σχεδόν όλες οι διαφορές με πελάτες. Το εμπορικό περιεχόμενο πρέπει να αντανακλά πώς λειτουργεί πράγματι η επιχείρηση, και η διαδικασία με την οποία οι πελάτες αποδέχονται τους όρους, και με την οποία κρατούνται οι εκδόσεις, πρέπει να μπορεί να αποδειχθεί αργότερα.

Q: Ο λογαριασμός μας στην πλατφόρμα ανεστάλη και δεν μπορούμε να πουλήσουμε. Τι γίνεται;
A: Πρώτα τα λειτουργικά βήματα: χρησιμοποιήστε τη διαδικασία κλιμάκωσης του διαχειριστή, απαντήστε ακριβώς σε ό,τι ζητήθηκε, κρατήστε την αλληλογραφία σε τάξη και διατηρήστε πρόσβαση σε όσα δεδομένα μπορούν ακόμη να προσεγγιστούν. Μετά η εμπορική εκτίμηση: ποια είναι πράγματι η σχέση με τον διαχειριστή, ποιος εναλλακτικός δίαυλος μπορεί να σηκώσει το εμπόριο στο μεταξύ, και ποια είναι η ζημιά όσο ο λογαριασμός είναι μη διαθέσιμος. Με τους όρους του λογαριασμού, την ειδοποίηση που λάβατε και την αλληλογραφία μπροστά μας μπορούμε να σας πούμε ποιες είναι οι ρεαλιστικές επιλογές.

## Τι Άλλαξε στο Κυπριακό Δίκαιο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-ti-allaxe
Κάθε χρονολογημένη εξέλιξη του κυπριακού δικαίου που καλύπτει το site, από τη νεότερη: το νομοθέτημα, η ημερομηνία ισχύος, και τι άλλαξε, με σύνδεσμο στην πλήρη ανάλυση.

## Το Γραφείο Κλεάνθους & Πλατής: Πώς Εργαζόμαστε
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-to-grafeio
Δύο συνεταίροι με άμεση συμμετοχή στην υπόθεση. Οι τομείς εργασίας μας, ο τρόπος με τον οποίο εξετάζουμε έναν φάκελο και η βάση της αμοιβής.

## Τομείς Δικαίου
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-tomeis
Οι τομείς στους οποίους εργάζεται το γραφείο: ακίνητα, κατασκευές, δικαστηριακή εκπροσώπηση και είσπραξη οφειλών, εταιρικό και εμπορικό, κληρονομικά, σωματικές βλάβες.

## Τραπεζικές Διαφορές και Fintech
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-trapezikes-diafores-kypros
Διαφορές με τράπεζες και ιδρύματα πληρωμών στην Κύπρο, αναδιάρθρωση διευκολύνσεων, εγγυήσεις και εκτέλεση, και απαιτήσεις ανάκτησης χρημάτων.

Q: Η τράπεζα πάγωσε τον λογαριασμό μου και δεν εξηγεί γιατί. Τι μπορείτε να κάνετε;
A: Γράφουμε στην τράπεζα εκθέτοντας τον λογαριασμό, τα ποσά και την επίδραση στην επιχείρησή σας, και ζητούμε τους λόγους και τον εσωτερικό φάκελο. Πολλά τέτοια παγώματα λύνονται σε εκείνο το στάδιο, μόλις η τράπεζα λάβει τα έγγραφα που πράγματι ζητά. Αν το πάγωμα κρατήσει χωρίς ορθή βάση, το επόμενο βήμα είναι παράπονο ή δικαστική διαδικασία, και θα σας πούμε ποιο από τα δύο είναι αναλογικό.

Q: Μπορεί κυπριακό δικαστήριο να παγοποιήσει τους λογαριασμούς εκείνου που πήρε τα χρήματά μου;
A: Το δικαστήριο μπορεί να δώσει ενδιάμεση θεραπεία προς υποστήριξη απαίτησης, αλλά όχι αυτόματα. Χρειάζεστε εναγόμενο που μπορεί να προσδιοριστεί και να κατονομαστεί, μαρτυρία που αντέχει σε ένορκη δήλωση, και περιουσιακά στοιχεία που το διάταγμα μπορεί ρεαλιστικά να φτάσει. Όπου τα χρήματα έχουν μετακινηθεί σε υπεράκτιους ή ανώνυμους λογαριασμούς, η ειλικρινής απάντηση είναι συχνά ότι το κόστος της καταδίωξης υπερβαίνει όσα θα επιστρέψουν.

Q: Έχασα κρυπτονομίσματα σε πλατφόρμα επενδύσεων. Αξίζει αγωγή;
A: Ενίοτε. Εξαρτάται από το αν η πλατφόρμα ή τα πρόσωπα πίσω από αυτήν μπορούν να εντοπιστούν και να τους επιδοθεί, από το αν υπάρχουν περιουσιακά στοιχεία κάπου όπου κυπριακή ή αλλοδαπή απόφαση μπορεί να φτάσει, και από το τι θα κοστίσει η ιχνηλάτηση. Με τα αρχεία των συναλλαγών και την αλληλογραφία μπροστά μας μπορούμε να σας δώσουμε άποψη για τις πιθανότητες πριν ξοδέψετε οτιδήποτε για την απαίτηση.

Q: Αναλαμβάνετε αιτήσεις αδειοδότησης;
A: Όχι. Δεν ετοιμάζουμε ούτε καταχωρίζουμε αιτήσεις αδειοδότησης, και δεν θα κάναμε καλή δουλειά προσποιούμενοι το αντίθετο. Αν αυτό χρειάζεστε, σας παραπέμπουμε σε εξειδικευμένο γραφείο ή σύμβουλο και παραμένουμε στο συμβατικό ή δικαστηριακό σκέλος.

Q: Ελέγχετε εγγύηση πριν την υπογράψω;
A: Ναι, και είναι από τις φθηνότερες νομικές εργασίες που θα αγοράσετε ποτέ. Εξετάζουμε τι εγγυάται, αν η ευθύνη έχει ανώτατο όριο, τι ενεργοποιεί απαίτηση, τι συμβαίνει σε αθέτηση, και αν η εξασφάλιση που δίνεται είναι αυτή που νομίζετε. Σύντομος έλεγχος πριν από την υπογραφή αξίζει περισσότερο από υπεράσπιση μετά την απαίτηση.

## Τραυματισμός στο Εξωτερικό ή στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-travmatismos-sto-exoteriko
Ποιας χώρας τα δικαστήρια και ποιας χώρας το δίκαιο κρίνουν έναν διασυνοριακό τραυματισμό, γιατί αυτό ορίζει την προθεσμία, και τι μαρτυρία συλλέγεται επιτόπου.

Q: Τραυματίστηκα στην Κύπρο αλλά έχω επιστρέψει στη χώρα μου. Πρέπει να ξανάρθω;
A: Μεγάλο μέρος της εργασίας αυτής διεξάγεται με αλληλογραφία και χωρίς επιστροφή του πελάτη στην Κύπρο. Θα σας πούμε εξαρχής ποια βήματα της δικής σας υπόθεσης, αν υπάρχουν, απαιτούν την παρουσία σας.

Q: Η ταξιδιωτική μου ασφάλεια λέει ότι θα τα αναλάβει όλα.
A: Οι υποχρεώσεις του ασφαλιστή απέναντί σας πηγάζουν από το ασφαλιστήριο, και όσα καλύπτει το ασφαλιστήριο δεν ταυτίζονται κατ' ανάγκη με όσα θα κάλυπτε απαίτηση κατά του υπευθύνου. Θα χρειαστούμε το ασφαλιστήριο και ό,τι σας έχει γράψει ο ασφαλιστής. Στο μεταξύ μην υπογράψετε έγγραφο που κλείνει απαίτηση προτού το διαβάσει κάποιος. Όταν το ατύχημα συνέβη σε ξενοδοχείο, η θέση του επιχειρηματία και του διοργανωτή εξετάζεται χωριστά στον οδηγό μας για το ατύχημα σε ξενοδοχείο. Όταν η απαίτηση διέπεται από το κυπριακό δίκαιο, η εξοφλητική απόδειξη, η δήλωση απαλλαγής και η συμφωνία συμβιβασμού είναι συμβάσεις που δεσμεύουν εφόσον πληρούν το άρθρο 10 του περί Συμβάσεων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 149, και παραμερίζονται μόνο για εξαναγκασμό κατά το άρθρο 15, ψυχική πίεση κατά το άρθρο 16, απάτη κατά το άρθρο 17, ψευδή παράσταση κατά το άρθρο 18 ή κοινή πλάνη ως προς ουσιώδες γεγονός κατά το άρθρο 21. Το ότι η καταβολή ήταν μικρή δεν αρκεί από μόνο του, αν και το άρθρο 25(3) επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να σταθμίσει την ανεπάρκεια της αντιπαροχής κατά την κρίση του αν η συναίνεση δόθηκε ελεύθερα. Όταν η απαίτηση διέπεται από το δίκαιο άλλης χώρας, το τι επιφέρει τέτοιο έγγραφο κρίνεται από εκείνο το δίκαιο.

Q: Ζω στην Κύπρο και τραυματίστηκα στο εξωτερικό.
A: Στείλτε μας τα στοιχεία νωρίς, και ιδίως την ημερομηνία, διότι το πρώτο που πρέπει να διαπιστωθεί είναι ποια προθεσμία σας αφορά πραγματικά. Μη θεωρήσετε δεδομένο ότι είναι η τριετία του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012. Το ερώτημα απαντάται επί των γεγονότων της δικής σας υπόθεσης, και απαντάται πρώτο.

Q: Όλα τα έγγραφά μου είναι σε γλώσσα που δεν διαβάζω.
A: Στείλτε τα ούτως ή άλλως και θα σας πούμε τι λέει το καθένα. Μην παραγγείλετε μεταφράσεις ούτε οποιαδήποτε πιστοποίηση πριν ρωτήσετε, διότι το τι απαιτείται για έγγραφο που εκδόθηκε σε μία χώρα και προσάγεται σε άλλη, και με ποια σειρά, κρίνεται κατά υπόθεση.

Q: Ποια χώρα θα κρίνει την υπόθεσή μου;
A: Πρόκειται για δύο χωριστά ερωτήματα: ποιας χώρας τα δικαστήρια μπορούν να επιληφθούν, και ποιας χώρας το δίκαιο κρίνει την ουσία. Δεν έχουν πάντοτε την ίδια απάντηση. Η σελίδα αυτή δεν βεβαιώνει κανόνα, και το ερώτημα απαντάται επί των δικών σας γεγονότων, με βάση τα έγγραφα.

Q: Υπέγραψα δήλωση αποποίησης ευθύνης πριν από τη δραστηριότητα.
A: Στείλτε μας τη δήλωση όπως την υπογράψατε, μαζί με το εισιτήριο και τους όρους της δραστηριότητας. Το τι αποτέλεσμα έχει μια τέτοια δήλωση εξαρτάται από το εφαρμοστέο δίκαιο και από το ίδιο της το κείμενο, και η σελίδα αυτή δεν το προδικάζει. Μην υποθέσετε ούτε ότι σας δεσμεύει ούτε ότι δεν σας δεσμεύει.

Q: Το ατύχημα έγινε με ενοικιαζόμενο αυτοκίνητο στην Κύπρο.
A: Τα ζητήματα ευθύνης μεταξύ οδηγών, το απευθείας αγώγιμο δικαίωμα κατά του ασφαλιστή και η θέση όταν το άλλο όχημα είναι ανασφάλιστο ή άγνωστο εξετάζονται στη σελίδα για τα τροχαία ατυχήματα. Χωριστά εξετάζονται η θέση της εταιρείας ενοικίασης και οι όροι του συμβολαίου σας, τα οποία πρέπει να μας αποσταλούν όπως εκδόθηκαν.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να διεκδικήσω;
A: Απαίτηση που εγείρεται στην Κύπρο υπόκειται σε προθεσμία παραγραφής τριών ετών, βάσει του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012. Όταν η υπόθεση έχει διασυνοριακό στοιχείο, μη θεωρήσετε δεδομένο ότι αυτή είναι η προθεσμία που σας αφορά. Γι' αυτό η ημερομηνία και ο τόπος του ατυχήματος είναι τα δύο πρώτα στοιχεία που ζητούμε. Όπου εφαρμόζεται το κυπριακό δίκαιο, κατά το άρθρο 6(2) η προθεσμία τρέχει από την ημέρα που συμπληρώθηκε η βάση της αγωγής ή από την ημέρα που ο παθών έλαβε γνώση της βλάβης αν αυτή ήταν μεταγενέστερη, ενώ κατά το άρθρο 6(3) το δικαστήριο έχει διακριτική ευχέρεια να μην εφαρμόσει τις διατάξεις περί παραγραφής σε απαίτηση για σωματική βλάβη ή θάνατο, ευχέρεια που δεν ασκείται μετά την πάροδο δύο ετών από την ημέρα παραγραφής. Καμία από τις δύο δεν βοηθά όταν την υπόθεση κρίνει αλλοδαπό δίκαιο.

## Τροχαία Ατυχήματα και Αποζημίωση στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-trochaia-atychimata-kypros
Τι φωτογραφείται πριν μετακινηθούν τα οχήματα, πώς καταμερίζεται η ευθύνη, ποιος ευθύνεται πέραν του οδηγού, και το Ταμείον Ασφαλιστών Μηχανοκινήτων Οχημάτων.

Q: Τι πρέπει να κάνω αμέσως μετά από τροχαίο στην Κύπρο;
A: Φωτογραφίστε τα οχήματα εκεί όπου σταμάτησαν, από αρκετές γωνίες και με αρκετό πλάτος ώστε να φαίνονται ο κόμβος και οι διαγραμμίσεις, πριν μετακινηθεί οτιδήποτε. Το εδάφιο (2) του άρθρου 14Β του περί Μηχανοκινήτων Οχημάτων και Τροχαίας Κινήσεως Νόμου του 1972 (86/1972) απαιτεί από τους οδηγούς να ενημερώσουν αμέσως τους ασφαλιστές τους και να λάβουν χωρίς καθυστέρηση φωτογραφίες του τόπου, πριν από τη μετακίνηση των οχημάτων στις περιπτώσεις που το άρθρο καλύπτει. Πάρτε τα στοιχεία του άλλου οδηγού και τα ονόματα και τηλέφωνα όσων είδαν το συμβάν, και επισκεφθείτε ιατρό αν έχετε οποιοδήποτε σύμπτωμα.

Q: Ο άλλος οδηγός δεν είχε ασφάλεια. Μπορώ να διεκδικήσω αποζημίωση;
A: Η παράγραφος (α) του άρθρου 29 του περί Μηχανοκινήτων Οχημάτων (Ασφάλιση Ευθύνης έναντι Τρίτου) Νόμου του 2000, 96(Ι)/2000, προβλέπει ότι οι υποχρεώσεις του Ταμείου Ασφαλιστών Μηχανοκινήτων Οχημάτων για καταβολή αποζημίωσης δυνάμει της Βασικής Συμφωνίας περιλαμβάνουν απαιτήσεις για ευθύνη που προκύπτει από πρόσωπα που δεν διαθέτουν την απαιτούμενη από τον Νόμο ασφαλιστική κάλυψη. Το εδάφιο (1) του άρθρου 32 προβλέπει ότι η διαδικασία καταβολής από το Ταμείο καθορίζεται στη Βασική Συμφωνία. Τι απαιτεί η Συμφωνία αυτή από τον απαιτούντα, και μέχρι πότε, είναι το σημείο που ελέγχεται εξαρχής επί των δικών σας γεγονότων.

Q: Το όχημα που με χτύπησε έφυγε και δεν βρέθηκε ποτέ. Υπάρχει κάτι που μπορώ να κάνω;
A: Η παράγραφος (β) του άρθρου 29 του Νόμου 96(Ι)/2000 προβλέπει ότι οι υποχρεώσεις του Ταμείου Ασφαλιστών Μηχανοκινήτων Οχημάτων για καταβολή αποζημίωσης δυνάμει της Βασικής Συμφωνίας περιλαμβάνουν απαιτήσεις για ευθύνη που προκύπτει από οδηγούς οχημάτων αγνώστων στοιχείων. Το άρθρο 34 προβλέπει ότι η διαδικασία υποβολής τέτοιων απαιτήσεων στο Ταμείο καθορίζεται στη Βασική Συμφωνία ως χωριστό μέρος αυτής. Επομένως ο άγνωστος οδηγός δεν θέτει αυτομάτως τέλος στο ζήτημα, και οι προϋποθέσεις της οδού αυτής είναι το πρώτο που πρέπει να διαπιστωθεί.

Q: Μπορώ να στραφώ απευθείας κατά της ασφαλιστικής εταιρείας αντί κατά του οδηγού;
A: Το εδάφιο (1) του άρθρου 16Α του Νόμου 96(Ι)/2000 παρέχει στον ζημιωθέντα απευθείας αγώγιμο δικαίωμα κατά του ασφαλιστή που καλύπτει την αστική ευθύνη του υπευθύνου, χωρίς υποχρέωση να στραφεί και κατά του ασφαλισμένου, με τη διαφορά ότι, όταν ο ασφαλιστής έχει αποποιηθεί ή ακυρώσει το ασφαλιστήριο, ο ασφαλισμένος πρέπει να λάβει μέρος στη διαδικασία. Το εδάφιο (2) του άρθρου 16Α επιτρέπει στον ασφαλιστή να προβάλει κατά του ζημιωθέντος κάθε υπεράσπιση που έχει κατά του δικού του ασφαλισμένου.

Q: Ήμουν επιβάτης στο όχημα που προκάλεσε το ατύχημα. Μπορώ να στραφώ κατά του δικού μου οδηγού;
A: Στον επιβάτη σπάνια αποδίδεται ευθύνη για την ίδια τη σύγκρουση, και η απαίτηση μπορεί να στραφεί κατά του οδηγού του οχήματος στο οποίο επέβαινε, κατά του άλλου οδηγού, ή και κατά των δύο. Το άρθρο 7 του Νόμου 96(Ι)/2000 προβλέπει ότι προηγούμενη συμφωνία ή διακανονισμός μεταξύ του χρήστη του οχήματος και προσώπου που μεταφέρεται σε αυτό στερείται νομικής ισχύος κατά το μέρος που αποκλείει ή περιορίζει την ευθύνη έναντι των μεταφερομένων, και ότι η εκούσια αποδοχή του κινδύνου αμέλειας του οδηγού δεν αίρει την ευθύνη. Το ότι ο οδηγός είναι φίλος ή συγγενής δεν διαφοροποιεί τη διάταξη αυτή.

Q: Νομίζω ότι φταίω και εγώ εν μέρει. Χάνω την απαίτησή μου;
A: Το άρθρο 57 του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 148, προβλέπει ότι, όταν κάποιος υποστεί ζημιά εν μέρει συνεπεία δικού του πταίσματος και εν μέρει συνεπεία πταίσματος άλλου, η αξίωση δεν αναιρείται λόγω του δικού του πταίσματος, αλλά η αποζημίωση μειώνεται στην έκταση που το Δικαστήριο κρίνει δίκαιη, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το μερίδιο ευθύνης του. Η Κύπρος δηλαδή καταμερίζει την ευθύνη και δεν την αντιμετωπίζει ως όλα ή τίποτα. Πώς θα καταμεριστεί σε μια συγκεκριμένη υπόθεση είναι ζήτημα μαρτυρίας και συχνά διαφέρει από ό,τι υποθέτει ο ίδιος ο εμπλεκόμενος.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να καταχωρίσω αγωγή μετά από τροχαίο στην Κύπρο;
A: Η αγωγή για αποζημίωση λόγω σωματικής βλάβης υπόκειται σε προθεσμία παραγραφής τριών ετών, βάσει του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012. Από πότε άρχισε να τρέχει στα δικά σας γεγονότα είναι ερώτημα που τίθεται σε δικηγόρο νωρίς, και μη θεωρήσετε ότι η αλληλογραφία με ασφαλιστή τη μεταβάλλει. Πρακτικά, η μαρτυρία φθείρεται πολύ ταχύτερα από όσο τρέχει η προθεσμία, οπότε ο τρίτος χρόνος είναι κακή αφετηρία.

Q: Πώς παίρνω αντίγραφο της αστυνομικής έκθεσης του ατυχήματος;
A: Η Δημοκρατία δημοσιεύει υπηρεσία για την αίτηση έκδοσης έκθεσης τροχαίας, και το αίτημα απευθύνεται στην Αστυνομία. Ποιος δικαιούται να αιτηθεί, τι περιέχει η έκθεση και τι χρήση μπορεί να γίνει από αυτήν σε πολιτική αγωγή είναι ζητήματα που ελέγχονται στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση και όχι υποθέσεις. Κρατήστε όποιον αριθμό αναφοράς σας δόθηκε επιτόπου, γιατί είναι εκείνο που κάνει το αίτημα απλό.

Q: Η ασφαλιστική μού πρόσφερε ποσό και μου έστειλε έντυπο να υπογράψω. Τι πρέπει να προσέξω;
A: Ελέγξτε τι τερματίζει το έγγραφο και όχι μόνο τι καταβάλλει, διότι μια απαλλαγή μπορεί να καλύπτει περισσότερα από το ποσό που έχετε μπροστά σας και να αφορά ζητήματα που η ιατρική μαρτυρία δεν έχει ακόμη ξεκαθαρίσει. Η υπογεγραμμένη απαλλαγή είναι σύμβαση κατά τον περί Συμβάσεων Νόμο, ΚΕΦ. 149, και παραμερίζεται μόνο για τους λόγους που ο Νόμος αυτός επιτρέπει, κυρίως τον εξαναγκασμό, την ψυχική πίεση, την απάτη, την ψευδή παράσταση και την κοινή πλάνη ως προς ουσιώδες γεγονός. Στείλτε την προσφορά και το έντυπο σε δικηγόρο πριν υπογράψετε, μαζί με τα ιατρικά αρχεία. Αν έχετε ήδη υπογράψει, στείλτε το ούτως ή άλλως, διότι το τι μπορεί να γίνει εξαρτάται από τη διατύπωση και από τις συνθήκες υπό τις οποίες υπογράψατε.

## Υπολογιστής Μεταβιβαστικών και ΦΠΑ
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-ypologistis-metavivastikon-fpa
Υπολογισμός μεταβιβαστικών τελών και ΦΠΑ σε αγορά ακινήτου στην Κύπρο: η κλίμακα του Κτηματολογίου, η μείωση 50%, και ο μειωμένος συντελεστής 5%.

Q: Πληρώνω και ΦΠΑ και μεταβιβαστικά;
A: Όχι. Τα δύο αλληλοαποκλείονται. Όπου η αγορά υπόκειται σε ΦΠΑ δεν οφείλονται μεταβιβαστικά τέλη, και όπου δεν υπόκειται σε ΦΠΑ τα μεταβιβαστικά τέλη της κλίμακας μειώνονται κατά πενήντα τοις εκατό.

Q: Ποιοι είναι οι συντελεστές των μεταβιβαστικών;
A: Τρία τοις εκατό στις πρώτες 85.000 ευρώ, πέντε τοις εκατό από 85.001 έως 170.000 ευρώ, και οκτώ τοις εκατό άνω των 170.000 ευρώ, επιβαλλόμενα από το Τμήμα Κτηματολογίου και Χωρομετρίας όταν ο τίτλος περνά στο όνομά σας.

Q: Μειώνει τα τέλη η αγορά σε κοινό όνομα;
A: Μπορεί, γιατί τα τέλη υπολογίζονται επί κάθε μεριδίου και όχι επί του ακινήτου ως συνόλου, οπότε κάθε αγοραστής διατρέχει χωριστά τις χαμηλότερες κλίμακες. Σε αγορά άνω των 170.000 ευρώ η διαφορά είναι ουσιαστική και όχι διακοσμητική.

Q: Πότε ισχύει ο μειωμένος συντελεστής ΦΠΑ πέντε τοις εκατό;
A: Για κύρια και μόνιμη κατοικία, στα πρώτα 130 τετραγωνικά μέτρα δομήσιμου εμβαδού όπου η αξία δεν υπερβαίνει τις 350.000 ευρώ, με αναλογική αντιμετώπιση μεταξύ 130 και 190 τετραγωνικών μέτρων και μεταξύ 350.001 και 475.000 ευρώ.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν πάψω να μένω στο ακίνητο;
A: Ο μειωμένος συντελεστής φέρει δέσμευση δέκα ετών. Ο δικαιούχος που παύει να χρησιμοποιεί την κατοικία ως κύρια και μόνιμη εντός δέκα ετών οφείλει να ειδοποιήσει το Τμήμα Φορολογίας εντός τριάντα ημερών και να καταβάλει τη διαφορά μεταξύ μειωμένου και κανονικού συντελεστή.

Q: Είναι το ποσό του υπολογιστή το ποσό που θα πληρώσω;
A: Θεωρήστε το ένδειξη. Τα μεταβιβαστικά υπολογίζονται επί της αξίας που αποδίδει στο ακίνητο το Κτηματολόγιο, η οποία μπορεί να μην ταυτίζεται με το τίμημα της σύμβασής σας, ενώ η επιλεξιμότητα για τον μειωμένο συντελεστή ΦΠΑ εξαρτάται από προϋποθέσεις που το εργαλείο δεν ελέγχει.

## Υπολογιστής Νόμιμης Μοίρας
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-ypologistis-nomimis-moiras
Πόσο μέρος κυπριακής κληρονομιάς μπορεί να αφεθεί με διαθήκη και πόσο περιέρχεται βάσει νόμου, κατά τα άρθρα 41 και 44 του Κεφ. 195, ανάλογα με το ποιοι συγγενείς επιζούν.

Q: Μπορώ να αφήσω το κυπριακό μου ακίνητο σε όποιον θέλω;
A: Όχι αν το κυπριακό δίκαιο διέπει τη διαδοχή και αφήνετε ορισμένους συγγενείς. Το άρθρο 41 του Κεφ. 195 περιορίζει το διαθέσιμο μέρος σε ένα τέταρτο της καθαρής περιουσίας όπου αφήνετε τέκνο ή κατιόντα τέκνου, και στο ήμισυ όπου αφήνετε σύζυγο ή γονέα αλλά όχι τέκνο. Μόνο όπου δεν αφήνετε ούτε σύζυγο, ούτε τέκνο ή κατιόντα τέκνου, ούτε πατέρα ή μητέρα, είναι διαθέσιμη ολόκληρη η περιουσία.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν η διαθήκη μου δίνει περισσότερα από το διαθέσιμο μέρος;
A: Το άρθρο 41(2) προβλέπει ότι η διάθεση μειώνεται και περιορίζεται αναλογικά ώστε να περιοριστεί στο διαθέσιμο μέρος. Η διαθήκη δεν είναι άκυρη· περικόπτεται.

Q: Υπάρχει τρόπος να αφήσω τα πάντα στον σύζυγο ή στη σύζυγό μου;
A: Ναι, σε μία διάταξη. Η επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 41(2) προβλέπει ότι δεν γίνεται μείωση όπου ο αποβιώσας αφήνει σύζυγο αλλά ούτε τέκνο ή κατιόντα τέκνου ούτε πατέρα ή μητέρα, και το πλεόνασμα, που μπορεί να ανέρχεται σε ολόκληρη τη νόμιμη μοίρα, αφέθηκε στον επιζώντα σύζυγο. Άτεκνο ζευγάρι του οποίου οι γονείς έχουν αποβιώσει μπορεί να αφήσει τα πάντα ο ένας στον άλλο.

Q: Πόσο λαμβάνει ο σύζυγος αν υπάρχουν τέκνα;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 44(α), όπου ο αποβιώσας άφησε τέκνο, εν ζωή ή εκπροσωπούμενο από κατιόντες, ο σύζυγος λαμβάνει μερίδιο ίσο με το μερίδιο καθενός από τα τέκνα. Με τρία τέκνα η νόμιμη μοίρα διαιρείται σε τέσσερα ίσα μέρη.

Q: Είμαι Βρετανός υπήκοος. Με αφορά η κυπριακή νόμιμη μοίρα;
A: Ενδέχεται. Η εξαίρεση του άρθρου 42 του Κεφ. 195 διαγράφηκε με τον Ν. 96(Ι)/2015 στις 3 Ιουλίου 2015. Από τις 17 Αυγούστου 2015 το ζήτημα διέπεται από τον Κανονισμό (ΕΕ) 650/2012, ο οποίος επιτρέπει σε πρόσωπο να επιλέξει το δίκαιο της ιθαγένειάς του για να διέπει τη διαδοχή. Το αν η επιλογή αυτή έγινε εγκύρως είναι το πρώτο που πρέπει να διαπιστωθεί, και είναι ερώτημα για τη δική σας διαθήκη και όχι για το Κεφ. 195.

Q: Ισχύει και για περιουσία που μεταβιβάζω όσο ζω;
A: Η σελίδα αυτή αφορά την περιουσία κατά τον θάνατο. Οι εν ζωή μεταβιβάσεις γεννούν χωριστά ερωτήματα και δεν μοντελοποιούνται εδώ.

Q: Τι αλλάζει αν δεν αφήσω καθόλου διαθήκη;
A: Με διαθήκη κατευθύνετε το διαθέσιμο μέρος κατά το άρθρο 41, ενώ η νόμιμη μοίρα περνά κατά το άρθρο 44 και τον Πρώτο Πίνακα ούτως ή άλλως. Χωρίς διαθήκη δεν υπάρχει διαθέσιμο μέρος να κατευθυνθεί: ολόκληρη η περιουσία περνά κατά το άρθρο 44 και τον Πρώτο Πίνακα. Η διαθήκη δεν ελέγχει ποτέ τα πάντα, αλλά η εξ αδιαθέτου διαδοχή δεν ελέγχει τίποτε.

## Υπολογιστής Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/el-ypologistis-paragrafis
Ποιος χρόνος παραγραφής ισχύει σε αξίωση στην Κύπρο κατά τον Ν. 66(Ι)/2012, με την αφετηρία της 1ης Ιανουαρίου 2016, την αναστολή των 39 μηνών και τις ειδικές προθεσμίες.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να εγείρω απαίτηση στην Κύπρο;
A: Εξαρτάται από την κατηγορία της απαίτησης. Ο Ν. 66(Ι)/2012 ορίζει ένα έτος για δυσφήμηση ή κακόβουλη ψευδολογία κατά το άρθρο 6(4), τρία έτη για αμέλεια, οχληρία ή παράβαση θέσμιου καθήκοντος κατά το άρθρο 6(2), έξι έτη για τις περισσότερες συμβάσεις κατά το άρθρο 7(1) και για τα αστικά αδικήματα γενικά κατά το άρθρο 6(1), δώδεκα έτη για υποθήκη ή ενέχυρο κατά το άρθρο 5, δεκαπέντε έτη για δικαστική απόφαση κατά το άρθρο 10, και υπολειμματικά δέκα έτη κατά το άρθρο 4. Πέντε άλλοι νόμοι διατηρούν τις δικές τους προθεσμίες κατά το άρθρο 24.

Q: Η απαίτησή μου γεννήθηκε πριν από το 2016. Βοηθά ή βλάπτει;
A: Συνήθως βοηθά. Η επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 3 προβλέπει ότι ο χρόνος αρχίζει να μετρά από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2016, και το άρθρο 26 του Νόμου καταργήθηκε από την ημερομηνία εκείνη με τον Ν. 207(Ι)/2015. Βάση αγωγής που γεννήθηκε το 2010 και βάση που γεννήθηκε το 2015 αρχίζουν επομένως να μετρούν την ίδια ημέρα. Η επιφύλαξη λειτουργεί χωρίς να επηρεάζει τα άρθρα 24 και 29, οπότε δεν εφαρμόζεται στις ειδικές προθεσμίες που διατηρεί το άρθρο 24.

Q: Τι είναι η αναστολή των 39 μηνών για την οποία διαβάζω;
A: Το άρθρο 27Α, που προστέθηκε με τον Ν. 58(Ι)/2021 και τροποποιήθηκε δύο φορές έκτοτε, αναστέλλει την παραγραφή αγώγιμου δικαιώματος για αμέλεια ή παράβαση θέσμιου καθήκοντος εναντίον φυσικού ή νομικού προσώπου για 39 μήνες από την έναρξη ισχύος του Νόμου εκείνου. Ο Ν. 58(Ι)/2021 δημοσιεύθηκε στις 20 Απριλίου 2021, οπότε οι 39 μήνες συμπληρώνονται στις 20 Ιουλίου 2024. Το άρθρο κατονομάζει την αμέλεια και την παράβαση θέσμιου καθήκοντος και όχι την οχληρία, και το αν φτάνει σε συγκεκριμένη αξίωση είναι ζήτημα ερμηνείας που απαντάται επί των γεγονότων.

Q: Πέθανε κάποιος. Τρία χρόνια από το ατύχημα ή από τον θάνατο;
A: Για την απαίτηση των εξαρτωμένων, τρία χρόνια από τον θάνατο, κατά το άρθρο 58(20) του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου, Κεφ. 148, και το άρθρο 24(β) του Ν. 66(Ι)/2012 προβλέπει ότι ο περί Παραγραφής Νόμος δεν επηρεάζει την προθεσμία αυτή. Η απαίτηση κατά της κληρονομιάς αποβιώσαντος εναγομένου είναι διαφορετική ξανά: το άρθρο 34(3) του περί Διαχείρισης Κληρονομιών Νόμου απαιτεί δικαστικό μέτρο εντός έξι μηνών από τη λήψη της αντιπροσώπευσης, και όχι αργότερα από δύο έτη από τον θάνατο όπου δεν λήφθηκε αντιπροσώπευση.

Q: Μπορεί να εγερθεί απαίτηση που έχει παραγραφεί;
A: Ενίοτε. Κατά το άρθρο 20 το δικαστήριο δεν λαμβάνει υπόψη την παραγραφή αυτεπάγγελτα, και κατά το άρθρο 21 πρέπει να προβληθεί από διάδικο με έννομο συμφέρον, οπότε σημείο που δεν δικογραφείται χάνεται. Το άρθρο 22 επιτρέπει στο δικαστήριο να παρατείνει την προθεσμία έως δύο έτη όπου το κρίνει δίκαιο και εύλογο. Σε απαιτήσεις για σωματική βλάβη ή θάνατο, το άρθρο 6(3) επιτρέπει στο δικαστήριο να μην εφαρμόσει καθόλου τις διατάξεις περί παραγραφής, όχι όμως μετά την πάροδο δύο ετών από την ημέρα παραγραφής. Καμία από τις δύο εξουσίες δεν φτάνει στις ειδικές προθεσμίες που διατηρεί το άρθρο 24.

Q: Ξεκινά ξανά ο χρόνος με μια πληρωμή ή μια επιστολή;
A: Μπορεί, και αυτό αιφνιδιάζει και τις δύο πλευρές. Κατά το άρθρο 17 η προθεσμία διακόπτεται και αρχίζει εκ νέου όπου ο υπόχρεος αναγνωρίζει γραπτώς το αγώγιμο δικαίωμα, ή όπου σε χρηματική οφειλή καταβάλλει περισσότερο από το πενήντα τοις εκατό του συνόλου μαζί με τους τόκους, καθώς και με την έγερση αγωγής ή την έναρξη διαιτησίας. Το άρθρο 19 προσθέτει ότι πληρωμές που έγιναν εν αγνοία του ότι η προθεσμία είχε ήδη παρέλθει δεν αναζητούνται.

Q: Ισχύει ο Νόμος για απαιτήσεις εναντίον του Δημοσίου;
A: Το άρθρο 25 προβλέπει ότι ο Νόμος δεν εφαρμόζεται και δεν επηρεάζει δικαιώματα ή υποχρεώσεις δημοσίου δικαίου.

## Άδεια εργασίας και διαμονής στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-adeia-ergasias-diamonis-kypros
Είσοδος, διαμονή και δικαίωμα εργασίας είναι τρεις χωριστές άδειες. Τι απαιτεί το ΚΕΦ. 105 από τον εργοδότη πριν την πρώτη μέρα, και τι κοστίζει μια παράνομη πρόσληψη.

Q: Ποια η διαφορά ανάμεσα σε είσοδο, διαμονή και δικαίωμα εργασίας;
A: Είναι τρεις χωριστές άδειες, τις οποίες χορηγούν διαφορετικές αρχές, τις κατέχουν διαφορετικά πρόσωπα και χάνονται με διαφορετικό τρόπο. Η είσοδος είναι η άδεια να περάσετε τα σύνορα, για συγκεκριμένο σκοπό και περιορισμένο χρόνο. Η παραμονή πέραν αυτού απαιτεί άδεια διαμονής, που ζητείται στην Κύπρο με βάση συγκεκριμένο λόγο. Το δικαίωμα εργασίας χορηγείται ξανά χωριστά. Το άρθρο 10 του ΚΕΦ. 105 ορίζει ότι κανείς δεν έχει απόλυτο δικαίωμα εισόδου.

Q: Ποιος αιτείται την άδεια εργασίας, ο εργοδότης ή ο εργαζόμενος;
A: Κανονικά ο εργοδότης. Αιτείται έγκριση για να καλύψει συγκεκριμένη θέση με συγκεκριμένο πρόσωπο, και η έγκριση αφορά εκείνη τη θέση και εκείνον τον εργοδότη. Δεν είναι άδεια που κρατά ο εργαζόμενος και τη μεταφέρει από δουλειά σε δουλειά, γι' αυτό και η αλλαγή εργοδότη απαιτεί νέα αίτηση.

Q: Τι περιλαμβάνει ο έλεγχος της αγοράς εργασίας;
A: Όπου οι εφαρμοστέοι κανόνες τον απαιτούν, ο εργοδότης πρέπει να δείξει ότι η θέση δεν μπορούσε να καλυφθεί από την εγχώρια ή την ευρωπαϊκή αγορά εργασίας. Στην πράξη αυτό σημαίνει δημοσιευμένη κενή θέση, τεκμηριωμένη διαδικασία πρόσληψης και καταγραφή του γιατί οι υποψήφιοι που εμφανίστηκαν δεν ήταν κατάλληλοι. Το ίδιο σκεπτικό εμφανίζεται και στο άρθρο 18ΛΔ(3), που επιτρέπει να περιοριστεί για μέχρι δώδεκα μήνες η πρόσβαση των μελών της οικογένειας στην εργασία, ακριβώς για σκοπούς διερεύνησης της αγοράς εργασίας της Δημοκρατίας.

Q: Υπάρχει ταχύτερη οδός για εταιρεία ξένων συμφερόντων;
A: Υπάρχει χωριστή οδός για υπηκόους τρίτων χωρών που απασχολούνται σε εταιρείες εγγεγραμμένες στο Μητρώο Εταιρειών Ξένων Συμφερόντων, η οποία ορίζεται με αναφορά στην εγγραφή της εργοδότριας εταιρείας και σε ελάχιστο μεικτό μηνιαίο μισθό για θέσεις υψηλότερης ειδίκευσης, με δική της μέγιστη διάρκεια άδειας. Το ποσό του μισθού και η διάρκεια αναθεωρούνται και πρέπει να επιβεβαιώνονται κάθε φορά. Η ίδια ιδιότητα μετρά και για την οικογένεια: η επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 18ΛΒ(α) δίνει στον Διευθυντή διακριτική ευχέρεια να μην απαιτεί τη διετή προηγούμενη παραμονή όταν ο συντηρών απασχολείται σε εταιρεία με έγκριση να απασχολεί αλλοδαπό προσωπικό.

Q: Τι πρέπει να ελέγξει ο εργοδότης πριν από την πρώτη μέρα;
A: Τρία πράγματα, και τα ορίζει το άρθρο 18ΡΓ(1) του ΚΕΦ. 105. Πριν από την ανάληψη απασχόλησης πρέπει να αξιώσει από τον υπήκοο τρίτης χώρας να κατέχει και να του παρουσιάσει έγκυρη και ισχύουσα άδεια ή άλλο τίτλο που επιτρέπει διαμονή και απασχόληση στη Δημοκρατία· να διατηρήσει αντίγραφό της ή να καταγράψει τα στοιχεία της σε μητρώο και να τα θέτει στη διάθεση των αρχών τουλάχιστον για όσο διαρκεί η απασχόληση· και να ενημερώσει εντός επτά ημερών το Τμήμα Αρχείου Πληθυσμού και Μετανάστευσης και το Τμήμα Εσωτερικών Προσόδων. Ο εργοδότης που τα έκανε και τα τρία προστατεύεται από το άρθρο 18ΡΓ(3), εκτός αν γνώριζε ότι το έγγραφο ήταν πλαστογραφημένο.

Q: Τι κοστίζει στον εργοδότη η απασχόληση χωρίς άδεια;
A: Περισσότερα από το πρόστιμο. Το άρθρο 14Β(1) προβλέπει φυλάκιση μέχρι πέντε έτη ή πρόστιμο μέχρι είκοσι χιλιάδες ευρώ ή και τα δύο, και το άρθρο 14Β(2) επιτρέπει στο δικαστήριο να διατάξει τις εισφορές που θα είχε η νόμιμη απασχόληση, ποτέ λιγότερες από τριών μηνών. Το άρθρο 18ΡΕ(1) απαιτεί έπειτα όλες τις οφειλόμενες αποδοχές, με τεκμήριο τουλάχιστον στο ελάχιστο ημερομίσθιο ή στη συλλογική σύμβαση, όλες τις εισφορές και τους φόρους της νόμιμης απασχόλησης μαζί με τις επιβαρύνσεις καθυστέρησης και τα διοικητικά πρόστιμα, και τη δαπάνη αποστολής των οφειλών στο εξωτερικό. Κατά το άρθρο 18ΡΔ(1) μπορεί να κληθεί να πληρώσει και τα έξοδα επιστροφής, και κατά το άρθρο 14Β(3) να στερηθεί το δικαίωμα εργοδότησης αλλοδαπού συνολικά.

Q: Μπορεί ο/η σύζυγός μου να εργαστεί μόλις φτάσουμε;
A: Όχι κατ' ανάγκη. Το άρθρο 18ΛΔ(1) δίνει στα μέλη της οικογένειας πρόσβαση σε εργασία με τους ίδιους όρους με τον συντηρούντα, αλλά το άρθρο 18ΛΔ(3) επιτρέπει να περιοριστεί αυτή η πρόσβαση για περίοδο μέχρι δώδεκα μήνες, όσο διερευνάται η αγορά εργασίας της Δημοκρατίας, και μετά επιτρέπεται κατόπιν αίτησης. Τα ενήλικα τέκνα και ο/η σύζυγος αποκτούν δική τους άδεια με τη συμπλήρωση πέντε ετών, κατά το άρθρο 18ΛΕ(1).

Q: Πόσο χρόνο μπορεί να πάρει η απόφαση;
A: Το άρθρο 18ΥΖ(1) απαιτεί απόφαση επί του συνόλου της αίτησης το συντομότερο δυνατόν και σε κάθε περίπτωση εντός τεσσάρων μηνών από την υποβολή. Το άρθρο 18ΥΖ(2) επιτρέπει παράταση σε εξαιρετικές περιπτώσεις πολυπλοκότητας, με καταγεγραμμένη προπαρασκευαστική απόφαση. Αν ο φάκελος γυρίσει πίσω για έγγραφο που λείπει, το άρθρο 18ΥΖ(4) αναστέλλει τους τέσσερις μήνες μέχρι να φτάσει το υλικό: το αίτημα για έγγραφα σταματά το ρολόι, δεν το μηδενίζει.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν η άδεια διαμονής λήξει πριν εγκριθεί η ανανέωση;
A: Η άδεια διαμονής χορηγείται για ορισμένο χρόνο και ανανεώνεται πριν λήξει, όχι μετά. Το κενό ανάμεσα στη λήξη και σε μια καθυστερημένη ανανέωση είναι περίοδος παράνομης παραμονής, και δεν εξαφανίζεται όταν τελικά εγκριθεί η ανανέωση. Κατά το άρθρο 6(1) του ΚΕΦ. 105, πρόσωπο που δεν είναι μόνιμος κάτοικος ούτε κάτοχος έγκυρης άδειας μετανάστευσης εμπίπτει στις κατηγορίες απαγορευμένων μεταναστών.

## Άδεια Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου: αγοραστές εκτός ΕΕ
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-adeia-ypourgikou-mi-ee
Πότε χρειάζεται άδεια του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου για αγορά ακινήτου στην Κύπρο από μη Ευρωπαίους αγοραστές: ποιος θεωρείται αλλοδαπός, διαδικασία, έγγραφα και χρόνοι.

Q: Ποιος θεωρείται αλλοδαπός για τους σκοπούς της άδειας;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 2 του ΚΕΦ. 109, αλλοδαπός είναι το πρόσωπο που δεν είναι πολίτης της Δημοκρατίας, και ο όρος περιλαμβάνει εταιρεία ελεγχόμενη από αλλοδαπούς, αλλοδαπή εταιρεία και εμπίστευμα προς όφελος αλλοδαπού. Εταιρεία εγγεγραμμένη στην Κύπρο μπορεί επομένως να είναι και πάλι αλλοδαπός για τον σκοπό αυτόν, και αυτό είναι το σημείο που παραβλέπεται συχνότερα.

Q: Ποιος μένει εκτός του ορισμού;
A: Τέσσερις κατηγορίες. Ο πολίτης κράτους μέλους της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, και εξίσου ο πολίτης κράτους μέρους του Ευρωπαϊκού Οικονομικού Χώρου, που δεν ταυτίζεται με την Ένωση. Το νομικό πρόσωπο που συστάθηκε κατά το δίκαιο κράτους μέλους και έχει την έδρα, την κεντρική του διοίκηση ή την κύρια εγκατάστασή του σε κράτος μέλος του ΕΟΧ. Ο αλλοδαπός Κύπριος, δηλαδή πρόσωπο που δεν είναι πολίτης αλλά γεννήθηκε στην Κύπρο ενώ οι γονείς του διέμεναν συνήθως εκεί. Και η σύζυγος ή ο σύζυγος προσώπου των κατηγοριών αυτών.

Q: Έχει σημασία το μέγεθος του ακινήτου;
A: Έχει. Το άρθρο 3(1Α) προσθέτει κατώφλι: όταν η απόκτηση υπερβαίνει ό,τι είναι απολύτως αναγκαίο για κατοικία ή επαγγελματική στέγη, και σε κάθε περίπτωση υπερβαίνει τις δύο σκάλες, η άδεια υπόκειται επιπλέον στους όρους, τους περιορισμούς και τα κριτήρια που καθορίζονται με Κανονισμούς του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου, εγκεκριμένους από τη Βουλή.

Q: Καθυστερεί η άδεια την αγορά;
A: Στην πράξη είναι διαχειρίσιμη διατύπωση, εφόσον η αγορά οργανωθεί γύρω από αυτήν εξαρχής, διότι η έγκριση απαιτείται για την εγγραφή του τίτλου και όχι για την υπογραφή του πωλητηρίου εγγράφου.

## Αδειοδότηση ενεργειακού έργου και σύνδεση στο δίκτυο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-adeiodotisi-energeiakou-ergou
Πότε χρειάζεται άδεια της ΡΑΕΚ κατά το άρθρο 26 και πότε αρκεί γενική άδεια κατά το άρθρο 27, τα κατώφλια 20kW, 30kW και 50kW, και οι ευέλικτες συνδέσεις.

Q: Πότε χρειάζεται άδεια της ΡΑΕΚ;
A: Το άρθρο 26(1) του Ν. 130(Ι)/2021 απαγορεύει τη διεξαγωγή δεκατεσσάρων δραστηριοτήτων χωρίς άδεια. Οι δύο που αφορούν άμεσα έναν αναπτυξιακό φορέα είναι η κατασκευή σταθμού παραγωγής ηλεκτρισμού ή η παραγωγή ηλεκτρισμού, και η προμήθεια ηλεκτρισμού σε τελικούς ή χονδρικούς πελάτες. Οι υπόλοιπες αφορούν διαχειριστές και ιδιοκτήτες συστημάτων, τον Λειτουργό της Αγοράς, τον Υπεύθυνο Φορέα Εξισορρόπησης και τους φορείς σωρευτικής εκπροσώπησης.

Q: Χρειάζεται άδεια η μπαταρία δίπλα στο πάρκο;
A: Ναι, και εκπλήσσει. Η παράγραφος (ιγ) υπάγει σε άδεια την εγκατάσταση ή λειτουργία εγκατάστασης αποθήκευσης ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, εξαιρώντας ρητά μόνο τις εγκαταστάσεις που λειτουργούν αποκλειστικά για ιδία χρήση, ενώ η παράγραφος (ιδ) υπάγει σε άδεια την κατασκευή απευθείας γραμμής κατά το άρθρο 100. Η μπαταρία και η ιδιωτική γραμμή δεν είναι παρελκόμενα του έργου: είναι δικές τους αδειοδοτούμενες δραστηριότητες.

Q: Ποια είναι τα κατώφλια της γενικής άδειας;
A: Τρία, και δεν είναι το ίδιο πράγμα. Κατά το άρθρο 27(1)(β), παραγωγή από εγκαταστάσεις μέγιστης ισχύος έως 20kW· κατά την παράγραφο (γ), παραγωγή για ιδία χρήση από συστήματα έως 30kW· και κατά την παράγραφο (δ), παραγωγή από σταθμούς ανανεώσιμων πηγών έως 50kW. Το κατώφλι επομένως εξαρτάται από το τι είναι το έργο και ποιον εξυπηρετεί, όχι μόνο από τα κιλοβάτ.

Q: Γιατί αποτυγχάνουν τα ενεργειακά έργα;
A: Σπάνια στη μηχανολογία. Σκοντάφτουν στο ότι η άδεια είχε όρο που το τεμάχιο δεν μπορούσε να ικανοποιήσει, ή στο ότι το σημείο σύνδεσης αποδείχθηκε ανύπαρκτο ή απομακρυσμένο κατά έτη. Η ρυθμιστική θέση, η θέση στο δίκτυο και η σύμβαση πώλησης δεν είναι τρία χωριστά μέτωπα: το καθένα περιορίζει τα άλλα δύο, και η σειρά κρίνει τη βιωσιμότητα.

## Εταιρεία 50-50 σε αδιέξοδο: οι επιλογές
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-adiexodo-50-50
Όταν δύο ίσοι μέτοχοι δεν συμφωνούν σε τίποτα: οι μηχανισμοί των εγγράφων, η διαπραγματευτική έξοδος, το άρθρο 202, και η διάλυση ως μοχλός και όχι ως στόχος.

Q: Ποιο άρθρο επιτρέπει τη διάλυση σε αδιέξοδο;
A: Το άρθρο 211(στ) του ΚΕΦ. 113: εταιρεία δύναται να εκκαθαριστεί από το Δικαστήριο αν το Δικαστήριο έχει τη γνώμη ότι είναι δίκαιο και σύμφωνο με τους κανόνες της επιείκειας να εκκαθαριστεί. Δεν απαιτείται αφερεγγυότητα ούτε παρανομία· αρκεί ότι η εταιρεία δεν μπορεί πλέον να λειτουργήσει όπως συμφωνήθηκε.

Q: Υπάρχει κάτι ηπιότερο από τη διάλυση;
A: Ναι, το άρθρο 202. Μέλος που παραπονείται ότι οι υποθέσεις διεξάγονται με τρόπο καταπιεστικό μέρους των μελών, περιλαμβανομένου του ιδίου, υποβάλλει αίτηση στο Δικαστήριο. Το άρθρο 202(2) απαιτεί το Δικαστήριο να διαπιστώσει και την καταπίεση και ότι η εκκαθάριση θα έβλαπτε το μέρος αυτό ενώ τα γεγονότα θα τη δικαιολογούσαν, και τότε δύναται να εκδώσει τέτοιο διάταγμα που θεωρεί σωστό, είτε για τη ρύθμιση των μελλοντικών υποθέσεων της εταιρείας είτε άλλως.

Q: Τι μπορεί πράγματι να διατάξει το Δικαστήριο κατά το άρθρο 202;
A: Το άρθρο 202(2) δεν περιορίζει τη θεραπεία σε κατάλογο: επιτρέπει τέτοιο διάταγμα που το Δικαστήριο θεωρεί σωστό για την επίλυση των θεμάτων για τα οποία υποβλήθηκε το παράπονο, είτε για τη ρύθμιση των μελλοντικών υποθέσεων της εταιρείας είτε άλλως. Γι' αυτό η αίτηση κατά το άρθρο 202 είναι συνήθως ισχυρότερος μοχλός από την αίτηση διάλυσης: αφήνει στο τραπέζι μια λύση που κρατά την επιχείρηση ζωντανή.

Q: Ο συνέταιρός μου αρνείται και να πουλήσει και να αγοράσει. Τι γίνεται;
A: Αυτή είναι η κατάσταση για την οποία υπάρχουν οι δικαστικές διέξοδοι: το άρθρο 202 όπου υπάρχει καταπιεστική μεταχείριση, και η αίτηση διάλυσης ως έσχατο. Στην πράξη, η σοβαρή προετοιμασία για τον δικαστικό δρόμο είναι συχνά αυτό που ξεμπλοκάρει τη διαπραγμάτευση.

Q: Μπορώ να σταματήσω να υπογράφω πληρωμές για να τον πιέσω;
A: Η πίεση μέσω παράλυσης της εταιρείας είναι δίκοπη: ζημιώνει και τη δική σας μισή αξία, και μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί εναντίον σας ως εικόνα του ποιος προκάλεσε το αδιέξοδο. Η στρατηγική των κινήσεων μέσα στην εταιρεία σχεδιάζεται πριν εφαρμοστεί.

Q: Πόσο κρατά μια τέτοια υπόθεση;
A: Η διαπραγματευτική λύση μετριέται σε εβδομάδες ή λίγους μήνες. Η δικαστική οδός είναι υπόθεση ετών. Η απόσταση ανάμεσα στα δύο είναι ο λόγος που σχεδόν πάντα αξίζει να εξαντληθεί η πρώτη, με τη δεύτερη έτοιμη στο βάθος.

## Αυτοκατανάλωση και φωτοβολταϊκά: πού κρύβονται οι κανόνες
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-aftokatanalosi-fotovoltaika-kypros
Το κυπριακό πλαίσιο αυτοκατανάλωσης στις Ρυθμιστικές Αποφάσεις 02/2024 και 01/2025: γιατί η από κοινού αυτοκατανάλωση απαιτεί ίδιο κτίριο, και το δικαίωμα μη περικοπής.

Q: Πού είναι γραμμένοι οι κανόνες για την αυτοκατανάλωση;
A: Όχι στους νόμους. Στη Ρυθμιστική Απόφαση 02/2024 της ΡΑΕΚ, ΚΔΠ 375/2024 της 15ης Νοεμβρίου 2024, όπως τροποποιήθηκε με τη Ρυθμιστική Απόφαση 01/2025, ΚΔΠ 243/2025 της 1ης Αυγούστου 2025. Οι δύο διαβάζονται μαζί.

Q: Μπορούν γείτονες να μοιραστούν μια εγκατάσταση;
A: Μόνο εντός του ίδιου κτιρίου. Το πλαίσιο ορίζει τη γεωγραφική εγγύτητα που απαιτείται για αυτοκαταναλωτές που ενεργούν από κοινού ως τα όρια του ίδιου κτιρίου. Ο διαμοιρασμός σε χωριστά κτίρια πρέπει να δομηθεί διαφορετικά.

Q: Μπορεί να περικοπεί η παραγωγή μου όταν το δίκτυο περιορίζεται;
A: Το άρθρο 38(2)(δ) του Ν. 107(Ι)/2022 δίνει στους αυτοκαταναλωτές με τεχνική δυνατότητα μηδενικής έγχυσης δικαίωμα να μην περικόπτεται η ενέργεια που παράγουν και παραμένει στις εγκαταστάσεις τους, όταν η περικοπή γίνεται για διασφάλιση του συστήματος.

Q: Αλλάζει το πλαίσιο την υφιστάμενη ρύθμιση συμψηφισμού μου;
A: Όχι αυτομάτως. Το πλαίσιο ορίζει ότι τα υφιστάμενα σχήματα συμψηφισμού συνεχίζουν να εφαρμόζουν τους δικούς τους όρους, οπότε το ποιο καθεστώς διέπει μια εγκατάσταση εξαρτάται από το πότε και υπό τι συνδέθηκε.

Q: Υπάρχει όριο στο μέγεθος της εγκατάστασης;
A: Το πλαίσιο προβλέπει ότι δύνανται να τίθενται όρια μέγιστης ισχύος, με εισήγηση του Διαχειριστή Συστήματος Διανομής. Είναι σημείο προς έλεγχο κατά τον χρόνο του, όχι προς υπόθεση.

## Αγωγή αμέλειας: τα τέσσερα στοιχεία, με τη σειρά
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-agogi-ameleias
Καθήκον, μέτρο, αιτιώδης σύνδεσμος και ζημιά κατά το Κεφ. 148. Το τρίτο είναι το συνηθέστερο σημείο αποτυχίας, και η προθεσμία μετρά πάνω από όλα.

Q: Ο υπαίτιος δεν έχει χρήματα. Υπάρχει νόημα;
A: Το πρώτο ερώτημα είναι αν λογοδοτεί κάποιος άλλος: εργοδότης, εντολέας, ή ασφαλιστής πίσω από τον εναγόμενο. Αν δεν υπάρχει φερέγγυος εναγόμενος, σας το λέμε πριν ξοδέψετε οτιδήποτε.

Q: Χρειάζομαι έκθεση εμπειρογνώμονα πριν ξεκινήσω;
A: Όπου το μέτρο επιμέλειας είναι επαγγελματικό ή τεχνικό, ουσιαστικά ναι. Όπου η αμέλεια είναι προφανής και στον μη ειδικό, όχι, αλλά η μαρτυρία για τον αιτιώδη σύνδεσμο πρέπει και πάλι να συγκεντρωθεί πρώτα.

Q: Η αμέλεια συνέβη πριν από τέσσερα χρόνια. Τελείωσε;
A: Συνήθως, αλλά όχι πάντοτε: η επέκταση λόγω γνώσης σε αξιώσεις σωματικής βλάβης και οι στενές αναστολές σημαίνουν ότι το ερώτημα της ημερομηνίας αξίζει απάντηση επί των δικών σας γεγονότων πριν εγκαταλειφθεί η απαίτηση.

Q: Ποια είναι τα τέσσερα στοιχεία;
A: Καθήκον επιμέλειας, πτώση κάτω από το απαιτούμενο μέτρο, αιτιώδης σύνδεσμος με τη ζημιά, και ζημιά τέτοιου είδους που ο νόμος αποζημιώνει. Η αξίωση είναι τόσο ισχυρή όσο το ασθενέστερο από αυτά.

Q: Πού αποτυγχάνουν συνήθως;
A: Στο τρίτο. Το να αποδειχθεί ότι η ζημιά συνέβη είναι εύκολο· το να αποδειχθεί ότι την προκάλεσε η πράξη αυτού του εναγομένου, και όχι κάτι άλλο, είναι η υπόθεση.

Q: Ισχύει διαφορετικό μέτρο για επαγγελματία;
A: Ναι. Για τον επαγγελματία το μέτρο είναι αυτό του λογικά ικανού μέλους του επαγγέλματός του, και κρίνεται συνήθως με μαρτυρία εμπειρογνώμονα.

Q: Από πότε τρέχει η προθεσμία;
A: Από τη γέννηση του αγώγιμου δικαιώματος, όχι από τη στιγμή που αποφασίσατε να ενεργήσετε.

## Αγωγές φίμωσης: ο νέος Ν. 24(Ι)/2026 και τι δίνει
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-agogi-fimosis-kypros
Ο Ν. 24(Ι)/2026 δίνει σε εναγόμενο για θέμα δημόσιου συμφέροντος εγγύηση εξόδων, πρώιμη απόρριψη και ολόκληρα τα έξοδα. Ισχύει από τις 7 Μαΐου 2026.

Q: Τι είναι αγωγή φίμωσης, με τα λόγια του κυπριακού νόμου;
A: Το άρθρο 2 ορίζει τις καταχρηστικές δικαστικές διαδικασίες προς αποθάρρυνση της συμμετοχής του κοινού ως διαδικασίες στις οποίες ασκούνται αβάσιμες αγωγές που δεν έχουν ως κύριο σκοπό την πραγματική άσκηση ή προστασία ενός δικαιώματος, αλλά την αποτροπή, τον περιορισμό ή την τιμωρία της συμμετοχής του κοινού, μεταξύ άλλων με εκμετάλλευση της ανισορροπίας ισχύος μεταξύ των διαδίκων. Απαριθμεί τέσσερις ενδείξεις: δυσανάλογο, υπερβολικό ή παράλογο αντικείμενο, περιλαμβανομένης της υπέρμετρης αξίας της διαφοράς· πολλαπλές αγωγές για παρόμοιες υποθέσεις από τον ίδιο ή συνδεδεμένα πρόσωπα· εκφοβιστική, παρενοχλητική ή απειλητική συμπεριφορά πριν ή κατά τη διαδικασία ή σε παράλληλες υποθέσεις· και κακόπιστη ή παρελκυστική χρήση της διαδικασίας, περιλαμβανομένης της καθυστέρησης, της δόλιας άγρας δικαστηρίου και της κακόπιστης διακοπής σε μεταγενέστερο στάδιο.

Q: Τι ακριβώς μπορεί να ζητήσει ο εναγόμενος;
A: Τρία πράγματα, κατά το άρθρο 6, κατά την έναρξη της διαδικασίας που εγέρθηκε εναντίον του επειδή προέβη σε ενέργειες συμμετοχής του κοινού. Χρηματική εγγύηση κατά το άρθρο 10, όπου το Δικαστήριο μπορεί να διατάξει τον ενάγοντα να καταθέσει ποσό για τα εκτιμώμενα έξοδα του εναγόμενου, με την επιφύλαξη του δικαιώματος πρόσβασης στη δικαιοσύνη. Απόρριψη προδήλως αβάσιμης αγωγής σε πρώιμο στάδιο κατά το άρθρο 11. Και τα μέσα του Μέρους IV κατά των καταχρηστικών διαδικασιών. Το άρθρο 7 επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να αποφασίσει επί οποιασδήποτε από αυτές με συνοπτική απόφαση.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν η αγωγή εγερθεί στο εξωτερικό;
A: Δύο διατάξεις τη φτάνουν. Το άρθρο 16 υποχρεώνει το Δικαστήριο να απορρίψει αίτημα αναγνώρισης ή εκτέλεσης απόφασης τρίτης χώρας, αν κρίνει τη διαδικασία που την παρήγαγε προδήλως αβάσιμη ή καταχρηστική. Το άρθρο 17(1) επιτρέπει σε πρόσωπο με κατοικία στη Δημοκρατία, που ενάγεται σε τρίτη χώρα από κάποιον που δεν διαμένει σε κράτος μέλος της Ένωσης, να αξιώσει ενώπιον του Δικαστηρίου αποζημίωση για τη ζημιά και τα έξοδα που υπέστη ενώπιον του αλλοδαπού δικαστηρίου. Το άρθρο 17(2) επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να αναστείλει τη δικαιοδοσία του ενόσω εκκρεμεί η αλλοδαπή διαδικασία.

Q: Με προστατεύει ο Νόμος αν η υπόθεση είναι εξ ολοκλήρου κυπριακή;
A: Όχι με τους δικούς του όρους. Το άρθρο 4(1) τον εφαρμόζει σε υποθέσεις με διασυνοριακές επιπτώσεις, και το άρθρο 5(1) ορίζει ότι υπόθεση δεν είναι διασυνοριακή μόνο όταν συντρέχουν και τα τρία: και οι δύο διάδικοι έχουν κατοικία στη Δημοκρατία, το αρμόδιο δικαστήριο εδράζεται στη Δημοκρατία, και όλα τα στοιχεία βρίσκονται στη Δημοκρατία. Αν λείπει ένα από τα τρία, η υπόθεση είναι μέσα στον Νόμο. Το άρθρο 4(4) διατηρεί επίσης κάθε ευνοϊκότερη προστασία άλλου νόμου.

Q: Μπορεί ο ενάγων να γλιτώσει αποσύροντας την αγωγή;
A: Όχι, και αυτή είναι η διάταξη που αλλάζει την αριθμητική. Το άρθρο 8 ορίζει ότι κάθε μεταγενέστερη τροποποίηση της αγωγής ή των δικογράφων από τον ενάγοντα, περιλαμβανομένης της απόσυρσης, δεν θίγει τη δυνατότητα του εναγόμενου να ζητήσει τα μέσα του Μέρους IV.

Q: Ποιος αποδεικνύει τι στην αίτηση απόρριψης;
A: Το άρθρο 12(1) βάζει το βάρος απόδειξης του βασίμου στον ενάγοντα. Το άρθρο 12(2) πηγαίνει παραπέρα: όταν ο εναγόμενος ζητά συνοπτική απόφαση απόρριψης σε πρώιμο στάδιο, ο ενάγων φέρει το βάρος να παραθέσει τα απαραίτητα στοιχεία ώστε το Δικαστήριο να κρίνει αν η απαίτηση είναι προδήλως αβάσιμη.

Q: Τι έξοδα επιδικάζονται;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 14(1) το Δικαστήριο δύναται να διατάξει τον ενάγοντα καταχρηστικής διαδικασίας να καταβάλει τα έξοδα του εναγόμενου, και κατά το άρθρο 14(3) τα έξοδα αυτά περιλαμβάνουν το σύνολο των εξόδων νομικής εκπροσώπησης, εκτός αν κριθούν υπερβολικά. Το άρθρο 15 προσθέτει και αποζημίωση, εφόσον περιλαμβάνεται στην ανταπαίτηση.

Q: Ποιο δικαστήριο εκδικάζει τις αιτήσεις αυτές;
A: Το άρθρο 2 ορίζει ως Δικαστήριο, για τους σκοπούς του Νόμου, το Επαρχιακό Δικαστήριο Λευκωσίας, περιλαμβανομένου οποιουδήποτε δικαστή του με δικαιοδοσία επί του θέματος.

Q: Πότε αρχίζει, και πιάνει αγωγή που ήδη καταχωρίστηκε;
A: Το άρθρο 23 τον θέτει σε ισχύ στις 7 Μαΐου 2026. Το άρθρο 22 ορίζει ότι διαδικασία εντός του πεδίου εφαρμογής που εκκρεμεί ή είχε καταχωριστεί πριν από την έναρξη ισχύος συνεχίζεται και αποπερατώνεται από το δικαστήριο ενώπιον του οποίου εκκρεμεί, άνευ επηρεασμού των διατάξεων του Νόμου.

Q: Αλλάζει αυτό το δίκαιο της δυσφήμησης;
A: Όχι. Είναι δικονομικός. Τα στοιχεία της δυσφήμησης και της επιζήμιας ψευδολογίας κατά το ΚΕΦ. 148, και η ετήσια παραγραφή του άρθρου 6(4) του Ν. 66(Ι)/2012, μένουν ως έχουν. Αλλάζει το τι μπορεί να κάνει ο εναγόμενος για αγωγή που εγέρθηκε για να φιμώσει και όχι για να κερδίσει.

## Αγωγή χωρίς δικηγόρο: η τίμια απάντηση
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-agogi-xoris-dikigoro
Πότε έχει λογική η αυτοπρόσωπη εμφάνιση, τι αναλαμβάνει όποιος τη διαλέξει, πού κρύβονται τα ρίσκα, και οι ενδιάμεσοι δρόμοι που οι περισσότεροι αγνοούν.

Q: Ποιο Μέρος διέπει τις μικρές απαιτήσεις;
A: Το Μέρος 29 των Κανονισμών Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023. Ο κ. 29.4 προβλέπει απλοποιημένη προετοιμασία και ο κ. 29.3 δίνει στο δικαστήριο εξουσία να χορηγήσει τελική θεραπεία, ενώ ο κ. 29.2 επιτρέπει να εφαρμοστούν και άλλα Μέρη κατά δικαστική κρίση. Το χρηματικό όριο δεν βρίσκεται μέσα στους ίδιους τους Κανονισμούς: ο κ. 29.1 το αφήνει να καθορίζεται βάσει οδηγιών, οπότε ελέγχεται στις ισχύουσες οδηγίες και όχι στο κείμενο του Μέρους.

Q: Ποιος αποφασίζει σε ποια διαδικασία μπαίνει η υπόθεσή μου;
A: Το δικαστήριο, στο προκαταρκτικό στάδιο διαχείρισης του Μέρους 28, και ο κ. 28.5 απαιτεί οι διάδικοι να ειδοποιούνται για την ταξινόμηση. Δεν είναι επιλογή του ενάγοντος. Αν η υπόθεση καταλήξει στις συνήθεις απαιτήσεις του Μέρους 30, ακολουθούν αποκάλυψη εγγράφων, ανταλλαγή δηλώσεων μαρτύρων και εκθέσεις εμπειρογνωμόνων κατά τον κ. 30.3, και ο κατάλογος προδικαστικού ελέγχου του κ. 30.4 έχει προθεσμία που, κατά τον κ. 2.11, δεν παρατείνεται ούτε με συμφωνία των διαδίκων.

Q: Αν κερδίσω, παίρνω τα έξοδά μου χωρίς δικηγόρο;
A: Ο κ. 39.1 θέτει τον γενικό κανόνα ότι τα έξοδα ακολουθούν το αποτέλεσμα, υπό τη διακριτική ευχέρεια του δικαστηρίου, και ο κ. 39.3 προβλέπει ειδικούς κανόνες για τους αυτοεκπροσωπούμενους διαδίκους. Ο υπολογισμός γίνεται με βάση την αρχή της αναλογικότητας του κ. 39.12, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την αξία, την πολυπλοκότητα και το αποτέλεσμα. Η πρακτική συνέπεια είναι ότι ο αυτοεκπροσωπούμενος νικητής δεν ανακτά ό,τι θα ανακτούσε αν είχε δικηγόρο.

Q: Πού κινδυνεύει περισσότερο ο αυτοεκπροσωπούμενος;
A: Στα έξοδα, και όχι στην ουσία. Ο κ. 39.2 απαριθμεί τι σταθμίζει το δικαστήριο: αν διάδικος παρέλειψε να συμμορφωθεί με προδικαστικό πρωτόκολλο, αν ενήργησε εντός εύλογων ορίων, αν δεν έγινε αποδεκτή πρόταση διακανονισμού του Μέρους 35, αν άσκησε δικαίωμα κατά τρόπο που αύξησε τα έξοδα, και τη γενική διαγωγή του. Τα προδικαστικά πρωτόκολλα βρίσκονται στους κ. 3.9 έως 3.17 και στο Παράρτημα Ι, και η μη τήρησή τους μετρά στα έξοδα ακόμη κι όταν η απαίτηση είναι βάσιμη.

Q: Τι είναι η πρόταση διακανονισμού και γιατί με αφορά;
A: Είναι ο μηχανισμός του Μέρους 35, με Έντυπο αρ. 58. Ο κ. 35.2 δηλώνει τον σκοπό ρητά: ενθάρρυνση προσφορών διακανονισμού με επιπτώσεις στα έξοδα. Ο κ. 35.3 απαιτεί η πρόταση να αναφέρει το ποσό ή τη θεραπεία και τον χρόνο αποδοχής, ο κ. 35.4 επιτρέπει την υποβολή σε οποιοδήποτε στάδιο, και οι κ. 35.5 και 35.6 απαιτούν να δηλώνεται ρητά αν περιλαμβάνει τόκο, έξοδα ή ανταπαίτηση. Απόρριψη μιας τέτοιας πρότασης και έπειτα αποτέλεσμα όχι καλύτερο από αυτήν είναι ο συνηθέστερος τρόπος με τον οποίο ένας αυτοεκπροσωπούμενος διάδικος κερδίζει την υπόθεση και χάνει στα έξοδα.

Q: Το ποσό είναι 2.000 ευρώ. Αξίζει δικηγόρος;
A: Ίσως όχι για πλήρη εκπροσώπηση, και αυτό θα σας το πούμε ευθέως. Αξίζει όμως σχεδόν πάντα μια σύντομη συμβουλή πριν ξεκινήσετε: να επιβεβαιωθεί ότι η αξίωση στέκει, ποια είναι η προθεσμία της, και πώς στήνεται σωστά η απαίτηση. Το κόστος της είναι μικρό και σας γλιτώνει από τα ακριβά λάθη.

Q: Αν χάσω, θα πληρώσω και τα έξοδα του άλλου;
A: Κατά κανόνα ο ηττημένος διάδικος καλείται να συνεισφέρει στα έξοδα του νικητή. Αυτό ισχύει είτε έχετε δικηγόρο είτε όχι, και πρέπει να μπει στη ζυγαριά πριν από την καταχώριση, όχι μετά.

Q: Ξεκίνησα μόνος και η υπόθεση περιπλέχθηκε. Μπορεί να αναλάβει δικηγόρος στη μέση;
A: Ναι, και γίνεται συχνά. Όσο νωρίτερα όμως, τόσο καλύτερα: ο δικηγόρος που παραλαμβάνει υπόθεση κληρονομεί και τα δικόγραφα που ήδη καταχωρίστηκαν, και δεν διορθώνονται όλα εκ των υστέρων.

## Αγορά ακινήτου στην Κύπρο: τα βήματα με τη σειρά τους
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-agora-akinitou-vimata
Τα βήματα της αγοράς ακινήτου στην Κύπρο με τη σωστή σειρά: έλεγχος, σύμβαση, κατάθεση στο Κτηματολόγιο εντός έξι μηνών, και μεταβίβαση. Τι προστατεύει το καθένα.

Q: Μπορώ να κάνω τον έλεγχο μόνος μου στο Κτηματολόγιο;
A: Η έρευνα τίτλου γίνεται με εξουσιοδότηση, αλλά το ζητούμενο δεν είναι η πρόσβαση, είναι η ανάγνωση: τι σημαίνει η κάθε εγγραφή για τη δική σας αγορά, και τι πρέπει να μπει στη σύμβαση εξαιτίας της.

Q: Ο πωλητής πιέζει να υπογράψουμε μέσα στην εβδομάδα. Είναι κακό σημάδι;
A: Όχι απαραίτητα, αλλά η πίεση δεν αλλάζει τη σειρά. Ο έλεγχος μπορεί να επιταχυνθεί. Το να παραλειφθεί δεν είναι επιτάχυνση, είναι μεταφορά του ρίσκου σε εσάς.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για την κατάθεση της σύμβασης στο Κτηματολόγιο;
A: Έξι μήνες από την υπογραφή της. Εκπρόθεσμη κατάθεση επιτρέπεται μόνο με άδεια δικαστηρίου, όταν κριθεί δίκαιο και εύλογο για την προστασία του αγοραστή, και δεν είναι κάτι στο οποίο πρέπει να βασίζεται κανείς εκ των προτέρων.

Q: Αγοράζω από το εξωτερικό. Αλλάζει κάτι;
A: Η σειρά μένει ίδια και όλα γίνονται μέσω πληρεξουσίου εγγράφου. Δείτε τη σελίδα για αγορά μέσω πληρεξουσίου.

## Αγορά επί σχεδίου: τι σας προστατεύει στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-agora-epi-schediou
Η γη ελέγχεται πριν από το διαφημιστικό, η παραίτηση της τράπεζας αφορά τη συγκεκριμένη μονάδα, και οι πληρωμές δένονται σε στάδια και όχι σε ημερομηνίες.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω να καταθέσω τη σύμβαση;
A: Έξι μήνες. Το άρθρο 3(1)(γ) του Ν. 81(Ι)/2011 απαιτεί η σύμβαση να κατατεθεί εντός έξι μηνών από την ημερομηνία υπογραφής της, στο επαρχιακό κτηματολογικό γραφείο της επαρχίας όπου βρίσκεται το ακίνητο. Επιφυλάξεις μετακινούν την αφετηρία όταν το ακίνητο δεν είναι ακόμη εγγεγραμμένο στο όνομα πωλητή, σε σύμβαση αντιπαροχής, και όταν ο αγοραστής είναι εκδοχέας.

Q: Τι μου δίνει πράγματι η κατάθεση;
A: Το άρθρο 5(1) ορίζει ότι η κατάθεση της σύμβασης συνιστά εμπράγματο βάρος επί του ακινήτου, και ότι το βάρος ακολουθεί τη σειρά προτεραιότητας που λαμβάνει με την κατάθεσή του. Αυτή είναι όλη η προστασία: σας βάζει στη σειρά πάνω στον τίτλο, μπροστά από ό,τι εγγραφεί μετά και πίσω από ό,τι εγγράφηκε πριν.

Q: Έχασα τους έξι μήνες. Χάθηκε η ειδική εκτέλεση;
A: Όχι κατ' ανάγκη, αλλά γίνεται διακριτική. Το άρθρο 6(2) επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να διατάξει ειδική εκτέλεση γραπτής μη κατατεθειμένης ή προφορικής σύμβασης, όταν το κρίνει δίκαιο και εύλογο και εφόσον δεν επηρεάζονται δικαιώματα τρίτων από προγενέστερα βάρη ή απαγορεύσεις. Το άρθρο 12 επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο, κατόπιν αίτησης, να επιτρέψει την κατάθεση ή την έγερση αγωγής εκπρόθεσμα για συμβάσεις που παραμένουν σε ισχύ. Και τα δύο εξαρτώνται από το αν κάποιος άλλος ενέγραψε κάτι στο μεταξύ.

Q: Υπάρχει προθεσμία και για την ίδια την αγωγή;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 6(1)(β) απαιτεί η αγωγή για διάταγμα ειδικής εκτέλεσης να εγερθεί εντός της περιόδου παραγραφής που προβλέπει ο εκάστοτε σε ισχύ νόμος για απαιτήσεις από παράβαση σύμβασης. Η κατάθεση προστατεύει τη σειρά σας· δεν σταματά τον χρόνο της απαίτησης.

Q: Τι μπορεί να επιβάλει το διάταγμα στον πωλητή;
A: Το άρθρο 7(1) επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να διατάξει την ειδική εκτέλεση υπό οποιουσδήποτε όρους κρίνει αναγκαίους. Το άρθρο 7(2) επιτρέπει το διάταγμα να προνοεί και διαταγή λήψης όλων των αναγκαίων μέτρων και διαβημάτων προς εξασφάλιση των πιστοποιητικών, αδειών ή εγκρίσεων που απαιτούνται για χωριστή εγγραφή. Στην αγορά επί σχεδίου αυτό είναι συχνά το ουσιώδες μέρος: το εμπόδιο είναι ένα πιστοποιητικό που λείπει και όχι ένας απρόθυμος πωλητής.

Q: Τι ελέγχω πρώτο σε αγορά επί σχεδίου;
A: Τη γη, όχι το διαφημιστικό. Έρευνα στο Κτηματολόγιο για το αν ο φορέας είναι ιδιοκτήτης, αν το τεμάχιο είναι υποθηκευμένο και ποιες επιβαρύνσεις θα προηγούνται των δικαιωμάτων σας, και επαλήθευση των πολεοδομικών και οικοδομικών αδειών.

Q: Το τεμάχιο είναι υποθηκευμένο. Είναι πρόβλημα;
A: Είναι ο κανόνας στα αναπτυξιακά έργα, και αντιμετωπίζεται με την παραίτηση ή βεβαίωση του δανειστή για τη συγκεκριμένη μονάδα, ώστε η εξασφάλιση της τράπεζας να μην υπερισχύσει της σύμβασής σας.

Q: Πώς πρέπει να κλιμακώνονται οι πληρωμές;
A: Με στάδια κατασκευής που επαληθεύονται, όχι με ημερομηνίες. Η σύμβαση πρέπει επίσης να ορίζει χρόνο παράδοσης με συνέπειες αν χαθεί, τι γίνεται αν οι άδειες δεν εκδοθούν, και ποιος αναλαμβάνει το κόστος τακτοποίησης παρατυπιών.

Q: Πότε θα πάρω τίτλο;
A: Ο ξεχωριστός τίτλος εκδίδεται μετά την ολοκλήρωση του διαχωρισμού του μητρικού ακινήτου, που απαιτεί τις αναγκαίες άδειες και τα πιστοποιητικά έγκρισης. Στην πράξη ο αγοραστής ζει με τη σύμβαση για χρόνια, γι' αυτό η ποιότητά της είναι η θέση του.

## Ακάλυπτη Επιταγή στην Κύπρο: Τα Δικαιώματα του Κατόχου
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-akalypti-epitagi-kypros
Η δέσμευση του εκδότη κατά το ΚΕΦ. 262, η ειδοποίηση μη τίμησης που απαλλάσσει τους απρόσεκτους, ο τόκος από την παρουσίαση, και η συνοπτική απόφαση.

Q: Η ακάλυπτη επιταγή είναι έγκλημα στην Κύπρο, ή μόνο χρέος;
A: Και τα δύο, και τρέχουν παράλληλα. Το άρθρο 305Α του Ποινικού Κώδικα, ΚΕΦ. 154, που εισήγαγε ο Νόμος 18(I)/2006, καθιστά αδίκημα την έκδοση επιταγής που παρουσιάζεται και δεν εξοφλείται λόγω έλλειψης διαθέσιμων κεφαλαίων ή κλειστού λογαριασμού, και που μετά παραμένει απλήρωτη για δεκαπέντε ημέρες από την παρουσίαση. Η ποινή σε καταδίκη είναι φυλάκιση μέχρι τρία έτη ή χρηματική ποινή μέχρι δέκα χιλιάδες ευρώ ή και τα δύο. Το άρθρο 36 του ΚΕΦ. 155 αφήνει άθικτη την πολιτική αγωγή: δεν αναστέλλεται ούτε επηρεάζεται επειδή τα ίδια γεγονότα συνιστούν και αδίκημα.

Q: Μπορώ να ασκήσω εγώ την ποινική δίωξη, ή πρέπει η αστυνομία και η Νομική Υπηρεσία;
A: Μπορείτε να την ασκήσετε εσείς. Κατά το άρθρο 37 του ΚΕΦ. 155 η δίωξη αρχίζει με κατηγορητήριο που απαγγέλλεται ενώπιον Δικαστηρίου, και κατά το άρθρο 38 το κατηγορητήριο υπογράφεται από ή εκ μέρους του προσώπου που το απαγγέλλει· κανένα από τα δύο άρθρα δεν περιορίζει το πρόσωπο αυτό σε δημόσιο κατήγορο. Ο Νόμος αναγνωρίζει ρητά την ιδιωτική δίωξη: το άρθρο 7Α αφορά την πρόσβαση του κατηγορουμένου στο υλικό του κατήγορου σε ιδιωτική ποινική διαδικασία, και το άρθρο 141(1)(β) απαιτεί να ειδοποιείται ο μηνυτής και όχι ο Γενικός Εισαγγελέας όταν η υπόθεση είναι ιδιωτική. Το όριο που αξίζει να γνωρίζετε πριν ξεκινήσετε είναι το άρθρο 3Β(2)(α), που διατηρεί τη συνταγματική εξουσία του Γενικού Εισαγγελέα να επιλαμβάνεται, να συνεχίζει ή να διακόπτει οποιαδήποτε διαδικασία.

Q: Τι απαιτεί πρακτικά η ανάληψη ιδιωτικής δίωξης;
A: Φάκελο κατηγορούσας αρχής, έτοιμο πριν απαγγελθεί το κατηγορητήριο. Το άρθρο 7Α δίνει στον κατηγορούμενο, με γραπτό αίτημα, δωρεάν πρόσβαση εντός είκοσι μίας ημερών σε όλα τα έγγραφα και το μαρτυρικό υλικό που κατέχει ο κατήγορος, περιλαμβανομένου ονομαστικού καταλόγου μαρτύρων, υπογραμμένης γραπτής δήλωσης κάθε παραπονούμενου με τη μαρτυρία του επί όλων των γεγονότων, και σύνοψης της μαρτυρίας κάθε άλλου μάρτυρα, με την ίδια υποχρέωση για υλικό ή μάρτυρες που προκύπτουν αργότερα.

Q: Ο εκδότης σταμάτησε την επιταγή αντί να την αφήσει να μην τιμηθεί. Αποφεύγει το αδίκημα;
A: Όχι από μόνο του. Το άρθρο 305Α(2) καθιστά το ίδιο αδίκημα, με τις ίδιες ποινές, την πρόκληση μη εξόφλησης της δικής σας επιταγής με οποιαδήποτε πράξη, χωρίς εύλογη αιτία, οποτεδήποτε πριν ή κατά την ημερομηνία που κατέστη πληρωτέα. Η επιφύλαξη ορίζει πώς διατηρείται η υπεράσπιση: η εύλογη αιτία προβάλλεται όταν, κατά ή πριν από την παρουσίαση, ο εκδότης παρέθεσε γραπτώς στο πιστωτικό ίδρυμα τον λόγο ή τους λόγους της εντολής μη πληρωμής.

Q: Υπάρχει περίπτωση που το άρθρο 305Α δεν εφαρμόζεται καθόλου;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 305Α(6) δεν εφαρμόζεται όταν η επιταγή εκδόθηκε προς πληρωμή οφειλής που σχετίζεται με συναλλαγή ή πράξη η οποία αντίκειται στα χρηστά ήθη ή σε οποιονδήποτε νόμο. Επιταγή που δόθηκε για παράνομη διευθέτηση βρίσκεται εκτός του αδικήματος, όποια κι αν είναι η αστική θέση.

Q: Τι πρέπει να γράψει η τράπεζα στην επιστραμμένη επιταγή;
A: Τον πραγματικό λόγο και την ημερομηνία. Το άρθρο 305Α(3) απαιτεί από το ίδρυμα επί του οποίου εκδόθηκε να σφραγίσει ή να σημειώσει ενυπογράφως στην επιστραμμένη επιταγή αν η μη πληρωμή οφείλεται σε έλλειψη διαθέσιμων κεφαλαίων, κλείσιμο λογαριασμού ή εντολή μη πληρωμής, μαζί με την ημερομηνία παρουσίασης. Η σφραγίδα γίνεται αποδεκτή ως μαρτυρία και αποτελεί μαχητό τεκμήριο του αληθούς του περιεχομένου της, και η συμμόρφωση ρητά δεν συνιστά παραβίαση του τραπεζικού απορρήτου. Το άρθρο 305Α(4) εφαρμόζει το ίδιο σχήμα στην ηλεκτρονική παρουσίαση, και το άρθρο 305Α(5) καθιστά την παράβαση αδίκημα του υπεύθυνου λειτουργού. Μην παραλάβετε την επιταγή χωρίς τη σφραγίδα.

Q: Η επιταγή δεν τιμήθηκε. Πρέπει να αποδείξω όλη την υποκείμενη συμφωνία;
A: Τη μεγαλύτερη δουλειά την κάνει το αξιόγραφο. Κατά το άρθρο 55 του ΚΕΦ. 262 ο εκδότης, με την έκδοση, αναλαμβάνει να αποζημιώσει τον κάτοχο αν η επιταγή δεν τιμηθεί, νοουμένου ότι τηρήθηκαν οι διαδικασίες λόγω μη τίμησης. Μεταξύ των άμεσων μερών η υποκείμενη συναλλαγή μπορεί να προβληθεί ως υπεράσπιση, αλλά η αφετηρία είναι η νομοθετημένη δέσμευση που κουβαλά η υπογραφή, γι' αυτό και οι υποθέσεις αυτές είναι ισχυροί υποψήφιοι για συνοπτική απόφαση.

Q: Τι πρέπει να κάνω τις πρώτες ημέρες μετά τη μη τίμηση;
A: Να δώσετε ειδοποίηση περί μη τίμησης, γραπτώς, στον εκδότη και σε κάθε οπισθογράφο που ίσως χρειαστεί να στραφείτε. Κατά το άρθρο 48, εκδότης ή οπισθογράφος που δεν ειδοποιήθηκε απαλλάσσεται, και για τις επιταγές ο εύλογος χρόνος καθορίζεται με αναφορά στο Κυπριακό Γραφείο Συμψηφισμού κατά το άρθρο 82Ζ. Στείλτε την ειδοποίηση την ημέρα που επιστρέφει η επιταγή και κρατήστε απόδειξη αποστολής· το εξώδικο μπορεί να ακολουθήσει, η ειδοποίηση δεν το περιμένει.

Q: Τι ανακτώ πέρα από το ποσό της επιταγής;
A: Το άρθρο 57 δίνει το νομοθετημένο μέτρο: το ποσό της επιταγής, τόκο από την ημερομηνία της παρουσίασης προς πληρωμή, και τα έξοδα διαμαρτύρησης όπου αυτή ήταν αναγκαία. Ο τόκος από την παρουσίαση, και όχι από την απόφαση, είναι το κονδύλι που οι ενάγοντες συστηματικά υποδιεκδικούν.

Q: Κράτησα την επιταγή μήνες πριν την παρουσιάσω. Έχασα την απαίτηση;
A: Κατά κανόνα όχι. Κατά το άρθρο 74, η καθυστερημένη παρουσίαση απαλλάσσει τον εκδότη μόνο κατά την έκταση πραγματικής ζημιάς από την καθυστέρηση, στο σενάριο όπου είχε τα κεφάλαια και ο τραπεζίτης κατέρρευσε στο μεσοδιάστημα, και ακόμη και τότε ο κάτοχος γίνεται πιστωτής του τραπεζίτη για το ποσό αυτό. Τα πρακτικά προβλήματα της μπαγιάτικης επιταγής βρίσκονται στο γκισέ· η απαίτηση επί του αξιογράφου μετριέται με την εξαετία των συμβάσεων. Παρουσιάστε την, καταγράψτε τη μη τίμηση, και δώστε τις ειδοποιήσεις.

Q: Ο εκδότης λέει ότι την ανακάλεσε, άρα δεν επρόκειτο ποτέ να πληρωθεί.
A: Η εντολή ανάκλησης εξηγεί τη μη τίμηση· δεν είναι από μόνη της υπεράσπιση απέναντι στη δέσμευση του εκδότη κατά το άρθρο 55. Ό,τι χρειάζεται ο εκδότης είναι πραγματική υπεράσπιση επί του αξιογράφου ή επί της μεταξύ σας υποκείμενης συναλλαγής, και αυτή δοκιμάζεται στα έγγραφα. Από την πλευρά του κατόχου, αντιμετωπίστε την ανακληθείσα επιταγή ακριβώς όπως κάθε άλλη μη τίμηση: ειδοποίηση κατά το άρθρο 48, και έπειτα η απαίτηση.

Q: Να την καταγγείλω για ποινική δίωξη αντί να μηνύσω;
A: Οι δύο διαδικασίες είναι χωριστές και υπηρετούν διαφορετικούς σκοπούς. Ό,τι και αν πράξουν οι αρχές για επιταγή χωρίς αντίκρισμα, η δίωξη δεν σας πληρώνει: τα χρήματα έρχονται από την αστική απαίτηση επί του αξιογράφου, που τρέχει με δικό της χρονοδιάγραμμα και δικούς της κανόνες. Το αν θα καταγγείλετε είναι δική σας επιλογή· η διαφύλαξη της αστικής απαίτησης, αρχίζοντας από την ειδοποίηση περί μη τίμησης, δεν πρέπει να την περιμένει.

## Αλλαγές διοικητικού συμβουλίου: το ΗΕ4 είναι το εύκολο μέρος
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-allages-symvouliou-he4
Δεκατέσσερις ημέρες για το ΗΕ4, αλλά η αλλαγή επέρχεται με την εσωτερική πράξη. Οι τραπεζικές εξουσιοδοτήσεις, ο όμιλος και ο απερχόμενος που μένει στο μητρώο.

Q: Ποια είναι η προθεσμία;
A: Δεκατέσσερις ημέρες από την αλλαγή, με το έντυπο ΗΕ4 προς τον Έφορο Εταιρειών. Η προθεσμία τρέχει από την αλλαγή και όχι από τη στιγμή που θα το θυμηθεί κάποιος.

Q: Η αλλαγή γίνεται με την καταχώριση;
A: Όχι. Επέρχεται με την εσωτερική πράξη της εταιρείας, δηλαδή απόφαση του συμβουλίου ή της γενικής συνέλευσης ανάλογα με το καταστατικό. Η καταχώριση τη γνωστοποιεί.

Q: Τι ξεχνιέται συχνότερα;
A: Οι τραπεζικές εξουσιοδοτήσεις, οι υπόλοιπες εταιρείες του ομίλου, το μητρώο πραγματικών δικαιούχων όπου επηρεάζεται, οι συμβάσεις που ονομάζουν πρόσωπα, και τα εσωτερικά μητρώα της εταιρείας.

Q: Παραιτήθηκα αλλά εμφανίζομαι ακόμη ως διευθυντής.
A: Η παραίτηση που δεν καταχωρίστηκε αφήνει το πρόσωπο στο δημόσιο μητρώο, με ό,τι αυτό συνεπάγεται για την αντίληψη τρίτων. Ο απερχόμενος έχει δικό του συμφέρον να επιβεβαιώσει την καταχώριση και να κρατήσει χρονολογημένο αντίγραφο της παραίτησης.

Q: Ο απερχόμενος διευθυντής δεν υπογράφει τίποτε. Τι γίνεται;
A: Ελέγξτε το καταστατικό για την εξουσία απομάκρυνσης και για το ποιος την ασκεί, διότι απομάκρυνση που αποφασίζεται κανονικά δεν χρειάζεται τη συνεργασία του απερχόμενου. Η υπογραφή του είναι βολική, όχι απαραίτητη.

Q: Αλλάξαμε συμβούλιο πριν από έξι μήνες και δεν το καταχωρίσαμε. Είναι πρόβλημα;
A: Διορθώνεται και πρέπει να διορθωθεί τώρα. Στο μεταξύ το μητρώο δείχνει πρόσωπα που δεν είναι διευθυντές και παραλείπει πρόσωπα που είναι, κάτι που επηρεάζει τράπεζες, αντισυμβαλλομένους και όποιον στηρίζεται σε έρευνα εταιρείας.

## Αλλαγή επιτρόπου εμπιστεύματος: το έγγραφο και το μητρώο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-allagi-epitropou-empistevmatos
Ο διορισμός ισχύει από το έγγραφο και το μητρώο τον δημοσιεύει σε δεκαπέντε ημέρες, κατά το άρθρο 25Α(8) του Ν. 196(Ι)/2012. Ποιο μητρώο και τι γράφει.

Q: Ο διορισμός ισχύει με την υπογραφή ή με την ενημέρωση του μητρώου;
A: Με την υπογραφή. Το άρθρο 39(1) του Κεφ. 193 περιάγει την περιουσία του εμπιστεύματος στους νέους επιτρόπους με το ίδιο το έγγραφο διορισμού, και το άρθρο 42 δίνει σε δικαστικά διορισμένο επίτροπο πλήρεις εξουσίες ανεξάρτητα από το αν η περιουσία έχει ήδη περιέλθει σε αυτόν.

Q: Σε πόσο χρόνο πρέπει να γνωστοποιηθεί η αλλαγή;
A: Δεκαπέντε ημέρες από την αλλαγή, κατά το άρθρο 25Α(8) του Ν. 196(Ι)/2012. Η αλλαγή επιτρόπου είναι μεταβολή στις πληροφορίες που καλύπτει το άρθρο, οπότε η προθεσμία τρέχει είτε ο επίτροπος παραιτήθηκε, είτε αντικαταστάθηκε, είτε προστέθηκε.

Q: Σε ποιο μητρώο, και ποιος υποβάλλει;
A: Σε ένα από τρία, ανάλογα με το ποιοι είναι οι επίτροποι: ο Παγκύπριος Δικηγορικός Σύλλογος, ο ΣΕΛΚ, ή η Επιτροπή Κεφαλαιαγοράς ως η εναπομένουσα αρχή κατά το άρθρο 25Α(4). Η υποχρέωση βαρύνει κάθε επίτροπο που είναι κάτοικος Κύπρου.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν χάσουμε την προθεσμία;
A: Ο διορισμός στέκει. Η έκθεση είναι διοικητική: το άρθρο 37 του Ν. 73(Ι)/2009 επιτρέπει πρόστιμα έως 350.000 ευρώ, έως 700.000 ευρώ σε επανάληψη, και σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις έως το διπλάσιο οποιουδήποτε οφέλους αποκτήθηκε.

Q: Το εμπίστευμα κατέχει γη στην Κύπρο. Μεταβιβάζεται και αυτή αυτόματα;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 39(4)(α) του Κεφ. 193 εξαιρεί την ακίνητη ιδιοκτησία από τον κανόνα της αυτόματης περιέλευσης, οπότε η εγγεγραμμένη γη μεταβιβάζεται στο Επαρχιακό Κτηματολογικό Γραφείο με τον συνήθη τρόπο. Είναι το βήμα που παραλείπεται συχνότερα σε αλλαγή επιτρόπου.

## Αναδιάρθρωση δανείου: μειώνει τη δόση, όχι το χρέος
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-anadiarthrosi-daneiou
Είναι νέα σύμβαση και όχι συνέχεια της παλιάς. Πού κάθεται η τιμή των παραχωρήσεων, και τι ζητάτε πριν υπογράψετε. Οι ρήτρες είναι στη σύμβαση, όχι στην επιστολή προσφοράς.

Q: Η αναδιάρθρωση μειώνει το χρέος μου;
A: Κατά κανόνα όχι. Μεταβάλλει τον τρόπο και τον χρόνο αποπληρωμής. Εκτός αν η συμφωνία το λέει ρητά, η αναδιάρθρωση μεταβάλλει τη μηχανική της αποπληρωμής: πόσο χρόνο έχει ο δανειολήπτης, πόσο πληρώνει και κάθε πότε, και ενίοτε με τι επιτόκιο, και ενεργεί ως σύμβαση κατά τον περί Συμβάσεων Νόμο, ΚΕΦ. 149. Χαμηλότερες δόσεις σε μεγαλύτερη διάρκεια σημαίνουν συνήθως περισσότερο συνολικό τόκο και όχι λιγότερο χρέος. Είναι θεμιτή ανταλλαγή για δανειολήπτη του οποίου το πρόβλημα είναι η ρευστότητα και όχι η φερεγγυότητα, αλλά πρέπει να γίνεται εν γνώσει. Η κεφαλαιοποίηση των καθυστερήσεων προσθέτει στο κεφάλαιο ό,τι μέχρι χθες ήταν καθυστέρηση.

Q: Τι κοστίζει πραγματικά μια περίοδος χάριτος;
A: Εξαρτάται από το τι γίνεται με τον τόκο κατά τη διάρκειά της, και αυτό είναι το ερώτημα που τίθεται πριν γίνει δεκτή. Όπου ο τόκος συνεχίζει να τρέχει και προστίθεται στο υπόλοιπο, η παύση έχει αυξήσει το χρέος, και η δόση που επανέρχεται μετά μπορεί να είναι υψηλότερη από εκείνη που δεν μπορούσε να πληρωθεί εξαρχής. Η ίδια λογική ισχύει και για την κεφαλαιοποίηση των καθυστερήσεων: η μεταφορά τους στο κεφάλαιο επαναφέρει τον λογαριασμό σε ενήμερη κατάσταση και είναι χρήσιμη, αλλά το κεφαλαιοποιημένο ποσό φέρει έκτοτε τόκο για το υπόλοιπο της διάρκειας.

Q: Η τράπεζα ζητά να προστεθεί συγγενής ως συνοφειλέτης ή εγγυητής. Είναι τυπικό;
A: Όχι. Δημιουργεί ευθεία ευθύνη για το πρόσωπο που προστίθεται, συνήθως για το σύνολο του χρέους, και εκθέτει όποια περιουσία έχει το πρόσωπο αυτό. Οι δανειστές ζητούν συχνά πρόσθετο μέρος, ενίοτε ως προϋπόθεση για μεγαλύτερη διάρκεια, και όποιος καλείται να προσχωρήσει με τον τρόπο αυτόν χρειάζεται δική του, χωριστή συμβουλή και όχι τη συμβουλή του δανειολήπτη.

Q: Αν μπορώ να κάνω εφάπαξ καταβολή, τι προσέχω;
A: Επιβεβαιώστε γραπτώς ότι η καταβολή πιστώνεται στο κεφάλαιο και όχι σε καθυστερήσεις, χρεώσεις ή δεδουλευμένους τόκους, γιατί τα δύο παράγουν πολύ διαφορετικά αποτελέσματα. Πιστωμένη στο κεφάλαιο, μειώνει και το υπόλοιπο και τη δόση που ακολουθεί.

Q: Είναι απλή συνέχεια της παλιάς σύμβασης;
A: Όχι. Είναι νέα σύμβαση που τροποποιεί ή αντικαθιστά την παλαιά, και οι όροι της είναι διαπραγματεύσιμοι τη στιγμή της υπογραφής και σχεδόν ποτέ μετά.

Q: Πού κρύβεται το κόστος;
A: Στις ρήτρες: νέες ή διευρυμένες εξασφαλίσεις, προσωπικές εγγυήσεις, παραιτήσεις από ενστάσεις, αναγνώριση του υπολοίπου που κλείνει τη συζήτηση για το αν υπολογίστηκε σωστά, και ρήτρες αθέτησης που ενεργοποιούνται ευκολότερα.

Q: Τι ζητώ πριν υπογράψω;
A: Την πλήρη σύμβαση και όχι μόνο την επιστολή προσφοράς, τον αναλυτικό υπολογισμό του υπολοίπου, σύγκριση των εξασφαλίσεων πριν και μετά, και ρητή απάντηση στο τι παραιτείστε.

Q: Ποιο κριτήριο εφαρμόζει στην πραγματικότητα ο δανειστής;
A: Τη βιωσιμότητα: αν η προτεινόμενη διευθέτηση μπορεί να εξυπηρετηθεί από το εισόδημα που απομένει μετά τα αναγκαία έξοδα διαβίωσης και τις υφιστάμενες υποχρεώσεις. Σχέδιο που λειτουργεί μόνο αν δεν πάει τίποτε στραβά θα αποτύχει, και η αποτυχημένη αναδιάρθρωση αφήνει τον δανειολήπτη σε χειρότερη θέση από πριν, γιατί η παραχώρηση αναλώθηκε και οι καθυστερήσεις μεγάλωσαν.

Q: Τι πρέπει να διαβαστεί πριν από την υπογραφή;
A: Η σύμβαση και όχι η επιστολή προσφοράς, γιατί η επιστολή περιγράφει τη δόση ενώ η σύμβαση περιέχει τους όρους. Ελέγξτε αν οι υφιστάμενες υποθήκες και επιβαρύνσεις συνεχίζονται και αν απαιτούνται νέες ή πρόσθετες εξασφαλίσεις επί περιουσίας που δεν ήταν προηγουμένως επιβαρυμένη, και αν οι υφιστάμενοι εγγυητές απαλλάσσονται, συνεχίζουν, ή καλούνται να επιβεβαιώσουν εκ νέου ευθύνη για μεγαλύτερη ή μακρύτερη υποχρέωση. Διαπιστώστε πρώτα ποιος πράγματι κατέχει το δάνειο, γιατί ο αντισυμβαλλόμενος σε μια αναδιάρθρωση δεν είναι πάντοτε το ίδρυμα που χορήγησε τη διευκόλυνση, και η ταυτότητα του σημερινού κατόχου επηρεάζει ποιος έχει εξουσία να συμφωνήσει τι.

## Αναγκαστική απαλλοτρίωση στην Κύπρο: οι προθεσμίες
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-anagkastiki-apallotriosi-kypros
Πώς λειτουργεί η αναγκαστική απαλλοτρίωση κατά τον Νόμο 15/1962: τριάντα ημέρες για ένσταση, δώδεκα μήνες για το διάταγμα, δεκατέσσερις για προσφορά, και ο υπολογισμός.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για ένσταση κατά απαλλοτρίωσης στην Κύπρο;
A: Τριάντα ημέρες, κατά το άρθρο 4(1)(γ) του Νόμου 15/1962. Τρέχουν από τη μεταγενέστερη από τρεις ημερομηνίες: τη δημοσίευση της γνωστοποίησης στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα, την επίδοσή της σε εσάς, ή τη δημοσίευσή της σε δύο τουλάχιστον καθημερινές εφημερίδες που κυκλοφορούν στην επαρχία. Επειδή μετρά η τελευταία από τις τρεις, ελέγξτε και τις τρεις πριν θεωρήσετε ότι η προθεσμία πέρασε.

Q: Η γνωστοποίηση δημοσιεύθηκε πριν από πάνω από έναν χρόνο και δεν έγινε τίποτε.
A: Τότε η απαλλοτρίωση μπορεί να έχει ήδη εκλείψει. Κατά το άρθρο 7(2), αν το διάταγμα απαλλοτρίωσης δεν δημοσιευθεί εντός δώδεκα μηνών από τη δημοσίευση της γνωστοποίησης στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα, ή αν δεν προσφερθεί εντός δεκατεσσάρων μηνών η υπολογισθείσα αποζημίωση, η διαδικασία ατονεί και η απαλλοτρίωση λογίζεται εγκαταλειφθείσα. Το άρθρο 6(2) χωριστά απαγορεύει την έκδοση διατάγματος μετά την πάροδο δώδεκα μηνών. Κατά το άρθρο 7(3) η αρχή οφείλει τότε να σας καταβάλει τα έξοδα που εύλογα υποστήκατε συνεπεία της γνωστοποίησης.

Q: Μπορώ να πάρω την προσφερόμενη αποζημίωση και να διεκδικήσω περισσότερα;
A: Ναι, υπό τους όρους του άρθρου 8(2). Μπορείτε να αποδεχθείτε την προσφορά υπό την επιφύλαξη του καθορισμού του ποσού από το δικαστήριο, εφόσον η αποδοχή συνοδεύεται από έγγραφη συγκατάθεση για άμεση εγγραφή της ιδιοκτησίας επ' ονόματι της αρχής. Πρέπει τότε να αποταθείτε στο δικαστήριο εντός εβδομήντα πέντε ημερών από την είσπραξη. Αν χάσετε την προθεσμία, θεωρείται ότι επήλθε συμφωνία στο ποσό της αρχής.

Q: Σε ποια ημερομηνία εκτιμάται η γη μου;
A: Κατά τον χρόνο δημοσίευσης της γνωστοποίησης απαλλοτρίωσης. Το άρθρο 10(α) αποτιμά την ιδιοκτησία στο ποσό που θα απέφερε σε εκούσια πώληση στην ελεύθερη αγορά κατά τον χρόνο εκείνο, και το άρθρο 10(β) αγνοεί τον αναγκαστικό χαρακτήρα της πώλησης, εκτός από απαλλοτριώσεις για μεταλλευτικούς σκοπούς.

Q: Απαλλοτριώνεται μόνο μέρος του χωραφιού και καταστρέφεται το υπόλοιπο. Αποζημιώνεται;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 10(στ) λαμβάνει υπόψη την επαύξηση ή μείωση στην αξία άλλης ιδιοκτησίας που κατέχετε μαζί με το απαλλοτριωθέν μέρος, και το άρθρο 10(ζ) προσθέτει τη ζημία από τον διαχωρισμό του απαλλοτριωθέντος μέρους από το υπόλοιπο. Το άρθρο 10(ιγ) επιβεβαιώνει ότι ο κανόνας της αγοραίας αξίας δεν αποκλείει αποζημίωση για ζητήματα που δεν βασίζονται ευθέως στην αξία της γης που λαμβάνεται.

Q: Η επιχείρησή μου λειτουργεί στο ακίνητο. Παίρνω κάτι για τη διακοπή;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 10(ιβ) λαμβάνει υπόψη τη ζημία που υφίσταται ευθέως από την απώλεια της κατοχής, όταν κατά την ημερομηνία της γνωστοποίησης η ιδιοκτησία χρησιμοποιείτο και θα συνέχιζε να χρησιμοποιείται για την άσκηση επιχείρησης, εμπορίου ή επαγγέλματος. Όταν η ιδιοκτησία εξυπηρετούσε σκοπό για τον οποίο δεν υπάρχει αγορά και σκοπεύετε καλόπιστα να αποκατασταθείτε αλλού, το άρθρο 10(ι) επιτρέπει αποζημίωση με βάση τις εύλογες δαπάνες ισοδύναμης αποκατάστασης.

Q: Καταβάλλεται τόκος επί της αποζημίωσης;
A: Ναι, τρία τοις εκατόν ετησίως από την ημερομηνία δημοσίευσης της γνωστοποίησης μέχρι την καταβολή, κατά το άρθρο 10(ιδ). Για απαλλοτριώσεις των οποίων η γνωστοποίηση δημοσιεύθηκε πριν από την έναρξη ισχύος του Νόμου 61(I)/2014, εξακολουθεί να καταβάλλεται τόκος εννέα τοις εκατόν για το διάστημα από τη δημοσίευση της γνωστοποίησης μέχρι την ημερομηνία έναρξης ισχύος του νόμου εκείνου.

Q: Η αρχή δεν χρησιμοποίησε ποτέ τη γη μου. Μπορώ να την πάρω πίσω;
A: Το άρθρο 15(1) μπορεί να σας δίνει το δικαίωμα αυτό. Αν εντός τριών ετών από τότε που η ιδιοκτησία περιήλθε στην αρχή δεν επιτεύχθηκε ο σκοπός ή εγκαταλείφθηκε, ή η ιδιοκτησία υπερβαίνει τις πραγματικές ανάγκες της αρχής, η αρχή οφείλει να σας την προσφέρει στην τιμή που την απέκτησε. Έχετε τρεις μήνες για έγγραφη αποδοχή, και η σιωπή λογίζεται ως άρνηση, και τρεις περαιτέρω μήνες για την καταβολή. Το δικαίωμα καταλύεται αν η αρχή εκδώσει διάταγμα επίσχεσης κατά το άρθρο 15(3), επειδή η ιδιοκτησία κατέστη αναγκαία για άλλο σκοπό δημόσιας ωφέλειας.

Q: Υπάρχει υποθήκη στη γη. Ποιος εισπράττει την αποζημίωση;
A: Ο ενυπόθηκος δανειστής πληρώνεται πρώτος από αυτήν. Το άρθρο 11(1) καθιστά δικαιούχο τον ιδιοκτήτη, αλλά όταν η ιδιοκτησία βαρύνεται με ποσό ασφαλισμένο με υποθήκη, εγγραφή δικαστικής απόφασης ή άλλο εμπράγματο βάρος, η αποζημίωση, ή μέρος της επαρκές για την απόσβεση του χρέους, καταβάλλεται στον δανειστή αυτόν σύμφωνα με την υφιστάμενη προτεραιότητα της εξασφάλισης. Κατά το άρθρο 13 η ιδιοκτησία περιέρχεται στην αρχή ελεύθερη παντός εμπράγματου βάρους μόλις καταβληθεί ή κατατεθεί η αποζημίωση στον Γενικό Λογιστή.

## Αναγκαστική πώληση: τι αλλάζει στην επιφυλασσόμενη τιμή
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-anagkastiki-polisi-epifylassomeni-timi
Νομοσχέδιο σε διαβούλευση ως τις 8 Σεπτεμβρίου 2026: ιδιώτες εκτιμητές, αυτόματη μείωση 15% της επιφυλασσόμενης τιμής, και όριο δύο πλειστηριασμών.

Q: Έχει γίνει νόμος η μεταρρύθμιση της επιφυλασσόμενης τιμής;
A: Όχι ακόμη. Το Τμήμα Κτηματολογίου και Χωρομετρίας άνοιξε δημόσια διαβούλευση στις 7 Αυγούστου 2026 σε νομοσχέδιο που τροποποιεί τον περί Ακινήτου Ιδιοκτησίας (Περιορισμός Πωλήσεων) Νόμο του 2002, Ν. 82(Ι)/2002, και τα σχόλια κλείνουν στις 8 Σεπτεμβρίου 2026. Τίποτε δεν έχει ψηφιστεί, αλλά η κατεύθυνση είναι αρκετά σαφής ώστε όποιος χειρίζεται εκτελέσεις ή αιτήσεις κατάτμησης να το διαβάσει τώρα.

Q: Ποιος θα εκτιμά το ακίνητο και θα καθορίζει την τιμή;
A: Ιδιώτες εκτιμητές εγγεγραμμένοι στο ΕΤΕΚ, με απευθείας εντολή του αιτητή, στη θέση του Επαρχιακού Κτηματολογικού Λειτουργού. Κλίμακα δικαιωμάτων για τις εκτιμήσεις αυτές θα εγκρίνεται από κοινού από τον Διευθυντή του Τμήματος και τον Σύνδεσμο Εκτιμητών Ακινήτων Κύπρου και θα αναθεωρείται κάθε πέντε έτη, οπότε η αμοιβή του εκτιμητή γίνεται κόστος εκτέλεσης που πρέπει να προϋπολογιστεί.

Q: Τι γίνεται με την τιμή μετά από αποτυχημένο πλειστηριασμό;
A: Όταν μια πώληση αποτύχει και νέα απόπειρα γίνει εντός πέντε ετών από την πρώτη ανεπιτυχή πώληση, η επιφυλασσόμενη τιμή θα μειώνεται αυτόματα κατά δεκαπέντε τοις εκατό. Αυτό αντικαθιστά διατύπωση που αφήνει τον χρόνο και το μέγεθος κάθε μείωσης να διευθετούνται κατά περίπτωση, οπότε το βήμα γίνεται καθορισμένο αντί να διαπραγματεύεται κάθε φορά με το Τμήμα.

Q: Μπορεί απλώς να τελειώσει μια αίτηση πώλησης συνιδιόκτητου ακινήτου;
A: Ναι, και αυτή είναι η οξύτερη αλλαγή. Για αιτήσεις δυνάμει του άρθρου 28 του ΚΕΦ. 224 για ακίνητο που δεν μπορεί να διαιρεθεί μεταξύ συνιδιοκτητών, μόλις παρέλθουν πέντε έτη από την εκτίμηση και το ακίνητο έχει προσφερθεί σε πλειστηριασμό τουλάχιστον δύο φορές χωρίς επιτυχία, η αίτηση παραμερίζεται αντί να αναβληθεί. Ο αιτητής ερωτάται αν επιθυμεί νέα αίτηση, και νέα γίνεται δεκτή μόνο αν το ακίνητο εξακολουθεί να μην διαιρείται κατά το άρθρο 27 του ΚΕΦ. 224.

Q: Τρέχει πάντοτε το πενταετές ρολόι;
A: Όχι. Δεν τρέχει όπου η αξία του ακινήτου έχει επηρεαστεί από ουσιώδη μεταβολή της φυσικής ή νομικής του κατάστασης, ή από οποιαδήποτε άλλη αιτία που επηρεάζει την αξία του. Μεταβατική διάταξη διατηρεί επίσης τις επιφυλασσόμενες τιμές που έχουν ήδη καθοριστεί υπό τα ισχύοντα άρθρα 4 και 5 όπου η αναγκαστική πώληση δεν έχει ολοκληρωθεί, αντιμετωπίζοντάς τες ως καθορισμένες υπό το νέο άρθρο 5.

Q: Μπορώ να υποβάλω παραστάσεις;
A: Μέχρι τις 8 Σεπτεμβρίου 2026, ναι. Η διαβούλευση είναι ανοικτή και το σημείο με τη μεγαλύτερη πρακτική σημασία για όσους έχουν εκκρεμείς φακέλους είναι η μεταβατική μεταχείριση των αιτήσεων που ήδη τρέχουν. Αν σας επηρεάζει, αξίζει να διατυπωθεί προτού παγιωθούν οι κανόνες και όχι μετά.

## Προσφυγή σε Διαγωνισμό: Ν. 104(Ι)/2010
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-anatheoritiki-archi-prosforon
Ο Ν. 189(Ι)/2025 συνέδεσε το προσωρινό μέτρο με προσωπική εγγύηση 1% της αξίας, με ανώτατο τις 50.000 ευρώ, και ανέβασε το όριο των έργων στο ένα εκατομμύριο.

Q: Πόσος χρόνος υπάρχει για προσφυγή κατά απόφασης διαγωνισμού;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 21(1)(α) του Ν. 104(Ι)/2010, δεκαπέντε ημερολογιακές ημέρες από την επομένη της αποστολής της απόφασης, εφόσον στάλθηκε με τηλεομοιοτυπία ή ηλεκτρονικά μέσα. Εφόσον χρησιμοποιήθηκαν άλλα μέσα, το άρθρο 21(1)(β) δίνει είτε δεκαπέντε ημερολογιακές ημέρες από την επομένη της αποστολής είτε δέκα από την επομένη της παραλαβής. Το άρθρο 21(4) είναι χωριστό: όπου το παράπονο αφορά τεχνικές, οικονομικές ή χρηματοοικονομικές προδιαγραφές στην προκήρυξη ή στα έγγραφα του διαγωνισμού, που δεν κοινοποιούνται ειδικά, η προσφυγή ασκείται εντός δέκα ημερολογιακών ημερών από τη δημοσίευση.

Q: Τι είναι η εγγύηση που εισήχθη το 2025;
A: Ο Ν. 189(Ι)/2025 πρόσθεσε το άρθρο 24(1Α). Ο προσφέρων που ζητεί προσωρινό μέτρο υποβάλλει, μαζί με το έντυπο, υπεύθυνη δήλωση ότι θα καταβάλει προσωπική εγγυητική επιστολή· χωρίς τη δήλωση το αίτημα απορρίπτεται. Αν η αναθέτουσα αρχή ενστεί και η Αρχή αποφασίσει τη λήψη μέτρων, ο προσφέρων καταθέτει εντός πέντε εργάσιμων ημερών προσωπική εγγύηση υπέρ της αναθέτουσας αρχής ύψους ένα τοις εκατόν της εκτιμώμενης αξίας, με μέγιστο τις €50.000, ή €10.000 όπου η αξία δεν προσδιορίζεται. Αν οι πέντε ημέρες παρέλθουν, το μέτρο ακυρώνεται, η αρχή προχωρά, και ο προσφέρων δεν υφίσταται άλλη συνέπεια.

Q: Τι απογίνεται η εγγύηση στο τέλος;
A: Εξαρτάται από την έκβαση. Σε επικύρωση της πράξης ή απόφασης της αναθέτουσας αρχής η εγγύηση καθίσταται πληρωτέα, και η μη καταβολή σε πρώτη ζήτηση συνιστά επαγγελματικό παράπτωμα από τον εκδότη της, ο οποίος στερείται συμμετοχής σε μελλοντικούς διαγωνισμούς έως ότου συμμορφωθεί. Αν η Αρχή ακυρώσει την πράξη κατά το άρθρο 25, ή η προσφυγή αποσυρθεί, η εγγύηση επιστρέφεται εντός δέκα εργάσιμων ημερών από την απόφαση.

Q: Σταματά η προσφυγή την υπογραφή της σύμβασης;
A: Για μια περίοδο, ναι. Το άρθρο 22(1) ορίζει ότι η προθεσμία άσκησης προσφυγής του άρθρου 21(1) και οι δύο εργάσιμες ημέρες του άρθρου 24(1) κωλύουν τη σύναψη της σύμβασης. Το άρθρο 22(2) παρατείνει την περίοδο, σε περίπτωση προσφυγής, μέχρι την ημερομηνία της απόφασης της Αρχής για προσωρινά μέτρα. Το άρθρο 23 απαριθμεί τις περιπτώσεις όπου η αναστολή δεν εφαρμόζεται.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα κινείται η Αναθεωρητική Αρχή;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 24(1) κοινοποιεί την προσφυγή στην αναθέτουσα αρχή εντός δύο εργάσιμων ημερών από την καταχώριση, ζητώντας της να παρουσιαστεί εντός δύο εργάσιμων ημερών αν ζητείται προσωρινό μέτρο, και να υποβάλει γραπτή έκθεση εντός δέκα εργάσιμων ημερών. Το άρθρο 24(3) απαιτεί την απόφαση για τα προσωρινά μέτρα εντός πέντε εργάσιμων ημερών από την κοινοποίηση. Το άρθρο 25(1) απαιτεί την απόφαση επί της προσφυγής το αργότερο εντός σαράντα πέντε ημερολογιακών ημερών από την ολοκλήρωση της ακρόασης.

Q: Ανατρέπεται η σύμβαση αφού υπογραφεί;
A: Μόνο για τους λόγους του άρθρου 27 και εντός των ορίων του άρθρου 26. Η προσφυγή με αίτημα την κήρυξη σύμβασης ανενεργού ασκείται εντός τριάντα ημερολογιακών ημερών από την επομένη της δημοσίευσης της γνωστοποίησης με αιτιολόγηση ή της ενημέρωσης των ενδιαφερομένων με συνοπτική έκθεση των λόγων, και διαφορετικά εντός έξι μηνών από την επομένη της σύναψης. Το άρθρο 27(α) καλύπτει την ανάθεση χωρίς προηγούμενη δημοσίευση όπου δεν επιτρεπόταν. Το άρθρο 27(β) καλύπτει τη σύμβαση που υπογράφηκε ενόσω εκκρεμούσε προσφυγή, ή ενόσω ίσχυαν προσωρινά μέτρα, ή κατά παράβαση της αναστολής, ή χωρίς ενημέρωση των ενδιαφερομένων, εφόσον η παράβαση επηρέασε τις πιθανότητες του προσφεύγοντος και συνδυάζεται με παράβαση της περί σύναψης δημοσίων συμβάσεων νομοθεσίας.

Q: Πού πηγαίνει η αξίωση αποζημίωσης;
A: Στο Επαρχιακό Δικαστήριο Λευκωσίας. Το άρθρο 33 ορίζει ότι η ακύρωση από την Αναθεωρητική Αρχή δημιουργεί δικαίωμα, σε περίπτωση ζημιάς, να αξιωθεί αποζημίωση από την αναθέτουσα αρχή με αγωγή στο Δικαστήριο, και το άρθρο 2 ορίζει ως Δικαστήριο το Επαρχιακό Δικαστήριο Λευκωσίας. Είναι άλλο φόρουμ από εκείνο του άρθρου 32, που στέλνει την προσβολή της ίδιας της απόφασης της Αρχής στο Διοικητικό Δικαστήριο δυνάμει του Άρθρου 146 του Συντάγματος.

## Αντιπροσωπευτικές Αγωγές Καταναλωτών: Ν. 91(Ι)/2023
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-antiprosopeytikes-agoges-katanaloton
Ο Ν. 91(Ι)/2023 επιτρέπει αγωγή για κάθε θιγόμενο καταναλωτή εκτός αν δηλώσει το αντίθετο, ο μεμονωμένος καταναλωτής δεν πληρώνει έξοδα, και η παραγραφή αναστέλλεται.

Q: Ποιος μπορεί να καταχωρίσει αντιπροσωπευτική αγωγή;
A: Μόνο νομιμοποιούμενος φορέας. Το άρθρο 4(1) του Ν. 91(Ι)/2023 τις περιορίζει σε αυτούς, και το άρθρο 4(3) ονομάζει τρία είδη: τις αρχές που εποπτεύουν το ενωσιακό δίκαιο του Παραρτήματος, ιδιωτικούς οργανισμούς που πληρούν τα έξι κριτήρια του άρθρου 4(4), και φορείς ορισμένους από άλλο κράτος μέλος. Ο κυπριακός ιδιωτικός οργανισμός αποτείνεται στην Υπηρεσία Προστασίας Καταναλωτή και πρέπει να είναι κυπριακό νομικό πρόσωπο με δώδεκα μήνες δημόσιας δραστηριότητας, με έννομο συμφέρον στους σκοπούς του, μη κερδοσκοπικός, φερέγγυος και μη διαγραμμένος, ανεξάρτητος από εμπόρους με οικονομικό συμφέρον, και να δημοσιοποιεί τα στοιχεία που το αποδεικνύουν μαζί με τις πηγές χρηματοδότησης και τη δομή του.

Q: Πρέπει ο καταναλωτής να δηλώσει συμμετοχή για να περιληφθεί;
A: Όχι, αν διαμένει στην Κύπρο. Το άρθρο 13(2) επιτρέπει στον φορέα αγωγή που καλύπτει κάθε θιγόμενο καταναλωτή, εκτός αν δηλώσει ρητά ότι δεν επιθυμεί να συμμετάσχει εντός εύλογης προθεσμίας που ορίζει το Δικαστήριο. Ο Νόμος ονομάζει τον μηχανισμό εκπροσώπηση με σιωπηρή συναίνεση. Η επιφύλαξη είναι η εξαίρεση: ο καταναλωτής που δεν έχει τη συνήθη διαμονή του στη Δημοκρατία εκφράζει σε κάθε περίπτωση ρητά τη βούλησή του να εκπροσωπηθεί.

Q: Τι μπορεί να διατάξει το Δικαστήριο;
A: Δύο πράγματα, και μπορούν να ζητηθούν μαζί. Κατά το άρθρο 6(2) ο φορέας μπορεί να ζητήσει διάταγμα, περιλαμβανομένου προσωρινού, και μέτρα επανόρθωσης, και το Δικαστήριο μπορεί να εκδώσει μία ενιαία απόφαση. Το άρθρο 12(1) ορίζει τι μπορεί να απαιτεί το διάταγμα: άμεση παύση και μη επανάληψη της παράβασης, δημοσίευση της απόφασης ή επανορθωτικής ανακοίνωσης ώστε να απαλειφθούν οι συνεχιζόμενες επιπτώσεις, και οποιοδήποτε άλλο μέτρο κριθεί αναγκαίο ή εύλογο.

Q: Κινδυνεύει ο καταναλωτής με έξοδα;
A: Σχεδόν ποτέ. Το άρθρο 17(1) ορίζει ότι οι μεμονωμένοι καταναλωτές που αφορά αγωγή για μέτρα επανόρθωσης δεν καταβάλλουν δικαστικά έξοδα. Το άρθρο 17(2) κρατά μία εξαίρεση: σε εξαιρετικές περιπτώσεις το Δικαστήριο δύναται να διατάξει μεμονωμένο καταναλωτή να καταβάλει έξοδα που προκλήθηκαν από τη δική του εκ προθέσεως ή εξ αμελείας συμπεριφορά. Μεταξύ των διαδίκων, το άρθρο 13(7) εφαρμόζει τον συνήθη κανόνα ότι ο ηττηθείς πληρώνει.

Q: Τι γίνεται με τη δική μου προθεσμία παραγραφής;
A: Σταματά. Το άρθρο 7 ορίζει ότι η καταχώριση αντιπροσωπευτικής αγωγής αναστέλλει τις ισχύουσες προθεσμίες παραγραφής ως προς τους καταναλωτές που αφορά, ώστε να μπορούν να ασκήσουν αργότερα δική τους αγωγή για την ίδια ισχυριζόμενη παράβαση. Κατά το άρθρο 7(3) η αναστολή τρέχει από την καταχώριση μέχρι τελεσίδικη απόφαση ή, όπου ο καταναλωτής δηλώσει ότι δεν επιθυμεί να εκπροσωπηθεί, μέχρι τη δήλωση αυτή, και εφαρμόζεται κατ' αναλογίαν ο περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμος.

Q: Μπορεί ο εμπορευόμενος να υποχρεωθεί να ενημερώσει τους πελάτες του;
A: Ναι. Κατά το άρθρο 19(3) το Δικαστήριο δύναται, κατόπιν αίτησης του φορέα, να διατάξει τον εμπορευόμενο να ενημερώσει ατομικά κάθε ενδιαφερόμενο καταναλωτή, με δικά του έξοδα, για τελική απόφαση επί των μέτρων του άρθρου 13 ή για εγκεκριμένο διακανονισμό του άρθρου 16, με μέσα κατάλληλα για τις περιστάσεις και εντός καθορισμένων προθεσμιών. Η υποχρέωση δεν ισχύει αν οι καταναλωτές ενημερωθούν με άλλο τρόπο.

Q: Επιτρέπεται η χρηματοδότηση από τρίτο;
A: Ναι, υπό εποπτεία. Το άρθρο 15(1) επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να ελέγξει αν υπάρχει σύγκρουση συμφερόντων μεταξύ του χρηματοδότη και του αντικειμένου της αγωγής, και το άρθρο 15(2) ονομάζει τους παράγοντες: αν η χρηματοδότηση από τρίτο με οικονομικό συμφέρον εκτρέπει την αγωγή από την προστασία των καταναλωτών, αν οι αποφάσεις του φορέα περιλαμβανομένων των διακανονισμών επηρεάζονται αδικαιολόγητα, και αν η αγωγή ασκείται κατά ανταγωνιστή του χρηματοδότη ή εμπορευομένου από τον οποίο εξαρτάται. Το Δικαστήριο μπορεί να ζητήσει οικονομική επισκόπηση, να απαιτήσει την απαγόρευση ή μεταβολή της χρηματοδότησης, και αν χρειαστεί να απορρίψει τη νομιμοποίηση του φορέα στη συγκεκριμένη αγωγή, χωρίς να θιγούν τα δικαιώματα των καταναλωτών.

## Αξιώσεις σωματικής βλάβης: ευθύνη, μαρτυρία, αποζημιώσεις
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-apaitiseis-somatikis-vlavis
Η αμέλεια δεν ταυτίζεται με το ατύχημα, η συντρέχουσα αμέλεια μειώνει χωρίς να καταστρέφει, και η μαρτυρία που κρίνει την υπόθεση χάνεται μέσα σε ημέρες.

Q: Αρκεί ότι έγινε ατύχημα;
A: Όχι. Η αμέλεια δεν ταυτίζεται με το ότι συνέβη ατύχημα. Το ερώτημα είναι αν ο εναγόμενος έπεσε κάτω από το μέτρο επιμέλειας που απαιτούσε ο νόμος στη συγκεκριμένη κατάσταση, και αν η παράλειψη προκάλεσε τη βλάβη και δεν προηγήθηκε απλώς χρονικά.

Q: Έφταιγα και εγώ. Χάνω την αξίωση;
A: Όχι. Η συντρέχουσα αμέλεια είναι συνηθισμένη και δεν καταστρέφει την αξίωση: οι αποζημιώσεις μειώνονται ώστε να αντανακλούν το μερίδιο ευθύνης σας.

Q: Τι πρέπει να μαζέψω αμέσως;
A: Την αστυνομική έκθεση ή έκθεση ατυχήματος, φωτογραφίες του χώρου και του εξοπλισμού, στοιχεία μαρτύρων, το CCTV πριν διαγραφεί, την καταχώριση στο βιβλίο ατυχημάτων, και το πρώτο ιατρικό αρχείο. Το CCTV χάνεται συχνότερα, γιατί τα συστήματα επανεγγράφουν μέσα σε ημέρες.

Q: Πώς υπολογίζονται οι αποζημιώσεις;
A: Σε γενικές, για τον πόνο, την ταλαιπωρία και την απώλεια απολαύσεων της ζωής, και ειδικές, για ό,τι αποδεικνύεται με έγγραφα, όπως απώλεια εισοδήματος, ιατρικά και μεταφορικά έξοδα.

## Απάτες και κόκκινα σημάδια στα ακίνητα: ο κατάλογος ελέγχου
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-apates-akiniton
Η πίεση στην κράτηση, ο δικηγόρος του πωλητή προσφερόμενος σε εσάς, τα έγγραφα που λείπουν, και το χρήμα που κινείται πριν από την έρευνα. Ο κατάλογος που ελέγχουμε.

Q: Ποιο έγγραφο πρέπει να προσαρτά ο πωλητής στη σύμβαση;
A: Πιστοποιητικό έρευνας του ακινήτου, με ημερομηνία που δεν απέχει πέραν των πέντε εργάσιμων ημερών από την ημερομηνία υπογραφής. Το άρθρο 4(1Α) του Ν. 81(Ι)/2011, όπως προστέθηκε από τον τροποποιητικό Νόμο του 2023, υποχρεώνει τον πωλητή να το περιλαμβάνει ως αναπόσπαστο μέρος της σύμβασης. Σύμβαση χωρίς αυτό δεν συμμορφώνεται, και η μη συμμόρφωση είναι του πωλητή.

Q: Τι παθαίνει ο πωλητής που δεν το προσαρτά;
A: Το άρθρο 4(1Β) επιτρέπει στον Διευθυντή να επιβάλει διοικητικό πρόστιμο μέχρι €10.000, ανεξάρτητα από τυχόν ποινική ευθύνη δυνάμει του Νόμου, αφού ειδοποιήσει τον πωλητή με συστημένη επιστολή για τους λόγους και του δώσει πέντε εργάσιμες ημέρες για παραστάσεις. Η απουσία του πιστοποιητικού δεν είναι τυπικότητα που δικαιούται κανείς να προσπεράσει.

Q: Μπορεί ο πωλητής να υποθηκεύσει αφού υπογράψω;
A: Όχι χωρίς να καταθέσει πρώτα τη σύμβασή σας. Το άρθρο 4(1) υποχρεώνει τον πωλητή, πριν υποθηκεύσει ακίνητο που αποτελεί αντικείμενο σύμβασης μη κατατεθειμένης από τον αγοραστή, να καταθέσει τη σύμβαση κατά το άρθρο 3. Η υποχρέωση είναι υπό αίρεση: ισχύει νοουμένου ότι ο αγοραστής έχει εκπληρώσει τις μέχρι τότε συμβατικές του υποχρεώσεις. Αγοραστής που καθυστέρησε δόση μπορεί να απάλλαξε τον πωλητή από την υποχρέωση που τον προστάτευε.

Q: Γιατί μετρά τόσο η κατάθεση σε μια απάτη;
A: Επειδή το άρθρο 5(1) ορίζει ότι η κατάθεση της σύμβασης συνιστά εμπράγματο βάρος επί του ακινήτου, με σειρά προτεραιότητας από την ημερομηνία κατάθεσης. Ό,τι μπορεί να κάνει ένας ανέντιμος πωλητής εις βάρος σας, το κάνει στο παράθυρο πριν καταθέσετε. Το άρθρο 3(1)(γ) σας δίνει έξι μήνες από την υπογραφή για να κλείσετε αυτό το παράθυρο, και το να το κλείσετε νωρίς δεν κοστίζει τίποτε.

Q: Με πιέζουν να πληρώσω κράτηση σήμερα.
A: Είναι το κλασικό άνοιγμα. Κράτηση που υπογράφεται πριν από οποιονδήποτε έλεγχο δεσμεύει τα χρήματά σας με όρους που δεν διαβάσατε. Οι νόμιμοι πωλητές δίνουν μέρες για έλεγχο.

Q: Μου προτείνουν τον δικηγόρο του πωλητή. Είναι εντάξει;
A: Όχι. Ένας δικηγόρος δεν εξυπηρετεί δύο αντίθετα συμφέροντα, και η ίδια η πρόταση δείχνει ότι η άλλη πλευρά θα προτιμούσε τα δικά σας συμφέροντα χωρίς εκπροσώπηση.

Q: Μου λένε ότι οι άδειες θα βρεθούν.
A: Τα έγγραφα που υπάρχουν προσκομίζονται γρήγορα. Όσα υπόσχονται επανειλημμένα συνήθως δεν λένε αυτό που σας είπαν ότι λένε.

Q: Μου ζήτησαν με email να πληρώσω σε άλλο λογαριασμό.
A: Επιβεβαιώστε κάθε αλλαγή τραπεζικών στοιχείων τηλεφωνικά, σε αριθμό που είχατε ήδη και όχι σε αριθμό που ήρθε μαζί με το μήνυμα.

## Σας έκλεισαν έξω από την εταιρεία: τα βήματα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-apokleismos-metochou-vimata
Τι δικαιούται να δει ο μέτοχος που αποκλείστηκε, τι δίνει το άρθρο 202 του περί Εταιρειών Νόμου, και με ποια σειρά κινείται κανείς: πρόσβαση, πίεση, εξαγορά.

Q: Με το 10% τι μπορώ να επιβάλω;
A: Μια συνέλευση. Το άρθρο 126(1) του ΚΕΦ. 113 υποχρεώνει τους συμβούλους, ανεξάρτητα από οτιδήποτε περιλαμβάνεται στο καταστατικό, να συγκαλέσουν έκτακτη γενική συνέλευση κατόπιν αίτησης μελών που κατέχουν κατά την ημερομηνία κατάθεσης της αίτησης όχι λιγότερες από το ένα δέκατο του πληρωμένου κεφαλαίου με δικαίωμα ψήφου. Είναι από τα λίγα εργαλεία που δεν μπορεί να σας αφαιρέσει η πλειοψηφία με τη σύνταξη του καταστατικού.

Q: Ποια είναι η θεραπεία για τον αποκλεισμό;
A: Το άρθρο 202(1) του ΚΕΦ. 113. Μέλος που παραπονείται ότι οι υποθέσεις της εταιρείας διεξάγονται με τρόπο καταπιεστικό μέρους των μελών, περιλαμβανομένου του ιδίου, δύναται να υποβάλει αίτηση στο Δικαστήριο. Το άρθρο 202(2) απαιτεί το Δικαστήριο να διαπιστώσει και την καταπίεση και ότι η εκκαθάριση θα έβλαπτε το μέρος αυτό ενώ τα γεγονότα θα τη δικαιολογούσαν, και τότε δύναται να εκδώσει τέτοιο διάταγμα που θεωρεί σωστό, είτε για τη ρύθμιση των μελλοντικών υποθέσεων της εταιρείας είτε άλλως.

Q: Πρέπει να ζητήσω διάλυση για να έχω μοχλό;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 211(στ) επιτρέπει εκκαθάριση όταν το Δικαστήριο κρίνει ότι είναι δίκαιο και σύμφωνο με τους κανόνες της επιείκειας, και αυτό είναι το μέτρο σύγκρισης στο βάθος. Η αίτηση όμως κατά το άρθρο 202 σας επιτρέπει να ζητήσετε το διάταγμα που λύνει το πρόβλημα χωρίς να καταστραφεί η επιχείρηση, και γι' αυτό είναι συνήθως ισχυρότερη θέση, όχι ασθενέστερη.

Q: Έχω μόνο 10%. Έχει νόημα να κινηθώ;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 202 δεν θέτει ελάχιστο ποσοστό: οποιοδήποτε μέλος που υφίσταται καταπιεστική μεταχείριση μπορεί να αποταθεί στο δικαστήριο. Το ποσοστό επηρεάζει τη διαπραγματευτική δυναμική, όχι το δικαίωμα.

Q: Μου έκοψαν και τον μισθό που έπαιρνα από την εταιρεία. Μετράει;
A: Σε μικρές εταιρείες όπου η συμμετοχή στη διοίκηση και η αμοιβή ήταν μέρος της κοινής βάσης της συνεργασίας, ο αποκλεισμός από αυτά είναι κομμάτι της συνολικής εικόνας που εξετάζει το δικαστήριο. Χρειάζεται όμως σωστή νομική διατύπωση του τι ακριβώς προσβάλλεται και με ποιο δικαίωμα.

Q: Θέλω απλώς να φύγω με τα λεφτά μου. Γίνεται χωρίς δικαστήριο;
A: Τις περισσότερες φορές ναι: οι υποθέσεις αυτές καταλήγουν συνήθως σε συμφωνημένη εξαγορά. Το δικαστήριο και το άρθρο 202 είναι αυτά που κάνουν την άλλη πλευρά να διαπραγματεύεται σοβαρά, και η αποτίμηση είναι το πεδίο όπου κρίνεται το αποτέλεσμα.

## Μπορώ να αποκληρώσω το παιδί μου;
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-apoklirosi-paidiou
Η νόμιμη μοίρα στο κυπριακό κληρονομικό δίκαιο: τι μπορεί και τι δεν μπορεί η διαθήκη, τι παθαίνει διαθήκη που την παραβιάζει, και τα περιθώρια.

Q: Πόσο ακριβώς είναι το «διαθέσιμο μέρος»;
A: Το άρθρο 41(1) του ΚΕΦ. 195 δίνει τρία κλάσματα. Με σύζυγο και τέκνο, ή με τέκνο χωρίς σύζυγο, το διαθέσιμο μέρος δεν υπερβαίνει το ένα τέταρτο της καθαρής αξίας. Με σύζυγο ή γονέα αλλά χωρίς τέκνο ή κατιόντα τέκνου, δεν υπερβαίνει το ήμισυ. Χωρίς σύζυγο, τέκνο, κατιόντα τέκνου ή γονέα, διαθέσιμη είναι ολόκληρη η κληρονομιά.

Q: Αν η διαθήκη ξεπεράσει το όριο, ακυρώνεται;
A: Όχι ολόκληρη. Το άρθρο 41(2) ορίζει ότι όταν πρόσωπο διαθέσει με διαθήκη μέρος μεγαλύτερο από το διαθέσιμο, η διάθεση μειώνεται και περικόπτεται αναλόγως ώστε να περιοριστεί στο διαθέσιμο μέρος. Το υπερβάλλον περικόπτεται· τα υπόλοιπα ισχύουν.

Q: Αν έδωσα ήδη περιουσία σε ένα παιδί, μετράει;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 51 του ΚΕΦ. 195 υποχρεώνει τέκνο ή άλλο κατιόντα που καθίσταται δικαιούχος στο μη διαθέσιμο μέρος να λογαριάζει κατά τον υπολογισμό της μερίδας του κάθε κινητή και ακίνητη ιδιοκτησία που έλαβε από τον αποβιώσαντα σε οποιονδήποτε χρόνο με παροχή εν ζωή, δυνάμει γαμικής σύμβασης, ως προίκα, ή με δωρεά λόγω θανάτου. Επιφύλαξη εξαιρεί όσα ο αποβιώσας απάλλαξε ρητά με ειδική διάταξη στη διαθήκη του.

Q: Μπορεί η διαθήκη να απαλλάξει μια δωρεά από τον συνυπολογισμό;
A: Μπορεί, και είναι η μόνη διέξοδος που δίνει ο ίδιος ο νόμος. Η επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 51 ορίζει ότι δεν λογαριάζεται τέτοια περιουσία αν ο αποβιώσας άφησε διαθήκη που περιέχει ειδική διάταξη για μη υπολογισμό της. Η ρήτρα είναι μία πρόταση, και η απουσία της είναι ο λόγος για τον οποίο πολλές διανομές καταλήγουν αλλού από εκεί που σχεδιάστηκαν.

Q: Δεν μιλάμε με τον γιο μου είκοσι χρόνια. Δεν μετράει πουθενά;
A: Ως λόγος στέρησης της νόμιμης μοίρας, όχι. Ο νόμος δεν συνδέει τη μοίρα με τις σχέσεις ή τη συμπεριφορά, πέρα από τις ακραίες περιπτώσεις αναξιότητας που κρίνει το δικαστήριο. Ό,τι ελευθερία υπάρχει βρίσκεται στο διαθέσιμο μέρος και στον εν ζωή σχεδιασμό.

Q: Αν μεταβιβάσω τα ακίνητα όσο ζω;
A: Οι εν ζωή μεταβιβάσεις έχουν τους δικούς τους κανόνες, κόστη και συνέπειες, και το αποτέλεσμά τους εξαρτάται από το πώς και πότε γίνονται. Είναι το πεδίο όπου ο σχεδιασμός πρέπει να προηγηθεί της κίνησης: μια βιαστική μεταβίβαση μπορεί να δημιουργήσει περισσότερα προβλήματα από όσα λύνει.

Q: Ζω στο εξωτερικό αλλά έχω περιουσία στην Κύπρο. Ισχύουν τα ίδια;
A: Όχι απαραίτητα. Το ποιο δίκαιο διέπει τη διαδοχή σας εξαρτάται από τις περιστάσεις και τους δεσμούς σας με κάθε χώρα, και η απάντηση αλλάζει την έκταση της ελευθερίας σας. Είναι το πρώτο ερώτημα που πρέπει να απαντηθεί, πριν γραφτεί οτιδήποτε.

## Η ευθύνη για την ασφάλεια προϊόντος που δεν αποκλείεται με όρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-asfaleia-proionton-kypros
Ο Ν. 116(Ι)/2025 καθιστά την παράβαση της γενικής απαίτησης ασφάλειας αστικό αδίκημα, και ορίζει ότι η ευθύνη δεν περιορίζεται ούτε αποκλείεται με συμβατικό όρο.

Q: Τι είναι ο Ν. 116(Ι)/2025;
A: Ο περί της Γενικής Ασφάλειας των Προϊόντων Νόμος του 2025, που δημοσιεύθηκε στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα αρ. 5045 στις 4 Ιουλίου 2025. Εφαρμόζει στην Κύπρο τον Κανονισμό (ΕΕ) 2023/988 για τη γενική ασφάλεια των προϊόντων. Το άρθρο 3 δίνει στον Νόμο το ίδιο αντικείμενο και πεδίο εφαρμογής με τον Κανονισμό, οπότε οι ουσιαστικοί κανόνες ασφάλειας είναι του Κανονισμού και ο Νόμος προσθέτει τον μηχανισμό: ποιος επιβάλλει, με ποιες εξουσίες, και με τι κόστος.

Q: Ποια αρχή τον επιβάλλει;
A: Το άρθρο 26 ορίζει την Υπηρεσία Προστασίας Καταναλωτή του Υπουργείου Ενέργειας, Εμπορίου και Βιομηχανίας ως το ενιαίο σημείο επαφής κατά την παράγραφο 2 του Άρθρου 25 του Κανονισμού (ΕΕ) 2023/988. Τα άρθρα 5 έως 14 της δίνουν τις εξουσίες εποπτείας της αγοράς, και το άρθρο 8 της επιτρέπει να αγοράσει δείγμα προϊόντος για να το ελέγξει, δηλαδή χωρίς να δηλώσει πρώτα ποια είναι.

Q: Ποια είναι τα διοικητικά πρόστιμα;
A: Το άρθρο 18(1) επιτρέπει πρόστιμο μέχρι τριάντα χιλιάδες ευρώ για οποιαδήποτε από τις παραβάσεις του άρθρου 17, και μέχρι εξήντα χιλιάδες ευρώ σε περίπτωση μεταγενέστερης παράβασης. Το άρθρο 18(2) προσθέτει μέχρι πεντακόσια ευρώ για κάθε ημέρα συνέχισης της παράβασης μετά την επιβολή προστίμου, ανάλογα με τη βαρύτητά της.

Q: Πώς επιβάλλεται και πότε εισπράττεται το πρόστιμο;
A: Το άρθρο 19(1) απαιτεί να υπολογίζεται ανάλογα με τη φύση, τη βαρύτητα και τη διάρκεια της παράβασης. Το άρθρο 19(2) απαιτεί αιτιολογημένη απόφαση, αφού ακουστεί το ενδιαφερόμενο πρόσωπο ή εκπρόσωπός του προφορικώς ή γραπτώς. Ιεραρχική προσφυγή προβλέπεται στο άρθρο 20, και το άρθρο 19(4) ορίζει ότι το πρόστιμο εισπράττεται μόνο αφού παρέλθει άπρακτη η προθεσμία των εβδομήντα πέντε ημερών για προσφυγή στο Διοικητικό Δικαστήριο.

Q: Ποιες συμπεριφορές πιάνει το άρθρο 17;
A: Έξι. Η διάθεση στην αγορά προϊόντος που δεν συμμορφώνεται με τον Νόμο, τον Κανονισμό ή τους δυνάμει αυτού Κανονισμούς. Η μη συμμόρφωση με ειδοποίηση του άρθρου 13. Η μη συμμόρφωση με τις υποχρεώσεις του Νόμου ή των Κανονισμών. Η μη παροχή στην αρχή, εντός της προθεσμίας, εγγράφων ή πληροφοριών για το προϊόν, τον χώρο όπου βρίσκεται και τις ποσότητες που διατέθηκαν ή αποθηκεύτηκαν, ή η παρεμπόδιση της διαδικασίας, ή η παροχή ψευδών ή παραπλανητικών πληροφοριών για την αξιολόγηση ασφάλειας. Η εσκεμμένη παρακώλυση εξουσιοδοτημένου ή τελωνειακού λειτουργού. Και η μη συμμόρφωση με τα καθήκοντα του Κανονισμού (ΕΕ) 2023/988.

Q: Πότε γίνεται ποινικό αδίκημα;
A: Το άρθρο 21 το καθιστά αδίκημα, ανεξαρτήτως διοικητικού προστίμου, να καθιστά κάποιος διαθέσιμο προϊόν που παρουσιάζει σοβαρό κίνδυνο για την υγεία και την ασφάλεια προσώπων, για το περιβάλλον ή για τη δημόσια ασφάλεια, να μη συμμορφώνεται με ειδοποίηση των άρθρων 13 και 14, να παρέχει ψευδή, παραπλανητικά ή ανακριβή στοιχεία στην αρχή, ή να μη συμμορφώνεται με το άρθρο 12(7).

Q: Ποιες είναι οι ποινές;
A: Σε πρώτη καταδίκη, φυλάκιση μέχρι δύο έτη ή χρηματική ποινή μέχρι εκατό χιλιάδες ευρώ, ή και οι δύο. Σε δεύτερη ή μεταγενέστερη καταδίκη, φυλάκιση μέχρι τρία έτη ή χρηματική ποινή μέχρι εκατόν πενήντα χιλιάδες ευρώ, ή και οι δύο.

Q: Μπορεί να ενάγει όποιος τραυματίστηκε από μη ασφαλές προϊόν;
A: Ναι, και το άρθρο 25 το λέει ρητά. Το εδάφιο (1) καθιστά την παράβαση της γενικής απαίτησης ασφάλειας, και κάθε άλλης υποχρέωσης του Κανονισμού, του Νόμου ή των δυνάμει αυτού Κανονισμών και Διαταγμάτων, αστικό αδίκημα δυνάμει του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου έναντι οποιουδήποτε προσώπου μπορεί να υποστεί ζημιά από αυτήν. Το εδάφιο (2) δίνει στον ζημιωθέντα αγώγιμο δικαίωμα, με την επιφύλαξη των αρχών που εφαρμόζονται σε αγωγές για αθέτηση θέσμιου καθήκοντος.

Q: Αποκλείεται η ευθύνη αυτή με τη σύμβαση;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 25(3) ορίζει ότι η ευθύνη των εδαφίων (1) και (2) δεν δύναται να περιοριστεί ή να αποκλειστεί με οποιοδήποτε συμβατικό όρο, με οποιαδήποτε ειδοποίηση ή άλλη πρόνοια. Μια σύμβαση προμήθειας, ένα σύνολο όρων και προϋποθέσεων ή μια πινακίδα στον τοίχο δεν την αγγίζουν.

Q: Τι θεωρείται ζημιά για τον σκοπό αυτό;
A: Το άρθρο 25(4) το ορίζει στενά: ζημιά σημαίνει σωματική βλάβη ή θάνατο. Το άρθρο 25 δεν είναι δρόμος για την ανάκτηση οικονομικής ζημιάς ή του τιμήματος του προϊόντος. Είναι ο δρόμος για το πρόσωπο που το προϊόν έβλαψε.

Q: Τι απέγινε ο παλαιός νόμος;
A: Το άρθρο 32(1) καταργεί τους περί της Γενικής Ασφάλειας των Προϊόντων Νόμους του 2004 έως 2010 από την ημερομηνία έναρξης ισχύος του νέου. Τα εδάφια (2) έως (5) διασώζουν όσα εκδόθηκαν δυνάμει τους: Κανονισμοί, γνωστοποιήσεις και άλλες κανονιστικές διοικητικές πράξεις θεωρούνται ότι εκδόθηκαν δυνάμει του νέου Νόμου και εξακολουθούν να ισχύουν στον βαθμό που δεν αντίκεινται σε αυτόν, κάθε αναφορά σε διάταξη των καταργηθέντων ερμηνεύεται ως αναφορά στην αντίστοιχη διάταξη του νέου, και ειδοποίηση ή απόφαση που εκδόθηκε ήδη συνεχίζει να ισχύει μέχρι να ακυρωθεί, ανασταλεί ή λήξει.

Q: Μπορεί ο καταναλωτής να παραπονεθεί απευθείας;
A: Το άρθρο 28 προβλέπει ότι οι καταναλωτές και άλλα ενδιαφερόμενα μέρη έχουν τη δυνατότητα να υποβάλλουν παράπονα στην αρχή. Το άρθρο 16 δίνει σε ενδιαφερόμενο πρόσωπο ιεραρχική προσφυγή κατά απόφασης της αρχής, πράγμα που αφορά την επιχείρηση στην άλλη πλευρά ενός παραπόνου όσο και εκείνον που το υποβάλλει.

## Αστικός αναδασμός στην Κύπρο: ο Ν. 112(Ι)/2025
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-astikos-anadasmos-kypros
Ο Ν. 112(Ι)/2025 επιτρέπει αναδιανομή γης σε ζώνη ανάπτυξης με συγκατάθεση 85% της αξίας, ή με διάταγμα του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου χωρίς συγκατάθεση.

Q: Τι κάνει στην πράξη ο Νόμος;
A: Το άρθρο 4 δηλώνει τον σκοπό: μηχανισμός και διαδικασία για την ενοποίηση, διαχείριση και αναδιανομή ακίνητης ιδιοκτησίας εντός περιοχής ανάπτυξης με στόχο την πολεοδομική ενεργοποίησή της. Αποβλέπει σε γη έτοιμη για ανάπτυξη με διασφάλιση χώρων δημόσιας χρήσης και κοινωφελών σκοπών, αναδιοργάνωση ιδιοκτησιών, ορθολογική χωροθέτηση χρήσεων μεγάλης κλίμακας, και αποκατάσταση περιοχών μετά από καταστροφές.

Q: Πού εφαρμόζεται;
A: Το άρθρο 3(1) τον εφαρμόζει σε περιοχές ανάπτυξης. Το άρθρο 2 τις ορίζει ως περιοχές εντός σχεδίου ανάπτυξης και ειδικότερα εντός των καθορισμένων οικιστικών, εμπορικών, τουριστικών, παραθεριστικών, βιομηχανικών, βιοτεχνικών και κτηνοτροφικών ζωνών. Είναι εργαλείο για ζωνοποιημένη γη, όχι για την ύπαιθρο.

Q: Ποιανού η γη εξαιρείται;
A: Το άρθρο 3(2) εξαιρεί ιδιοκτησία της Δημοκρατίας· αρχής τοπικής διοίκησης, νομικού προσώπου δημοσίου δικαίου ή οργανισμού κοινής ωφέλειας όταν χρησιμοποιείται για σκοπούς δημόσιας ωφέλειας κατά το άρθρο 3(2) του περί Αναγκαστικής Απαλλοτριώσεως Νόμου· και επισκοπής, μονής, ναού ή άλλου εκκλησιαστικού ή θρησκευτικού οργανισμού. Επιφύλαξη επιτρέπει στην κρατική γη να συμμετέχει μόνο για ενοποίηση, εξορθολογισμό γεωμετρίας και συσχέτιση με κοινωφελείς χώρους.

Q: Πώς ξεκινά ένα σχέδιο;
A: Το άρθρο 5 δίνει τρεις μεθόδους: εκούσια, με συμφωνία του συνόλου των επηρεαζόμενων ιδιοκτητών· με συγκατάθεση της πλειοψηφίας των ιδιοκτητών μαζί με την αρχή τοπικής διοίκησης· ή με διάταγμα αναγκαστικής εφαρμογής από το Υπουργικό Συμβούλιο.

Q: Τι απαιτεί πράγματι η οδός της πλειοψηφίας;
A: Όχι καταμέτρηση κεφαλών. Το άρθρο 18(3) μετρά αξία: όταν συγκατατίθενται ιδιοκτήτες που κατέχουν ποσοστό πέραν του ογδόντα πέντε τοις εκατόν της αξίας γενικής εκτίμησης της γης της περιοχής, συντάσσεται έκθεση και από τη δημοσίευση σχετικής Γνωστοποίησης τεκμαίρεται η πρόθεση σύστασης Συνεταιρισμού Αστικού Αναδασμού και ταμείου. Αν το όριο δεν επιτευχθεί, η διαδικασία τερματίζεται.

Q: Μετρούν όλα τα στοιχεία στο 85%;
A: Όχι. Επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 18(3) εξαιρεί από την προσμετρήσιμη αξία δένδρα ή νερό, οικοδομήματα, αυλάκια, λάκκους, δεξαμενές μεταφοράς ή αποθήκευσης νερού ή αλυσίδα λάκκων, όταν ανήκουν στον ιδιοκτήτη της γης επί της οποίας ευρίσκονται. Περαιτέρω επιφύλαξη ρυθμίζει τα ίδια όταν ανήκουν σε άλλα πρόσωπα. Η βάση εκτίμησης είναι επομένως στενότερη από μια γενική εκτίμηση ακινήτου.

Q: Ποιος μπορεί να κινήσει την οδό της πλειοψηφίας;
A: Το άρθρο 13(1) περιορίζει το δικαίωμα σε ιδιοκτήτες ακίνητης ιδιοκτησίας εντός περιοχής ανάπτυξης, και στην αρχή τοπικής διοίκησης ή τον Επαρχιακό Οργανισμό Αυτοδιοίκησης εντός των ορίων των οποίων ευρίσκεται η προτεινόμενη περιοχή, ή άλλη αρχή που εντάσσεται στην έννοια του φορέα υλοποίησης έργου. Επιφύλαξη απαιτεί, όταν οι δηλώσεις αφορούν ομάδα ιδιοκτησιών, τουλάχιστον μία να έχει προσπέλαση από εγγεγραμμένο δημόσιο δρόμο ή να συνορεύει με άλλη που την έχει.

Q: Τι είναι η αναγκαστική οδός;
A: Το άρθρο 30(1) επιτρέπει στο Υπουργικό Συμβούλιο, με διάταγμα δημοσιευμένο στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα και ύστερα από αιτιολογημένη σύσταση του Υπουργού προς εξυπηρέτηση του δημοσίου συμφέροντος, να κηρύξει περιοχή αναγκαστικής εφαρμογής. Το άρθρο 30(2) εφαρμόζει την ίδια διαδικασία με την οδό της πλειοψηφίας, αλλά το διάταγμα εκδίδεται από το Υπουργικό Συμβούλιο και δεν απαιτείται συγκατάθεση των επηρεαζόμενων ιδιοκτητών, παρότι το άρθρο 18 εφαρμόζεται πλήρως.

Q: Πώς εκτιμάται το ακίνητό μου, και ενίσταμαι;
A: Τα άρθρα 22 και 23 προβλέπουν την εκτίμηση των υφιστάμενων και της νέας ιδιοκτησίας. Το άρθρο 24(1) επιτρέπει σε ιδιοκτήτη και σε πρόσωπο με έννομο συμφέρον γραπτή αιτιολογημένη ένσταση στην Επιτροπή, στον τύπο Α3 του Παραρτήματος Ι, συνοδευόμενη από έκθεση εκτίμησης, εντός τριάντα ημερών από τη δημοσίευση. Το άρθρο 24(2) δίνει έπειτα έφεση στο Δικαστήριο εντός τριάντα ημερών από την κοινοποίηση της απόφασης, για καθορισμό της αξίας βάσει του άρθρου 80 του περί Ακίνητης Ιδιοκτησίας Νόμου.

Q: Ενίσταμαι και κατά του σχεδίου αναδιανομής;
A: Ναι, αλλά με άλλους λόγους και άλλη οδό. Το άρθρο 27(1) απαιτεί Γνωστοποίηση που καλεί κάθε επηρεαζόμενο πρόσωπο να επιθεωρήσει το σχέδιο και να υποβάλει αιτιολογημένη ένσταση στον τύπο Α4 εντός τριάντα ημερών. Επιφύλαξη χωρίζει τα κανάλια: οι ενστάσεις του άρθρου 27 δεν δύναται να αφορούν εκτίμηση, καθότι για την εκτίμηση εφαρμόζεται το άρθρο 24.

Q: Τι γίνεται με την υποθήκη ή τον ενοικιαστή μου;
A: Το άρθρο 26(1) υποχρεώνει το Τμήμα Κτηματολογίου και Χωρομετρίας να εξετάσει αν υφίστανται εμπράγματα βάρη, μισθώσεις ή άλλες δεσμεύσεις, να συμβουλεύσει για τους τρόπους απαλλαγής ή μεταφοράς τους, και να μεριμνήσει ώστε το σχέδιο να διασφαλίζει τη μεταβίβαση, απόσβεση, τροποποίηση, μεταφορά ή ακύρωσή τους, με αποζημίωση από το ταμείο κατόπιν συμφωνίας ή όπως καθορίσει το Δικαστήριο. Το άρθρο 26(2) απαιτεί γραπτή κοινοποίηση στα επηρεαζόμενα πρόσωπα ταυτόχρονα με τη δημοσίευση του σχεδίου.

Q: Πώς μοιράζεται η νέα γη;
A: Το Παράρτημα ΙΙ, δυνάμει του άρθρου 25, θέτει τις αρχές. Η παράγραφος 1 ρυθμίζει δικαιώματα και υποχρεώσεις με βάση το ποσοστό συμμετοχής κάθε μέλους στον συνεταιρισμό. Η παράγραφος 2 απαιτεί τα νέα οικόπεδα αστικού αναδασμού να κατανέμονται εξ ολοκλήρου και όχι κατά ιδανικά μερίδια, ώστε κάθε μέλος να λαμβάνει αξία αντίστοιχη του ποσοστού συμμετοχής του επί του συνόλου.

Q: Αν το μερίδιό μου δεν φτάνει για ολόκληρο οικόπεδο;
A: Η επιφύλαξη της παραγράφου 2 του Παραρτήματος ΙΙ δίνει επιλογή. Το μέλος δύναται να ζητήσει από τον Διευθυντή του Τμήματος Κτηματολογίου και Χωρομετρίας είτε τη χρηματική αξία του ποσοστού συμμετοχής του, αφού αφαιρεθούν οι αναλογούσες επιβαρύνσεις και δαπάνες, είτε τη μέχρι τέλους παραμονή του στο σχέδιο με την προσδοκία ότι το υπόλοιπό του θα του επιτρέψει, καταβάλλοντας ανάλογη αξία σε μετρητά, να διεκδικήσει εξ ολοκλήρου ένα τουλάχιστον οικόπεδο.

Q: Ποια είναι τα αδικήματα;
A: Το άρθρο 40 καθιστά αδίκημα την εσκεμμένη και παράνομη επέμβαση στην εφαρμογή σχεδίου με σκοπό την αλλοίωση των πραγματικών δεδομένων ιδιοκτησίας ενταγμένης σε αυτό· την εσκεμμένη και παράνομη παρεμπόδιση μέλους της Επιτροπής ή εξουσιοδοτημένου προσώπου· και την εσκεμμένη και χωρίς εύλογη αιτία άρνηση εμφάνισης ή παροχής πληροφοριών κατά το άρθρο 34(1). Φέρει φυλάκιση μέχρι έξι μήνες ή χρηματική ποινή μέχρι €5.000, ή και τα δύο.

Q: Πότε τέθηκε σε ισχύ;
A: Δημοσιεύτηκε στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα αρ. 5045 στις 4 Ιουλίου 2025 και δεν περιέχει χωριστή διάταξη έναρξης ισχύος, οπότε τέθηκε σε ισχύ με τη δημοσίευση.

## Αθέμιτες εμπορικές πρακτικές στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-athemites-emporikes-praktikes
Το Μέρος ΙΙ του Νόμου 112(I)/2021: οι τέσσερις δρόμοι προς το αθέμιτο, παραπλανητικές πράξεις και παραλείψεις, επιθετικές πρακτικές, οι πράσινοι ισχυρισμοί, και τα πρόστιμα.

Q: Η διαφήμισή μας ήταν ακριβής. Μπορεί και πάλι να είναι αθέμιτη;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 6(1) πιάνει την πρακτική που εξαπατά ή ενδέχεται να εξαπατήσει τον μέσο καταναλωτή με οποιονδήποτε τρόπο, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της συνολικής παρουσίασης, ακόμα και εάν οι πληροφορίες είναι αντικειμενικά ορθές, αν τον οδηγεί σε απόφαση συναλλαγής που διαφορετικά δεν θα ελάμβανε. Η ακρίβεια απαντά σε κατηγορία για αναλήθεια, όχι σε κατηγορία για εξαπάτηση.

Q: Ισχύει αν δεν αγόρασε κανείς τίποτε;
A: Ισχύει. Το άρθρο 3(1) εφαρμόζει το Μέρος ΙΙ πριν, κατά τη διάρκεια και ύστερα από εμπορική συναλλαγή, και το άρθρο 4 ορίζει την απόφαση συναλλαγής ώστε να περιλαμβάνει την απόφαση για το αν θα γίνει καθόλου αγορά, είτε ο καταναλωτής αποφασίσει να προβεί σε ενέργεια είτε όχι.

Q: Περιγράφουμε το προϊόν μας ως οικολογικό. Είναι πρόβλημα;
A: Εξαρτάται από το τι υπάρχει από πίσω. Το άρθρο 4 ορίζει τον γενικό περιβαλλοντικό ισχυρισμό ως εκείνον του οποίου οι προδιαγραφές δεν δίνονται με σαφείς και κατανοητούς όρους στο ίδιο μέσο, και το άρθρο 6(2) καλύπτει πλέον ρητά τα περιβαλλοντικά χαρακτηριστικά και πτυχές κυκλικότητας όπως η ανθεκτικότητα, η δυνατότητα επισκευής και η ανακυκλωσιμότητα. Αν η βάση του ισχυρισμού δεν εξηγείται εκεί όπου διατυπώνεται, ή το σήμα που χρησιμοποιείται δεν στηρίζεται σε σύστημα πιστοποίησης που πληροί τις τέσσερις προϋποθέσεις του άρθρου 4, ο ισχυρισμός είναι εκτεθειμένος.

Q: Τι περιλαμβάνει ο κατάλογος των πάντοτε αθέμιτων πρακτικών;
A: Τον φέρει το Παράρτημα Ι του Νόμου, και το άρθρο 5(4) του δίνει ισχύ: οι πρακτικές εκείνες είναι αθέμιτες υπό οποιεσδήποτε περιστάσεις, οπότε δεν χρειάζεται να αποδειχθεί στρέβλωση της συμπεριφοράς του μέσου καταναλωτή. Όταν μια πρακτική εμφανίζεται στον κατάλογο αυτόν η ανάλυση είναι σύντομη, γι' αυτό και είναι το πρώτο σημείο που κοιτούμε και όχι το τελευταίο.

Q: Η διαδικασία ακύρωσής μας είναι πιο σύνθετη από τη διαδικασία εγγραφής.
A: Αυτό είναι ερώτημα του άρθρου 8. Το άρθρο 8(2)(δ) αντιμετωπίζει ως παράγοντα επιθετικότητας κάθε επαχθές ή δυσανάλογο μη συμβατικό εμπόδιο που επιβάλλεται όταν ο καταναλωτής επιθυμεί να ασκήσει τα συμβατικά του δικαιώματα, περιλαμβανομένων των δικαιωμάτων λύσης της σύμβασης ή μετάβασης σε άλλο προϊόν ή εμπορευόμενο. Το εμπόδιο δεν χρειάζεται να παραβιάζει τη σύμβαση για να προσκρούσει στο άρθρο· κρίνεται η πρακτική.

Q: Πόσο μπορεί να είναι το πρόστιμο;
A: Μέχρι πέντε τοις εκατό του κύκλου εργασιών σας κατά το αμέσως προηγούμενο της παράβασης έτος, με αιτιολογημένη απόφαση και αφού ακουστείτε ή σας δοθεί η ευκαιρία να ακουστείτε. Όταν δεν είναι διαθέσιμες οι πληροφορίες για τον κύκλο εργασιών η οροφή είναι τρία εκατομμύρια ευρώ, και για οργανισμό χωρίς κύκλο εργασιών χρησιμοποιείται το πέντε τοις εκατό του ενεργητικού. Η συνεχιζόμενη παράβαση μπορεί να επισύρει μέχρι πέντε χιλιάδες ευρώ για κάθε ημέρα, και μπορεί να διαταχθεί διοικητική επιβάρυνση μέχρι τρεις χιλιάδες ευρώ για το κόστος εξέτασης ή ελέγχου, όποιο κι αν είναι το αποτέλεσμα.

Q: Έχει σημασία ότι οι πελάτες μας δεν είναι τυπικοί καταναλωτές;
A: Μπορεί να αλλάξει τον πήχη. Ο κανόνας είναι ο μέσος καταναλωτής, με τη συνήθη πληροφόρηση και ευλόγως προσεκτικός και ενημερωμένος. Κατά το άρθρο 5(3) όμως, όταν μια πρακτική ενδέχεται να στρεβλώσει τη συμπεριφορά μόνο μιας σαφώς προσδιοριζόμενης ομάδας ιδιαιτέρως ευάλωτης λόγω πνευματικής ή σωματικής αναπηρίας, ηλικίας ή ακρισίας, με τρόπο που μπορούσατε ευλόγως να προβλέψετε, κρίνεται υπό το πρίσμα του μέσου μέλους της ομάδας.

Q: Καλύπτεται το περιεχόμενο των δημιουργών περιεχομένου;
A: Το κρίσιμο σημείο είναι η εμπορική επιδίωξη στο άρθρο 7(2): η πρακτική είναι παραπλανητική όταν ο εμπορευόμενος δεν προσδιορίζει την εμπορική επιδίωξή της, εφόσον αυτή δεν είναι ήδη προφανής από το πλαίσιο, και αυτό οδηγεί ή ενδέχεται να οδηγήσει σε απόφαση συναλλαγής που διαφορετικά δεν θα λαμβανόταν. Περιεχόμενο που διαβάζεται ως προσωπική σύσταση ενώ είναι πληρωμένη προώθηση βρίσκεται ακριβώς μέσα σε αυτό.

Q: Υπερισχύει το Μέρος ΙΙ των κανόνων για τις συμβάσεις;
A: Όχι, και το άρθρο 3 είναι προσεκτικό. Το Μέρος ΙΙ εφαρμόζεται υπό την επιφύλαξη του δικαίου των συμβάσεων, ιδίως των κανόνων εγκυρότητας, διαμόρφωσης ή αποτελέσματος μιας σύμβασης, και υπό την επιφύλαξη των ενωσιακών και εθνικών κανόνων για την υγεία και ασφάλεια των προϊόντων. Κατά το άρθρο 3(4), όπου το Μέρος ΙΙ συγκρούεται με εναρμονιστικούς νόμους ή με τα Μέρη IV έως VI που ρυθμίζουν συγκεκριμένες πτυχές αθέμιτων πρακτικών, οι διατάξεις εκείνες επικρατούν, εκτός αν προνοείται ειδικά περί του αντιθέτου.

## Ατύχημα σε ξενοδοχείο: τι κάνετε πριν φύγετε
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-atyxima-se-xenodocheio
Τέσσερα πράγματα πριν την αναχώρηση κάνουν την αφήγηση αξίωση. Ποιος απαντά εξαρτάται από το πώς έγινε η κράτηση, και τα ξενοδοχεία επισκευάζουν γρήγορα.

Q: Τι πρέπει να κάνω πριν φύγω από την Κύπρο;
A: Γιατρό στην Κύπρο με το αρχείο να αναφέρει πού και πώς έγινε ο τραυματισμός· αναφορά στο ξενοδοχείο με καταχώριση στο βιβλίο συμβάντων και αντίγραφο· φωτογραφίες του χώρου πριν φτάσει η συντήρηση· και ονόματα προσωπικού και μαρτύρων.

Q: Γιατί μετρά το πώς έκανα την κράτηση;
A: Γιατί αλλάζει ποιος είναι υπόλογος και πού κρίνεται η υπόθεση. Το οργανωμένο πακέτο, η απευθείας κράτηση και η κράτηση μέσω πλατφόρμας δεν είναι νομικά το ίδιο, και η επιβεβαίωση κράτησης είναι το πρώτο έγγραφο που ζητείται.

Q: Αρκεί ότι υπήρχε ελάττωμα;
A: Όχι από μόνο του. Μετρά αν ήταν γνωστό ή έπρεπε να είναι, πόσο καιρό υπήρχε, και τι σύστημα επιθεώρησης και συντήρησης υπήρχε.

Q: Μου έκλεψαν κάτι από το δωμάτιο. Είναι πρόβλημα του ξενοδοχείου;
A: Μπορεί να είναι. Το άρθρο 11 του Νόμου 34(Ι)/2019 καθιστά τον διαχειριστή υπεύθυνο για ζημιά, καταστροφή ή απώλεια περιουσίας που έφερε στο ξενοδοχείο πελάτης στον οποίο έχει παραχωρηθεί δωμάτιο, με την ευθύνη να περιορίζεται σε δεκαπέντε χιλιάδες ευρώ. Το ανώτατο όριο εκπίπτει όπου ο διαχειριστής παρέλαβε την περιουσία προς φύλαξη ή αρνήθηκε να παραλάβει περιουσία που όφειλε να δεχθεί, και επίσης όπου η απώλεια οφείλεται σε εσκεμμένη πράξη, παράλειψη ή αμέλεια του ίδιου ή προσώπου για το οποίο ευθύνεται. Δύο πρακτικά σημεία κρίνουν τις περισσότερες τέτοιες απαιτήσεις. Ενημερώστε τον διαχειριστή ή τον διευθυντή μόλις το αντιληφθείτε, γιατί το εδάφιο (5) αποσβέννυει την απαίτηση σε περίπτωση αδικαιολόγητης καθυστέρησης. Και αγνοήστε κάθε ανακοίνωση στη ρεσεψιόν που επιχειρεί να αποκλείσει την ευθύνη, γιατί το εδάφιο (6) την καθιστά άκυρη. Τα οχήματα και ό,τι βρίσκεται μέσα σε αυτά είναι εκτός του άρθρου.

Q: Το ξενοδοχείο πρόσφερε δωρεάν διαμονή αν υπογράψω ένα έντυπο. Να υπογράψω;
A: Μην υπογράψετε τίποτε πριν από συμβουλή. Τα έντυπα που προσφέρονται σε τέτοιες στιγμές περιλαμβάνουν τακτικά παραιτήσεις από ακριβώς την απαίτηση που έχετε, τιμολογημένες σε κλάσμα της αξίας της. Ένα ευγενικό «θα επανέλθω μέσω του δικηγόρου μου» δεν σας κοστίζει τίποτε.

Q: Έφυγα χωρίς να κάνω τίποτα από αυτά.
A: Η υπόθεση γίνεται δυσκολότερη αλλά όχι κατ' ανάγκη αδύνατη. Στείλτε ό,τι υπάρχει, ιατρικά αρχεία από τη χώρα σας, φωτογραφίες, επικοινωνίες με το ξενοδοχείο ή τον διοργανωτή, όσο νωρίτερα γίνεται.

## Χρησικτησία: τα τριάντα χρόνια και ο εγγεγραμμένος κύριος
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-chrisiktisia-kypros
Κανένας τίτλος δεν αποκτάται με εχθρική κατοχή κατά εγγεγραμμένου κυρίου. Πού μετρούν ακόμη τα τριάντα χρόνια του Κεφ. 224 και πού σταμάτησαν το 1946.

Q: Καλλιεργώ το ίδιο χωράφι πάνω από τριάντα χρόνια. Είναι δικό μου;
A: Σχεδόν σίγουρα όχι, αν είναι εγγεγραμμένο σε άλλον. Το άρθρο 9 του Κεφ. 224 ορίζει ότι κανένας τίτλος επί ακίνητης ιδιοκτησίας δεν αποκτάται από οποιοδήποτε πρόσωπο με εχθρική κατοχή κατά της Δημοκρατίας ή εγγεγραμμένου κυρίου, όσο κι αν κράτησε η κατοχή.

Q: Τι σημαίνει εχθρική κατοχή στον νόμο;
A: Το Κεφ. 224 την ορίζει ως κατοχή από πρόσωπο που δεν δικαιούται σε αυτή, όταν η ρητή ή η εξυπακουόμενη συναίνεση ή άδεια του προσώπου που δικαιούται στην κατοχή δεν δόθηκε ή λήφθηκε. Η χρήση με άδεια του κυρίου, ρητή ή σιωπηρή, δεν είναι εχθρική, όσα χρόνια κι αν συνεχιστεί.

Q: Υπάρχει ακόμη χρησικτησία στην Κύπρο;
A: Ναι, αλλά τηρουμένου του άρθρου 9. Κατά το άρθρο 10, απόδειξη αδιαφιλονίκητης και αδιάλειπτης εχθρικής κατοχής για την πλήρη περίοδο των τριάντα ετών δίνει στον κάτοχο το δικαίωμα να λογίζεται κύριος και να εγγραφεί. Επειδή το άρθρο 9 αποκλείει αξιώσεις κατά της Δημοκρατίας και κατά εγγεγραμμένων κυρίων, ο κανόνας αφορά κυρίως μη εγγεγραμμένη ιδιοκτησία και περιόδους που συμπληρώθηκαν υπό τη νομοθεσία που ίσχυε πριν από το Κεφ. 224.

Q: Ποια τριάντα χρόνια μετρούν;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 13 του Κεφ. 224, η περίοδος των τριάντα ετών είναι η αμέσως προηγούμενη της ημερομηνίας κατά την οποία μπορεί να εγερθεί η αξίωση του άρθρου 10. Μια τριακονταετία κατοχής που έκλεισε στο παρελθόν δεν ικανοποιεί το άρθρο.

Q: Μπορεί η μακρόχρονη χρήση να μου δώσει δίοδο, έστω κι αν δεν δίνει κυριότητα;
A: Ναι, και η διάκριση έχει σημασία. Το άρθρο 11(1)(β) του Κεφ. 224 επιτρέπει την απόκτηση δικαιώματος διόδου ή άλλης δουλείας επί ξένης ιδιοκτησίας με τριάντα χρόνια αδιάλειπτης άσκησης, όχι όμως έναντι ιδιοκτησίας της Δημοκρατίας. Η μακρόχρονη χρήση μπορεί να δημιουργήσει δικαίωμα πάνω στη γη εκεί όπου δεν μπορεί να δημιουργήσει τίτλο στη γη.

Q: Πώς επηρεάζει η τουρκική εισβολή τη χρησικτησία;
A: Το άρθρο 10Α την αποκλείει και προς τις δύο κατευθύνσεις. Κανένας τίτλος δεν αποκτάται με εχθρική κατοχή σε ιδιοκτησία εντός της απροσπέλαστης λόγω της εισβολής περιοχής κατά κυρίου της Ελληνικής Κοινότητας ή αλλοδαπού, ούτε σε ιδιοκτησία εντός της ελεύθερης περιοχής κατά κυρίου της Τουρκικής Κοινότητας.

## Δάνεισα χρήματα χωρίς χαρτί: χάθηκαν;
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-daneisa-xoris-apodeixi
Δάνειο χωρίς έγγραφο: τι μετρά ως απόδειξη, πώς αντιμετωπίζεται ο ισχυρισμός «ήταν δώρο», τι ρόλο παίζει η γραπτή απαίτηση, και τα βήματα της είσπραξης.

Q: Πέρασαν χρόνια. Δεν έχει παραγραφεί;
A: Συχνά όχι, και ο λόγος είναι το άρθρο 7(3) του Ν. 66(Ι)/2012. Όταν η σύμβαση δανείου δεν προβλέπει αποπληρωμή σε συγκεκριμένη ή προσδιορίσιμη ημέρα, και δεν προβλέπει ως προϋπόθεση εξόφλησης την παροχή προηγούμενης ειδοποίησης στον οφειλέτη, ο χρόνος παραγραφής δεν αρχίζει πριν από την ημέρα επίδοσης γραπτής απαιτήσεως από ή εκ μέρους του δανειστή προς τον οφειλέτη για την αποπληρωμή. Στα άτυπα δάνεια μεταξύ γνωστών, όπου κανείς δεν έβαλε ημερομηνία, αυτό σημαίνει ότι το ρολόι μπορεί να μην έχει καν ξεκινήσει.

Q: Ένα μήνυμα όπου παραδέχεται την οφειλή τι αξίζει;
A: Πολλά, και σε δύο επίπεδα. Ως απόδειξη, είναι γραπτή παραδοχή. Και ως χρόνος, το άρθρο 17(α) του Ν. 66(Ι)/2012 ορίζει ότι ο χρόνος παραγραφής διακόπτεται και θεωρείται ότι αρχίζει να τρέχει εκ νέου εξ υπαρχής όταν ο υπόχρεος αναγνωρίσει εγγράφως το σε βάρος του δικαίωμα αγωγής. Ένα μήνυμα που λέει «θα σου τα δώσω τον άλλο μήνα» είναι ακριβώς αυτό.

Q: Και οι δόσεις που μου επέστρεφε;
A: Το άρθρο 17(β) διακόπτει τον χρόνο σε χρηματική οφειλή αν ο υπόχρεος συμπληρώσει πληρωμή μέρους της οφειλής που υπερβαίνει το 50% του συνόλου, περιλαμβανομένου του τυχόν πληρωτέου τόκου. Κάτω από αυτό το όριο η πληρωμή από μόνη της δεν αρκεί, αλλά το μήνυμα ή η απόδειξη που τη συνόδευσε μπορεί να συνιστά έγγραφη αναγνώριση κατά την παράγραφο (α). Κρατήστε και τα δύο.

Q: Έχω μόνο το έμβασμα. Φτάνει;
A: Το έμβασμα αποδεικνύει ότι τα χρήματα δόθηκαν, όχι γιατί δόθηκαν. Είναι η αναγκαία βάση, και το αν φτάνει εξαρτάται από το τι άλλο υπάρχει γύρω του: μηνύματα, συμπεριφορά, μερικές αποπληρωμές, μάρτυρες. Αξίζει εκτίμηση του συνόλου πριν βγει συμπέρασμα.

Q: Μου επέστρεφε 100 ευρώ τον μήνα και σταμάτησε. Βοηθά;
A: Πολύ. Οι μερικές αποπληρωμές είναι συμπεριφορά οφειλέτη και δύσκολα συμβιβάζονται με τον ισχυρισμό του δώρου. Μαζέψτε τα αποδεικτικά τους πριν από οποιαδήποτε επικοινωνία.

Q: Πέρασαν οκτώ χρόνια από τότε που έδωσα τα χρήματα. Τελείωσε;
A: Όχι απαραίτητα. Για δάνειο χωρίς συμφωνημένη ημερομηνία αποπληρωμής ο χρόνος κατά κανόνα μετρά από τη γραπτή απαίτηση, όχι από την ημέρα που δόθηκαν τα χρήματα. Αν δεν έχετε ζητήσει ποτέ γραπτώς την επιστροφή, η αξίωση μπορεί να είναι ζωντανή. Δείτε το με δικηγόρο πριν το ξεγράψετε.

## Πριν υπογράψετε οικοδομική σύμβαση: οι δέκα όροι
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-deka-oroi-oikodomikis-symvasis
Οι κατασκευαστικές διαφορές γράφονται στη σύμβαση την ημέρα της υπογραφής. Αντικείμενο, πληρωμές, παράταση χρόνου, ελαττώματα και επίλυση διαφορών.

Q: Ποιος όρος προκαλεί τις περισσότερες διαφορές;
A: Το αντικείμενο. Οι περισσότερες διαφορές για «έξτρα» είναι στην πραγματικότητα διαφορές για αντικείμενο που δεν ορίστηκε με πλήρη σχέδια, τεχνικές προδιαγραφές και δελτίο ποσοτήτων ενσωματωμένα στη σύμβαση.

Q: Πώς πρέπει να κλιμακώνονται οι πληρωμές;
A: Με πιστοποιημένη πρόοδο των εργασιών, έναντι πιστοποιητικών του επιβλέποντος αρχιτέκτονα ή μηχανικού, και όχι με την απλή πάροδο του χρόνου. Οι προκαταβολές πρέπει να εξασφαλίζονται.

Q: Χρειάζομαι όρο για αποζημιώσεις καθυστέρησης;
A: Ναι, με προσυμφωνημένο ποσοστό, ώστε να μη χρειάζεται να αποδεικνύεται ζημιά για κάθε ημέρα καθυστέρησης. Η διάταξη πίσω από τη ρήτρα είναι το άρθρο 74(1) του περί Συμβάσεων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 149: όπου η σύμβαση κατονομάζει ποσό πληρωτέο σε περίπτωση παράβασης, μπορεί να επιδικαστεί εύλογη αποζημίωση που δεν υπερβαίνει το ποσό αυτό, ανεξάρτητα από το αν αποδεικνύεται πραγματική ζημιά ή απώλεια. Το συμφωνημένο ποσό είναι οροφή και όχι αυτόματο δικαίωμα, που είναι λόγος να τεθεί σε υπερασπίσιμο και όχι σε εκφοβιστικό ύψος. Μαζί με τη δεσμευτική ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης και τη ρήτρα παράτασης χρόνου, είναι ο μηχανισμός που κάνει το χρονοδιάγραμμα εκτελεστό.

Q: Πώς πρέπει να γίνονται οι αλλαγές στο έργο;
A: Με γραπτή διαδικασία εντολής και τιμολόγησης. Καμία αλλαγή δεν πρέπει να γίνεται με προφορική συνεννόηση, γιατί εκεί γεννιέται η διαφορά για το τι συμφωνήθηκε και σε τι τιμή.

## Διαφανείς και Προβλέψιμοι Όροι Εργασίας: Ν. 25(Ι)/2023
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-diafaneis-provlepsimoi-oroi-ergasias
Δοκιμαστική περίοδος έως έξι μήνες, γραπτοί όροι σε επτά ημέρες, όρια στην εργασία κατά παραγγελία, και όχι γενική απαγόρευση δεύτερης εργασίας.

Q: Πόσο μπορεί να διαρκέσει η δοκιμαστική περίοδος;
A: Έξι μήνες. Το άρθρο 15(1) του Ν. 25(Ι)/2023 ορίζει ότι, όπου η σχέση εργασίας προβλέπει δοκιμαστική περίοδο, αυτή δεν μπορεί να υπερβαίνει τους έξι μήνες, ανεξαρτήτως ρυθμίσεων που ίσχυαν πριν. Σε σχέση ορισμένου χρόνου είναι ανάλογη προς την αναμενόμενη διάρκεια και τη φύση της εργασίας. Το άρθρο 15(2) προσθέτει ότι σε ανανέωση για την ίδια θέση και τα ίδια καθήκοντα δεν απαιτείται νέα δοκιμαστική περίοδος, και το άρθρο 15(3) εξαιρεί τα διευθυντικά στελέχη νομικών προσώπων.

Q: Μπορεί ο εργοδότης να μου απαγορεύσει δεύτερη εργασία;
A: Όχι ως γενικό κανόνα. Το άρθρο 16 ορίζει ότι ο εργοδότης δεν δύναται να απαγορεύει εργασία σε άλλους εργοδότες εκτός του συμφωνημένου ωραρίου, ούτε να επιφυλάσσει δυσμενή μεταχείριση γι' αυτό. Μπορεί να περιορίσει την παράλληλη απασχόληση κατά την πρόσληψη, αλλά μόνο καθορίζοντας γραπτώς συγκεκριμένους αντικειμενικούς λόγους, και οι λόγοι πρέπει να σχετίζονται με ασφάλεια και υγεία, επιχειρηματικό απόρρητο, ακεραιότητα του δημόσιου τομέα ή αποφυγή σύγκρουσης συμφερόντων.

Q: Πότε πρέπει να λάβω γραπτώς τους όρους μου;
A: Σε δύο δόσεις. Κατά το άρθρο 12(1) η βασική ενημέρωση δίνεται ατομικά με ένα ή περισσότερα έγγραφα εντός διαστήματος που αρχίζει την πρώτη εργάσιμη ημέρα και λήγει το αργότερο την έβδομη ημερολογιακή ημέρα από την έναρξη. Κατά το άρθρο 12(2) η συμπληρωματική ενημέρωση δίνεται με έγγραφο εντός ενός μηνός από την πρώτη ημέρα. Το άρθρο 12(3) απαιτεί η ενημέρωση για το νομικό πλαίσιο να παρέχεται δωρεάν, με σαφή και εύκολα προσβάσιμο τρόπο, από απόσταση και με ηλεκτρονικά μέσα.

Q: Μπορώ να ζητήσω πιο σταθερές ώρες;
A: Το άρθρο 19(1) δίνει σε εργοδοτούμενο με τουλάχιστον έξι μήνες υπηρεσία στον ίδιο εργοδότη, που ολοκλήρωσε τυχόν δοκιμαστική περίοδο, το δικαίωμα να ζητήσει μετάβαση σε μορφή απασχόλησης με πιο προβλέψιμους και ασφαλείς όρους, εφόσον είναι διαθέσιμη, και να λάβει αιτιολογημένη γραπτή απάντηση. Το άρθρο 19(2) τάσσει την απάντηση εντός ενός μηνός.

Q: Είμαι σε ετοιμότητα και η βάρδια ακυρώθηκε. Μπορώ να αρνηθώ εργασία;
A: Το άρθρο 17(1) ορίζει ότι, όπου το πρόγραμμα είναι εξολοκλήρου ή ως επί το πλείστον μη προβλέψιμο, ο εργοδοτούμενος δεν υποχρεώνεται να εργαστεί αν δεν πληρούνται δύο προϋποθέσεις: η εργασία να είναι εντός προκαθορισμένων ωρών και ημερών αναφοράς, και να έχει ενημερωθεί για την ανάθεση εντός εύλογου χρονικού διαστήματος πριν από την έναρξη. Το άρθρο 17(2) προβλέπει ότι, αν τουλάχιστον μία δεν πληρούται, μπορεί να αρνηθεί την ανάθεση χωρίς δυσμενείς συνέπειες.

## Διαφορές Γειτόνων στην Κύπρο: Οχληρία και Θόρυβος
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-diafores-geitonon-kypros
Ιδιωτική και δημόσια οχληρία κατά το ΚΕΦ. 148, ο κανόνας των δεκαπέντε ετών για το φως, γιατί η προϋπάρχουσα οχληρία δεν είναι υπεράσπιση, και το προσωρινό διάταγμα.

Q: Ο θόρυβος προϋπήρχε πριν αγοράσω. Χάνω το δικαίωμά μου;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 48 του ΚΕΦ. 148 ορίζει ρητά ότι δεν αποτελεί υπεράσπιση το ότι η οχληρία προϋφίστατο της κτήσης του επηρεαζόμενου ακινήτου από τον ενάγοντα. Εκείνο που επηρεάζει η προϊστορία είναι η μαρτυρία, όχι το δικαίωμα: ο χαρακτήρας της περιοχής, που το άρθρο 46 κάνει μέρος του μέτρου, εκτιμάται όπως είναι.

Q: Πόσο συχνά πρέπει να συμβαίνει κάτι για να είναι οχληρία;
A: Το άρθρο 46 μιλά για παρέμβαση κατά συνήθεια, οπότε ο ορισμός θέλει μοτίβο: θόρυβος κάθε βράδυ, εκροή κάθε φορά που βρέχει, χρήση που επαναλαμβάνεται εβδομάδα με την εβδομάδα. Το μεμονωμένο συμβάν δεν είναι χαμένο, αλλά συνήθως χρειάζεται άλλο νομικό σπίτι: αμέλεια για τη διαφυγή που προκάλεσε ζημιά, ή τη διαδρομή του ΚΕΦ. 96 για παράνομες εργασίες. Φέρτε το ημερολόγιο και θα πούμε ποιο πλαίσιο ταιριάζει.

Q: Μου έκοψαν τη θέα. Έχω αξίωση;
A: Ο περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμος προστατεύει το φως, όχι τη θέα. Κατά το άρθρο 50, το δικαίωμα αφορά εύλογο ποσοστό φωτός μετά από δεκαπέντε χρόνια αδιάλειπτης απόλαυσης, κρινόμενο από τη θέση και τη φύση του ακινήτου. Κατασκευή που σκοτεινιάζει κατοικήσιμα δωμάτια θέτει πραγματικό ζήτημα· εκείνη που διακόπτει τη θέα στη θάλασσα, όχι, υπό το άρθρο αυτό. Οι πολεοδομικές ενστάσεις είναι χωριστή διαδρομή με δικές της προθεσμίες.

Q: Το εργοτάξιο δίπλα ράγισε τους τοίχους μου. Να περιμένω τη δίκη;
A: Όχι. Όταν η ζημιά συνεχίζεται, προσωρινό διάταγμα κατά το άρθρο 32 του περί Δικαστηρίων Νόμου 14/1960 μπορεί να ζητηθεί από την αρχή, με τα κριτήρια του άρθρου: σοβαρό ζήτημα, πιθανότητα δικαιώματος, κίνδυνος ατελούς δικαιοσύνης αργότερα. Φωτογραφίστε τη ζημιά τώρα, με ημερομηνία, και ρωτήστε νωρίς για τη θέση της άδειας: κατά το άρθρο 29 του ΚΕΦ. 96, η παράβαση του Νόμου εκείνου είναι αυτοτελώς αγώγιμη από τον ζημιωθέντα.

Q: Επηρεάζεται όλος ο δρόμος, όχι μόνο εγώ. Με βοηθά ή με βλάπτει;
A: Αλλάζει το πλαίσιο. Η παρέμβαση στο κοινό εν γένει είναι δημόσια οχληρία κατά το άρθρο 45, και ο ιδιώτης ενάγων χρειάζεται τότε ειδική ζημιά, δηλαδή απώλεια δική του πέρα από τη γενική ενόχληση. Η παρέμβαση ειδικά στο δικό σας ακίνητο είναι ιδιωτική οχληρία κατά το άρθρο 46, όποιος άλλος και αν υποφέρει. Πολλές καταστάσεις στηρίζουν και τα δύο, και το δικόγραφο επιλέγει συνειδητά.

Q: Αξίζει επιστολή πριν από αγωγή;
A: Σχεδόν πάντα. Επιστολή που καταγράφει την παρέμβαση, ζητά να σταματήσει και θέτει εύλογη προθεσμία κάνει τρεις δουλειές: καμιά φορά τελειώνει το ζήτημα, ανοίγει το αρχείο ότι η κατά συνήθεια παρέμβαση συνεχίστηκε και μετά την ειδοποίηση, και διαβάζεται καλά στο ζήτημα των εξόδων αργότερα. Εκείνο που δεν πρέπει να κάνει είναι να απειλεί περισσότερα από όσα είστε έτοιμοι να επιδιώξετε. Ο οδηγός μας για την εξώδικη επιστολή καλύπτει την ανατομία της.

## Διαγραφή Εταιρείας από το Μητρώο και Επαναφορά
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-diagrafi-etaireias-mitroo-kypros
Η διαγραφή κατά το άρθρο 327 του ΚΕΦ. 113: το χρονοδιάγραμμα του Εφόρου, η περιουσία που περιέρχεται στη Δημοκρατία κατά το άρθρο 328, και η επαναφορά εντός είκοσι ετών.

Q: Η εταιρεία διαγράφτηκε πριν από χρόνια. Είναι αργά για επαναφορά;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 327(7) του ΚΕΦ. 113 η αίτηση γίνεται εντός είκοσι ετών από τη δημοσίευση της διαγραφής. Μέσα στο παράθυρο αυτό το ερώτημα δεν είναι η καθυστέρηση αλλά η βάση: ότι η εταιρεία λειτουργούσε κατά τη διαγραφή, ή ότι η επαναφορά είναι άλλως δίκαιη. Στείλτε πρώτα την ημερομηνία διαγραφής, γιατί όλα μετρώνται από αυτήν.

Q: Η εταιρεία είχε ακίνητο όταν διαγράφτηκε. Ποιανού είναι τώρα;
A: Με τη διάλυση, το άρθρο 328 περνά την περιουσία της εταιρείας στη Δημοκρατία ως αδέσποτη, πλην όσων η εταιρεία κρατούσε ως εμπίστευμα για άλλον. Γι' αυτό η ανακάλυψη γίνεται τόσο συχνά στη μέση μιας πώλησης. Η επαναφορά κατά το άρθρο 327(7) είναι ο δρόμος της επιστροφής: η επαναφερθείσα εταιρεία λογίζεται ότι υπήρχε συνεχώς, και το Δικαστήριο μπορεί να προσθέσει τις οδηγίες που χρειάζονται για να βρεθούν όλοι στη θέση που θα είχαν.

Q: Η διαγραφή σβήνει όσα όφειλαν οι σύμβουλοι ή η εταιρεία;
A: Όχι. Η επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 327(5) συνεχίζει την ευθύνη κάθε συμβούλου, διευθύνοντος αξιωματούχου και μέλους ωσάν η εταιρεία να μην είχε διαλυθεί, και η εξουσία του Δικαστηρίου να εκκαθαρίσει διαγραμμένη εταιρεία διατηρείται. Πιστωτής διαγραμμένης εταιρείας είναι εξάλλου από τα πρόσωπα που μπορούν να ζητήσουν την επαναφορά της, που είναι συχνά το πρώτο πρακτικό βήμα για να εισπράξει από αυτήν.

Q: Μπορούμε απλώς να διαγράψουμε εταιρεία που δεν χρειαζόμαστε;
A: Αν είναι καθαρή, ναι: το άρθρο 327(2Α)(α) επιτρέπει στους συμβούλους να αιτηθούν στον καθορισμένο τύπο, νοουμένου ότι η εταιρεία έχει εκπληρώσει τις υποχρεώσεις της από τον Νόμο, και το άρθρο 327(3Α) τους επιτρέπει να αποσύρουν την αίτηση πριν λήξει το τρίμηνο της ειδοποίησης. Αν η εταιρεία κρατά ακόμη περιουσία ή οφείλει, η διαγραφή είναι λάθος εργαλείο: πρώτα διανομή και τακτοποίηση, ή εκκαθάριση, γιατί ό,τι μείνει στην εταιρεία κατά τη διάλυση πηγαίνει στη Δημοκρατία.

Q: Λάβαμε επιστολή του Εφόρου που ρωτά αν η εταιρεία λειτουργεί. Έχει σημασία;
A: Είναι το πρώτο βήμα του μηχανισμού του άρθρου 327, και το χρονοδιάγραμμα που ανοίγει είναι σύντομο: ένας μήνας για την πρώτη επιστολή, δεύτερη συστημένη, άλλος ένας μήνας, έπειτα η δημοσιευμένη τρίμηνη ειδοποίηση. Μια απάντηση, ή ένσταση στον καθορισμένο τύπο από την εταιρεία, μέλος ή πιστωτή πριν λήξει η προθεσμία, σταματά τη μεταφορική ταινία. Η σιωπή την αφήνει να φθάσει ως τη διάλυση.

Q: Ποιος επωμίζεται το κόστος της επαναφοράς;
A: Το διάταγμα το ρυθμίζει κατά κανόνα: κατά το άρθρο 327(7)(γ) το Δικαστήριο μπορεί να διατάξει τις καταχωρίσεις που ενημερώνουν το μητρώο, την καταβολή των τελών που οφείλονται στον Έφορο, και τα έξοδα του Εφόρου για τη διαδικασία. Κατ' ουσίαν, η εταιρεία εξαγοράζει την ύπαρξή της βάζοντας σε τάξη το μητρώο της.

## Διαιτησία ή δικαστήριο στην εμπορική σύμβαση;
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-diaitisia-i-dikastirio
Τι κρίνει η ρήτρα επίλυσης διαφορών σε μια εμπορική σύμβαση, πότε συμφέρει η διαιτησία και πότε το δικαστήριο, και γιατί η ρήτρα που υπογράψατε θα τηρηθεί.

Q: Πότε είναι πλέον αργά για αναστολή;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 8 του ΚΕΦ. 4, μόλις παραδώσετε γραπτές προτάσεις ή προβείτε σε οποιοδήποτε άλλο στάδιο της διαδικασίας. Η αίτηση υποβάλλεται οποτεδήποτε μετά την εμφάνιση και πριν από εκείνο το σημείο. Η καταχώριση υπεράσπισης είναι στάδιο, όπως και κάθε αίτηση που εμπλέκεται με την ουσία. Στο άρθρο 8(1) του Ν. 101/1987 η γραμμή τραβιέται στην πρώτη έκθεση επί της ουσίας της διαφοράς.

Q: Θα δώσει σίγουρα αναστολή το δικαστήριο;
A: Στο ΚΕΦ. 4, όχι κατ' ανάγκη. Το άρθρο 8 λέει ότι το Δικαστήριο «δύναται» να εκδώσει διάταγμα αναστολής, και μόνο αν ικανοποιηθεί ότι δεν υπάρχει λόγος που να δικαιολογεί τη μη παραπομπή, και ότι ο αιτητής ήταν όταν άρχισε η διαδικασία, και εξακολουθεί να είναι, έτοιμος και πρόθυμος να πράξει οτιδήποτε αναγκαίο για την κανονική διεξαγωγή της διαιτησίας. Στο άρθρο 8(1) του Ν. 101/1987 το Δικαστήριο οφείλει να παραπέμψει, εκτός αν εύρει τη συμφωνία άκυρη, ανενεργή ή μη δεκτική εκτέλεσης.

Q: Η αγωγή σταματά τη διαιτησία στο μεταξύ;
A: Όχι, τουλάχιστον υπό τον διεθνή νόμο. Το άρθρο 8(2) του Ν. 101/1987 ορίζει ότι η έγερση της αγωγής δεν αποτελεί κώλυμα για την έναρξη ή τη συνέχιση της διαιτητικής διαδικασίας ή την έκδοση τελικής διαιτητικής απόφασης, ενόσω το επίδικο θέμα εκκρεμεί ενώπιον του Δικαστηρίου.

Q: Προσβάλλεται η διαιτητική απόφαση;
A: Το άρθρο 20(1) του ΚΕΦ. 4 επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να απομακρύνει διαιτητή ή επιδιαιτητή που επέδειξε κακή συμπεριφορά ή χειρίστηκε κακώς την υπόθεση, και το άρθρο 20(2) να ακυρώσει τη διαιτητική απόφαση όταν υπήρξε κακή συμπεριφορά ή κακός χειρισμός, ή όταν η διαιτησία διεξήχθη ή η απόφαση εκδόθηκε παράτυπα. Είναι στενοί λόγοι: η απόφαση δεν ανοίγει ξανά επειδή είναι εσφαλμένη.

Q: Πώς γίνεται εκτελεστή η διαιτητική απόφαση;
A: Με το άρθρο 21 του ΚΕΦ. 4: διαιτητική απόφαση που εκδίδεται με βάση συνυποσχετικό δύναται, με άδεια του Δικαστηρίου, να εκτελεστεί κατά τον ίδιο τρόπο όπως δικαστική απόφαση ή διάταγμα με την ίδια ισχύ. Η άδεια είναι χωριστή αίτηση, και εκεί αποκαλύπτεται συνηθέστερα μια ελαττωματική διαιτησία.

Q: Η σύμβασή μου έχει ρήτρα διαιτησίας αλλά προτιμώ το δικαστήριο. Μπορώ να καταχωρίσω αγωγή;
A: Μπορείτε, αλλά αν η άλλη πλευρά ζητήσει εγκαίρως την παραπομπή στη διαιτησία, στη διεθνή εμπορική διαιτησία το δικαστήριο οφείλει να παραπέμψει, και στην εγχώρια αποφασίζει με καθιερωμένα κριτήρια. Κατά κανόνα, η ρήτρα κερδίζει.

Q: Η διαιτησία είναι πιο φθηνή;
A: Όχι απαραίτητα. Τα μέρη πληρώνουν τον διαιτητή και τη διοίκηση της διαδικασίας, κόστη που στο δικαστήριο δεν υπάρχουν. Το πλεονέκτημά της είναι αλλού: εκτέλεση στο εξωτερικό, εμπιστευτικότητα, τεχνικός κριτής. Αν αυτά δεν σας αφορούν, το κόστος δεν είναι επιχείρημα υπέρ της.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν η ρήτρα καλύπτει μέρος μόνο της διαφοράς;
A: Η αναστολή υπέρ της διαιτησίας μπορεί να δοθεί μερικώς, στην έκταση της ρήτρας, με αποτέλεσμα η διαφορά να τρέχει σε δύο βήματα. Είναι ακριβώς το σενάριο που αποφεύγεται με προσεκτική σύνταξη της ρήτρας εξαρχής.

## Διαιτησία κατά το ΚΕΦ. 4: η ρήτρα, η απόφαση, το δικαστήριο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-diaitisia-kef4
Ο εγχώριος περί Διαιτησίας Νόμος: τι διαβάζει ο Πρώτος Πίνακας μέσα στη ρήτρα σας, η αναστολή που ζητείται πριν από τα δικόγραφα, η ακύρωση, και η εκτέλεση.

Q: Μας ενάγουν παρά τη ρήτρα διαιτησίας. Τι κάνουμε πρώτα;
A: Ζητήστε αναστολή κατά το άρθρο 8, και κάντε το πριν από οτιδήποτε άλλο. Η αίτηση υποβάλλεται οποτεδήποτε μετά την εμφάνιση αλλά πριν παραδώσετε γραπτές προτάσεις ή προβείτε σε οποιοδήποτε άλλο στάδιο. Η καταχώριση υπεράσπισης είναι στάδιο, και είναι συνήθως αυτό που χάνει το δικαίωμα. Το Δικαστήριο μπορεί να αναστείλει αν ικανοποιηθεί ότι δεν υπάρχει λόγος που να δικαιολογεί τη μη παραπομπή και ότι ήσασταν, και εξακολουθείτε να είστε, έτοιμοι και πρόθυμοι για την κανονική διεξαγωγή της.

Q: Μπορούμε να αλλάξουμε γνώμη για τη διαιτησία;
A: Όχι μονομερώς. Το άρθρο 3 ορίζει ότι το συνυποσχετικό, εκτός αν εκφράζεται αντίθετη πρόθεση, είναι ανέκκλητο εκτός αν επιτραπεί από το Δικαστήριο. Το άρθρο 4(1) προσθέτει ότι δεν λύεται με τον θάνατο συμβαλλομένου.

Q: Η ρήτρα μας δεν λέει πόσοι διαιτητές. Τι γίνεται;
A: Παίρνετε έναν. Το άρθρο 6 διαβάζει τον Πρώτο Πίνακα μέσα στο συνυποσχετικό εκτός αν εκφράζεται αντίθετη πρόθεση, και η πρώτη από τις διατάξεις του είναι ότι, αν δεν προβλέπεται άλλο είδος παραπομπής, η παραπομπή γίνεται σε έναν μόνο διαιτητή. Ο Πίνακας δίνει επίσης την υποχρέωση αποκάλυψης, την οριστικότητα της απόφασης, τη διακριτική ευχέρεια για τα έξοδα, και την εξουσία προσωρινής απόφασης.

Q: Μπορεί διαιτητής να διατάξει ειδική εκτέλεση πωλητηρίου;
A: Όχι. Η παράγραφος 8 του Πρώτου Πίνακα δίνει στους διαιτητές την ίδια εξουσία με τα δικαστήρια να διατάσσουν ειδική εκτέλεση οποιασδήποτε σύμβασης, αλλά εξαιρεί ρητά σύμβαση που αφορά γη ή οποιοδήποτε συμφέρον σε γη. Αξίζει να είναι γνωστό πριν μπει ρήτρα διαιτησίας σε πωλητήριο έγγραφο.

Q: Η άλλη πλευρά δεν δίνει έγγραφα. Μπορεί ο διαιτητής να την αναγκάσει;
A: Εν μέρει, και το δικαστήριο καλύπτει το κενό. Η παράγραφος 4 του Πρώτου Πίνακα υποχρεώνει τους διαδίκους να παρουσιάσουν όλα τα βιβλία, συμβόλαια, συμφωνίες, λογαριασμούς, γραπτά και έγγραφα στην κατοχή ή υπό την εξουσία τους. Για τρίτο, το άρθρο 17 επιτρέπει αίτηση στο Δικαστήριο για κλητήριο ένταλμα, με το όριο ότι κανείς δεν υποχρεώνεται να παρουσιάσει έγγραφο που δεν θα υποχρεωνόταν να παρουσιάσει σε δίκη. Το άρθρο 26 και ο Δεύτερος Πίνακας επιτρέπουν επίσης διάταγμα αποκάλυψης εγγράφων.

Q: Θεωρούμε ότι ο διαιτητής έσφαλε. Προσβάλλεται η απόφαση;
A: Μόνο για τους λόγους του Νόμου. Κατά το άρθρο 20(2) το Δικαστήριο μπορεί να ακυρώσει απόφαση όταν ο διαιτητής επέδειξε κακή συμπεριφορά ή χειρίστηκε κακώς την υπόθεση, ή όταν η διαιτησία διεξήχθη ή η απόφαση εκδόθηκε παράτυπα, και κατά το άρθρο 20(1) μπορεί να τον απομακρύνει. Το άρθρο 19(1) προσφέρει τη μέση οδό της αναπομπής, οπότε το άρθρο 19(2) απαιτεί απόφαση μέσα σε τρεις μήνες. Η διαφωνία με το αποτέλεσμα δεν είναι λόγος: η παράγραφος 6 του Πρώτου Πίνακα καθιστά την απόφαση οριστική και δεσμευτική.

Q: Η διαιτησία τραβά πέρα από την προθεσμία της.
A: Δύο διατάξεις βοηθούν. Το άρθρο 18 επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να παρατείνει τον χρόνο έκδοσης της απόφασης, ρητά είτε ο χρόνος έχει εκπνεύσει είτε όχι, οπότε η λήξη δεν είναι μοιραία. Το άρθρο 13(1) επιτρέπει την απομάκρυνση διαιτητή που δεν ενεργεί όσο το δυνατόν ταχύτερα.

Q: Αξίζει τίποτε η απόφαση αν δεν πληρώσουν;
A: Ναι. Κατά το άρθρο 21 η διαιτητική απόφαση μπορεί, με άδεια του Δικαστηρίου, να εκτελεστεί κατά τον ίδιο τρόπο όπως δικαστική απόφαση με την ίδια ισχύ, και μπορεί να καταχωρηθεί απόφαση με το περιεχόμενό της. Το άρθρο 22 προσθέτει τόκο από την ημερομηνία της απόφασης με το επιτόκιο του εξ αποφάσεως χρέους, και όσα ακολουθούν εκτίθενται στην εκτέλεση δικαστικής απόφασης.

Q: Η σύμβασή μας λέει ότι καθένας πληρώνει τα δικά του έξοδα ό,τι κι αν γίνει.
A: Η ρήτρα αυτή είναι άκυρη. Το άρθρο 23(1) καθιστά άκυρη τη διάταξη ότι οι συμβαλλόμενοι θα καταβάλλουν σε κάθε περίπτωση τα δικά τους έξοδα της παραπομπής ή της απόφασης, και εφαρμόζει τον Νόμο ωσάν να μην υπήρχε. Η μόνη εξαίρεση είναι όταν αποτελεί μέρος συμφωνίας για υποβολή διαφοράς που είχε ήδη προκύψει κατά την υπογραφή. Αν η ίδια η απόφαση σιωπά για τα έξοδα, το άρθρο 23(2) σας δίνει δεκατέσσερις ημέρες από τη δημοσίευση για να αποταθείτε στον διαιτητή.

Q: Σταματά η παραγραφή όσο διαιτητεύουμε;
A: Οι περί παραγραφής Νόμοι εφαρμόζονται στις διαιτησίες όπως στις δικαστικές διαδικασίες κατά το άρθρο 24(1), και το άρθρο 24(3) ορίζει πότε αρχίζει η διαιτησία: όταν ένας συμβαλλόμενος επιδώσει στον άλλο ειδοποίηση που τον καλεί να διορίσει διαιτητή, ή που καλεί την παραπομπή όταν το συνυποσχετικό κατονομάζει πρόσωπο. Το άρθρο 24(2) εμποδίζει ρήτρα που αναβάλλει τη γένεση της βάσης μέχρι την απόφαση.

## Διαμεσολάβηση στην Κύπρο: τι σταματά και τι παράγει
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-diamesolavisi-kypros
Ο Νόμος 159(I)/2012: η αναστολή της παραγραφής, τι δεν μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί μετά, οι εξαιρέσεις όπως οι εργατικές διαφορές, και η εκτέλεση της συμφωνίας.

Q: Θα μου κοστίσει η διαμεσολάβηση την προθεσμία μου;
A: Όχι, και αυτό είναι το νόημα του άρθρου 27. Η έναρξη της διαδικασίας, που κατά το άρθρο 17 είναι η ημερομηνία υπογραφής της συμφωνίας διαμεσολάβησης, αναστέλλει τον χρόνο παραγραφής ή την αποσβεστική προθεσμία για όλη τη διάρκειά της. Αν η διαμεσολάβηση αποτύχει, ο χρόνος συνεχίζει να τρέχει από την ημερομηνία τερματισμού. Δεν ξεκινά από την αρχή, οπότε ο χρόνος που ήδη πέρασε μετρά, αλλά η ίδια η διαμεσολάβηση δεν σας κοστίζει ημέρες.

Q: Μπορεί η άλλη πλευρά να χρησιμοποιήσει όσα πω εναντίον μου;
A: Το άρθρο 24 λέει όχι: ανεξάρτητα από οποιονδήποτε άλλο νόμο, δήλωση που γίνεται ενώπιον διαμεσολαβητή κατά τη διαδικασία δεν είναι δεκτή ως μαρτυρία εναντίον οποιουδήποτε προσώπου ενώπιον του δικαστηρίου. Το άρθρο 23 χωριστά εμποδίζει τον διαμεσολαβητή και κάθε εμπλεκόμενο να προσκομίσει στοιχεία σε αστική διαδικασία ή διαιτησία, με δύο μόνο εξαιρέσεις: επιτακτικούς λόγους δημόσιας τάξης που αφορούν κυρίως παιδιά ή τη σωματική ή ψυχολογική ακεραιότητα, και κοινολόγηση απαραίτητη για την εφαρμογή ή εκτέλεση της συμφωνίας.

Q: Μπορεί το δικαστήριο να μας διατάξει να πάμε σε διαμεσολάβηση;
A: Μπορεί να σας διατάξει να ενημερωθείτε, όχι να τη ζήσετε. Το άρθρο 15(1) επιτρέπει στο δικαστήριο, σε οποιοδήποτε στάδιο πριν από την απόφαση, να καλέσει τους διαδίκους για ενημέρωση και να αναβάλει τη διαδικασία για διαμεσολάβηση κατόπιν κοινής αίτησης όλων ή αίτησης ενός με τη ρητή συναίνεση των υπολοίπων. Το άρθρο 15(2) ορίζει μετά ότι όταν οποιοσδήποτε διάδικος δεν συμφωνεί, το δικαστήριο προχωρεί με τη διαδικασία.

Q: Έχουμε εργατική διαφορά. Εφαρμόζεται ο Νόμος;
A: Μόνο αν είναι διασυνοριακή. Το άρθρο 3(2)(β) εξαιρεί τις εργατικές διαφορές που δεν περιλαμβάνονται στις διασυνοριακές, και το λέει ανεξάρτητα από το αν εγείρονται σε αυτές δικαιώματα για τα οποία τα μέρη έχουν την ελευθερία να αποφασίζουν. Η διασυνοριακή διαφορά ορίζεται στο άρθρο 4(1).

Q: Η συμφωνία είναι απλώς σύμβαση, ή εκτελείται;
A: Εκτελείται. Κατά το άρθρο 32(3) το δικαστήριο μπορεί να κηρύξει το σύνολο ή μέρος της συμφωνίας εκτελεστό κατά τον ίδιο τρόπο και με την ίδια ισχύ με δικαστική απόφαση, και να εκδώσει απόφαση με το περιεχόμενό της. Η αίτηση κατατίθεται από κοινού, ή από ένα μέρος με τη ρητή συγκατάθεση των υπολοίπων, και το άρθρο 30(2) επιτρέπει η συγκατάθεση αυτή να ενσωματωθεί στην ίδια τη συμφωνία, που αξίζει να γίνει τότε αντί να διαπραγματευτεί αργότερα.

Q: Μπορεί το δικαστήριο να αρνηθεί την εκτέλεση;
A: Ναι, για τρεις λόγους στο άρθρο 32(3)(β): ότι το περιεχόμενο αντίκειται στον νόμο, ότι δεν είναι εκτελεστό, ή ότι η διαφορά δεν μπορεί να επιλυθεί με διαμεσολάβηση. Η απόρριψη εφεσιβάλλεται όπως δικαστική απόφαση κατά το άρθρο 32(4). Ο διαμεσολαβητής έχει συναφές καθήκον κατά το άρθρο 28(1): η διαδικασία τερματίζεται αν κρίνει τη συμφωνία παράνομη ή κρίνει ότι δεν μπορεί να γίνει αποδεκτή από το δικαστήριο.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν η άλλη πλευρά αποχωρήσει;
A: Η διαδικασία τερματίζεται κατά το άρθρο 28(1)(δ), που καλύπτει το μέρος που παύει να συναινεί στη συνέχισή της, και κατά το άρθρο 28(2) τερματίζεται μαζί και η εντολή του διαμεσολαβητή. Δεν παραχωρείται τίποτε με αυτό: το άρθρο 25(2) ορίζει ότι η παραίτηση του διαμεσολαβητή, η συμφωνία των μερών ή η απόφαση του ενός μέρους να τερματίσει την εντολή δεν επάγεται παραδοχή των προβαλλόμενων ισχυρισμών. Το ρολόι της παραγραφής συνεχίζει από τον τερματισμό κατά το άρθρο 27(2).

Q: Μπορούμε να διαμεσολαβήσουμε μόνο για μέρος της υπόθεσης;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 5(3) προβλέπει ότι η διαμεσολάβηση μπορεί να διενεργείται για μέρος ή για το σύνολο της διαφοράς, και το άρθρο 30(1) προβλέπει συμφωνία συμβιβασμού που επιλύει το σύνολο ή μέρος. Ο περιορισμός μιας υπόθεσης με συμφωνία στα σημεία που δεν αμφισβητούνται πραγματικά αξίζει συχνά περισσότερο από την απόπειρα για το σύνολο.

Q: Πώς ξέρουμε ότι ο διαμεσολαβητής είναι κατάλληλος;
A: Ελέγξτε το Μητρώο. Το άρθρο 5(1) επιτρέπει τη διεξαγωγή διαμεσολάβησης μόνο από πρόσωπο εγγεγραμμένο στο Μητρώο Διαμεσολαβητών, με διαφορετικές οδούς εγγραφής για εμπορικές και άλλες αστικές διαφορές, και το άρθρο 6 καθιστά τον Υπουργό υπεύθυνο για την τήρησή του. Το άρθρο 7(2) απαιτεί τη δημοσίευσή του στην ιστοσελίδα του Υπουργείου Δικαιοσύνης και Δημοσίας Τάξεως.

Q: Πόσο κρατά ο διαμεσολαβητής τα έγγραφα;
A: Τουλάχιστον επτά έτη από τον τερματισμό της διαδικασίας, κατά το άρθρο 29. Αυτό μετράει όταν μια συμφωνία πρέπει αργότερα να εφαρμοστεί ή να εκτελεστεί, αφού το άρθρο 23(1)(β) επιτρέπει την κοινολόγηση του περιεχομένου της συμφωνίας όταν είναι απαραίτητη για την εφαρμογή ή την εκτέλεσή της.

## Διάταγμα αποκάλυψης: όταν δεν ξέρετε ποιον να ενάγετε
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-diatagma-apokalypsis
Υποχρεώνει τρίτο που ενεπλάκη, έστω και αθώα, συνήθως τράπεζα ή πάροχο, να αποκαλύψει ό,τι κατέχει. Τι αποδεικνύεται, πού αποτυγχάνει, και γιατί η ταχύτητα μετρά.

Q: Εναντίον ποιου εκδίδεται;
A: Εναντίον τρίτου που ενεπλάκη στο αδίκημα, έστω αθώα, συνήθως τράπεζας ή μεσάζοντα, ώστε αδικοπραγών που είναι απλώς ένα όνομα σε εντολή πληρωμής να ταυτοποιηθεί και να εναχθεί. Ο τυπικός καθ’ ου είναι αθώος και δεν μπορεί να παραδώσει το υλικό οικειοθελώς, γιατί οφείλει καθήκον εμπιστευτικότητας προς τον δικό του πελάτη. Το διάταγμα δεν είναι απαίτηση εναντίον του: τίποτε δεν ζητείται από αυτόν πέρα από την πληροφορία, και η θέση του είναι θέση μάρτυρα που εξαναγκάζεται και όχι εναγομένου.

Q: Τι πρέπει να αποδείξω;
A: Τέσσερα πράγματα, σωρευτικά, και η αίτηση που τα αντιμετωπίζει ως τύπους είναι εκείνη που αποτυγχάνει. Βάσιμη συζητήσιμη υπόθεση αδικήματος, γιατί το δικαστήριο καλείται να παραμερίσει καθήκον εμπιστευτικότητας και δεν το κάνει επί υπονοίας. Εμπλοκή του καθ’ ου στο αδίκημα, έστω αθώα και εν αγνοία του, αφού πρόσωπο που απλώς πιθανολογείται ότι γνωρίζει κάτι είναι μάρτυρας και όχι ορθός καθ’ ου. Αναγκαιότητα, γιατί αν η πληροφορία μπορεί να ληφθεί με άλλον τρόπο, αυτή είναι η απάντηση στην αίτηση. Και αναλογικότητα, αφού ακόμη και όταν πληρούνται οι προϋποθέσεις το διάταγμα είναι διακριτικό, και αίτημα για ό,τι κατέχεται για ένα πρόσωπο επί σειρά ετών προσκαλεί απόρριψη για τον λόγο αυτόν και μόνο.

Q: Γιατί απορρίπτονται τέτοιες αιτήσεις;
A: Συνήθως στην αναγκαιότητα, όταν η πληροφορία ήταν διαθέσιμη αλλού και δεν επιχειρήθηκε, και στην αναλογικότητα, όταν ζητούνται τα πάντα αντί για το συγκεκριμένο. Δύο ακόμη σημεία ανήκουν στην ίδια την αίτηση και όχι σε δεύτερη σκέψη: ποιος επωμίζεται το κόστος συμμόρφωσης του καθ’ ου, αφού είναι ξένος προς τη διαφορά, και αν θα ειδοποιηθεί ο αδικοπραγών, γιατί σε υπόθεση ιχνηλάτησης η προειδοποίηση συχνά καταστρέφει την αξία του διατάγματος πριν αυτό εκτελεστεί.

Q: Ποια είναι η νομική βάση του διατάγματος στην Κύπρο;
A: Δεν υπάρχει ειδικός νόμος. Τα κυπριακά δικαστήρια εκδίδουν τα διατάγματα αυτά δυνάμει του άρθρου 32 του περί Δικαστηρίων Νόμου 14/1960, που είναι η ουσιαστική πηγή της εξουσίας έκδοσης ενδιάμεσων διαταγμάτων, εφαρμόζοντας τις αρχές της αγγλικής νομολογίας Norwich Pharmacal ως ζήτημα επιείκειας, ενώ η διαδικασία διέπεται από τον περί Πολιτικής Δικονομίας Νόμο, ΚΕΦ. 6 και τους Κανονισμούς Πολιτικής Δικονομίας του 2023.

Q: Πότε αξίζει να υποβληθεί αίτηση;
A: Τρεις καταστάσεις επαναλαμβάνονται. Δεν υπάρχει εναγόμενος, γιατί ο αδικοπραγών είναι ανώνυμος ή κρύβεται πίσω από εταιρική δομή, κάτι σύνηθες στην απάτη πληρωμών και στην ανώνυμη διαδικτυακή δημοσίευση. Πρέπει να ακολουθηθούν χρήματα, γιατί κεφάλαια κινήθηκαν μέσα από λογαριασμούς και η αλυσίδα πρέπει να ανασυντεθεί πριν υπάρξει προοπτική ανάκτησης ή παγοποίησης όσων απομένουν. Ή η απαίτηση δεν μπορεί να δικογραφηθεί, γιατί ο αδικοπραγών είναι γνωστός αλλά τα έγγραφα που χρειάζονται για να εκτεθεί τι έγινε τα κατέχει άλλος. Το διάταγμα ζητείται συνήθως πριν αρχίσει οποιαδήποτε διαδικασία, και μπορεί να ζητηθεί και μέσα σε εκκρεμή υπόθεση.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα πρέπει να κινηθώ;
A: Αμέσως. Τα χρήματα μετακινούνται και οι λογαριασμοί κλείνουν, και το διάταγμα που ζητείται αργά φτάνει σε αρχείο που δεν οδηγεί πουθενά.

Q: Τι κάνει μια αίτηση αδύναμη;
A: Το εύρος, συχνότερα από οτιδήποτε άλλο. Η αποκάλυψη ζητείται κατηγορία προς κατηγορία και οριοθετείται με χρονικό διάστημα και αντικείμενο, ώστε ο καθ' ου να μπορεί να εντοπίσει τι κατέχει και το δικαστήριο να βλέπει ότι το διάταγμα περιορίζεται στο αναγκαίο. Αίτημα διατυπωμένο ως «κάθε έγγραφο που αφορά» ένα πρόσωπο ή έναν λογαριασμό είναι δύσκολο να εκτελεστεί και εύκολο να αντικρουστεί.

Q: Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε τις πληροφορίες και για άλλο σκοπό;
A: Όχι εκ των προτέρων. Η αποκάλυψη χορηγείται για συγκεκριμένο σκοπό, και η αίτηση οφείλει να ζητά από το δικαστήριο να ορίσει τον σκοπό αυτόν και να περιορίσει αναλόγως τη χρήση. Πληροφορία που λήφθηκε για την ταυτοποίηση εναγομένου δεν πρέπει να θεωρείται διαθέσιμη για άλλη διαφορά, για δημοσίευση ή για καταγγελία σε ρυθμιστική αρχή.

## Διαθήκη στην Κύπρο: τι μπορείτε να αφήσετε
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-diathiki-kypros-ti-afinete
Η νόμιμη μοίρα και το διαθέσιμο μέρος, η εκτέλεση που αντέχει σε αμφισβήτηση, το διεθνές στοιχείο, και γιατί η διαθήκη αξίζει παρά τους περιορισμούς της.

Q: Έχω μόνο σύζυγο, χωρίς παιδιά. Πόσα ελέγχω με τη διαθήκη;
A: Το άρθρο 41(1) του περί Διαθηκών και Διαδοχής Νόμου, Κεφ. 195, το καθορίζει με βάση το ποιοι σας επιζούν. Αφήνοντας σύζυγο και τέκνο, ή σύζυγο και κατιόντα τέκνου, ή κανένα σύζυγο αλλά τέκνο ή κατιόντα τέκνου, το διαθέσιμο μέρος δεν υπερβαίνει το ένα τέταρτο της καθαρής αξίας της περιουσίας. Αφήνοντας σύζυγο, ή πατέρα ή μητέρα, αλλά όχι τέκνο και όχι κατιόντα τέκνου, δεν υπερβαίνει το ήμισυ. Αφήνοντας κανέναν από αυτούς, ολόκληρη η περιουσία είναι διαθέσιμη. Διαθήκη που διαθέτει περισσότερα μειώνεται και περικόπτεται αναλογικά κατά το άρθρο 41(2), ώστε να περιοριστεί στο διαθέσιμο μέρος.

Q: Είμαι ξένος υπήκοος με ακίνητο στην Κύπρο. Με δεσμεύει η νόμιμη μοίρα;
A: Όχι απαραίτητα: το ποιο δίκαιο διέπει τη διαδοχή σας εξαρτάται από τη συνήθη διαμονή σας, και μπορείτε υπό προϋποθέσεις να επιλέξετε στη διαθήκη το δίκαιο της ιθαγένειάς σας. Η απάντηση θέλει συγκεκριμένη ανάλυση πριν γραφτεί οτιδήποτε.

Q: Μπορώ να τα αφήσω όλα στον σύζυγό μου;
A: Συχνά ναι, και είναι η μία περίπτωση στην οποία ο νόμος είναι γενναιόδωρος. Η επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 41(2) του Κεφ. 195 ορίζει ότι όπου πρόσωπο αποβιώνει αφήνοντας σύζυγο αλλά κανένα τέκνο, κανέναν κατιόντα τέκνου και κανέναν πατέρα ή μητέρα, διαθήκη που αφήνει περισσότερα από το διαθέσιμο μέρος δεν περικόπτεται, και η υπέρβαση μπορεί να εκτείνεται σε ολόκληρη τη νόμιμη μοίρα, νοουμένου ότι αφέθηκε στον επιζώντα σύζυγο. Όπου επιζεί και τέκνο, κατιών ή γονέας, γεννάται νόμιμη μοίρα και μέρος της περιουσίας περνά κατά νόμο ό,τι κι αν λέει η διαθήκη.

Q: Χρειάζομαι κυπριακή διαθήκη αν έχω ακίνητο στην Κύπρο;
A: Διαθήκη που ρυθμίζει τα κυπριακά σας περιουσιακά στοιχεία κάνει τη διαχείριση της κληρονομιάς πολύ απλούστερη και ταχύτερη για την οικογένειά σας, και βοηθά να αποφευχθεί η αβεβαιότητα. Αν έχετε περιουσία σε περισσότερες από μία χώρες, οι συντονισμένες διαθήκες είναι συχνά η λογική λύση.

Q: Μπορώ να γράψω τη διαθήκη μόνος μου;
A: Ο νόμος το επιτρέπει, αν τηρηθούν όλες οι τυπικές προϋποθέσεις. Στην πράξη, οι αυτοσχέδιες διαθήκες είναι η πρώτη ύλη των αμφισβητήσεων: λάθη εκτέλεσης, ασάφειες, μάρτυρες που δεν έπρεπε. Το κόστος της σωστής σύνταξης είναι μικρό μπροστά στο κόστος μιας δίκης κληρονόμων.

Q: Μπορεί ένα εμπίστευμα να παρακάμψει τη νόμιμη μοίρα;
A: Εμπίστευμα δεν πρέπει να συστήνεται για τον σκοπό αυτόν. Το αν περιουσιακά στοιχεία που τοποθετήθηκαν σε εμπίστευμα αποτελούν μέρος της κληρονομιάς για τους σκοπούς αυτούς είναι ερώτημα που εξαρτάται από τα γεγονότα και από το πότε και πώς συστάθηκε το εμπίστευμα.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν η διαθήκη είναι άκυρη;
A: Η κληρονομιά διανέμεται κατά τους κανόνες της εξ αδιαθέτου διαδοχής, σε καθορισμένες μερίδες, ανεξάρτητα από το τι έλεγε το έγγραφο.

## Διεθνής Εμπορική Διαιτησία στην Κύπρο: Ν. 101/1987
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-diethnis-emporiki-diaitisia
Το ΚΕΦ. 4 διέπει την εσωτερική διαιτησία, ο Ν. 101/1987 τη διεθνή εμπορική, και τέσσερα άρθρα του φτάνουν σε διαιτησία με έδρα στο εξωτερικό.

Q: Ποιος νόμος διέπει τη διαιτησία μου;
A: Εξαρτάται από το αν η διαιτησία είναι και διεθνής και εμπορική. Το άρθρο 3(1) του Ν. 101/1987 ορίζει ότι ο Νόμος εφαρμόζεται αποκλειστικά επί διεθνών εμπορικών διαιτησιών, και το άρθρο 3(3) αφήνει τον περί Διαιτησίας Νόμο, ΚΕΦ. 4, να διέπει τη διαιτησία των διαφορών που δεν εμπίπτουν σε αυτόν. Και οι δύο λέξεις ορίζονται στο άρθρο 2.

Q: Τι θεωρείται εμπορική;
A: Το άρθρο 2(4) ορίζει εμπορική τη διαιτησία που αναφέρεται σε ζητήματα από εμπορικής φύσεως σχέσεις, συμβατικές ή μη, και το άρθρο 2(5) δίνει κατάλογο ρητά ενδεικτικό: προμήθεια ή ανταλλαγή αγαθών ή υπηρεσιών, διανομή, αντιπροσώπευση και πρακτόρευση, μισθώσεις, κατασκευές έργων, συμβουλευτικές υπηρεσίες, μηχανικές κατασκευές, παραχώρηση αδειών, επενδύσεις, χρηματοδότηση, τραπεζικές και ασφαλιστικές εργασίες, παραχωρήσεις εκμεταλλεύσεως, κοινές επιχειρηματικές δραστηριότητες, και μεταφορά αγαθών ή επιβατών αεροπορικώς, θαλασσίως, σιδηροδρομικώς ή οδικώς.

Q: Μπορώ να πάρω διάταγμα από κυπριακό δικαστήριο αν η διαιτησία είναι στο εξωτερικό;
A: Ναι, και αυτή είναι η διάταξη που παραβλέπεται συχνότερα. Το άρθρο 3(2) εφαρμόζει τον Νόμο μόνο σε διαιτησίες που διενεργούνται στη Δημοκρατία, εξαιρεί όμως ρητά τα άρθρα 8, 9, 35 και 36. Το άρθρο 9 δίνει στο Δικαστήριο εξουσία, κατ' αίτηση μέρους, να διατάσσει συντηρητικά μέτρα οποτεδήποτε πριν από την έναρξη ή κατά τη διάρκεια της διαδικασίας. Επειδή το άρθρο 9 είναι ένα από τα εξαιρούμενα, η εξουσία αυτή υπάρχει στην Κύπρο ακόμη και όταν η έδρα είναι αλλού.

Q: Η άλλη πλευρά κατέθεσε αγωγή αντί να πάει σε διαιτησία. Τι γίνεται;
A: Το άρθρο 8(1) υποχρεώνει το δικαστήριο να παραπέμψει τη διαφορά σε διαιτησία αν το ζητήσει μέρος πριν από την υποβολή της πρώτης του έκθεσης επί της ουσίας, εκτός αν εύρει τη συμφωνία άκυρη, ανενεργή ή μη δεκτική εκτέλεσης. Το αίτημα πρέπει να προηγηθεί εκείνης της πρώτης έκθεσης. Το άρθρο 8(2) προσθέτει ότι η αγωγή δεν εμποδίζει την έναρξη ή τη συνέχιση της διαιτησίας ούτε την έκδοση απόφασης όσο το θέμα εκκρεμεί.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να προσβάλω διαιτητική απόφαση;
A: Τρεις μήνες. Το άρθρο 34(1) καθιστά την αίτηση ακύρωσης το αποκλειστικό μέσο προσφυγής, και το άρθρο 34(3) την τάσσει εντός τριών μηνών από την κοινοποίηση της απόφασης, άλλως είναι απαράδεκτη. Όπου έχει υποβληθεί αίτηση κατά το άρθρο 33, οι τρεις μήνες αρχίζουν από την ημέρα που αποφάνθηκε επ' αυτής το διαιτητικό δικαστήριο. Το άρθρο 34(4) επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να αναστείλει τη διαδικασία ώστε το διαιτητικό δικαστήριο να θεραπεύσει τον λόγο.

## Περίκλειστο τεμάχιο: το δικαίωμα διόδου και οι δουλείες
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-diodos-perikleisto-temachio
Ο ιδιοκτήτης περίκλειστου τεμαχίου δικαιούται δίοδο στα γειτονικά ακίνητα με εύλογη αποζημίωση. Πώς αποκτώνται και καταργούνται οι δουλείες του Κεφ. 224.

Q: Πώς αποκτάται δικαίωμα διόδου σε ξένη γη στην Κύπρο;
A: Μόνο με τους τρόπους που απαριθμεί το άρθρο 11(1) του Κεφ. 224: με παραχώρηση από τον κύριο καταχωρισμένη στο Επαρχιακό Κτηματολογικό Γραφείο, με τριάντα χρόνια αδιάλειπτης άσκησης, με απόφαση αρμόδιου Δικαστηρίου, δυνάμει του άρθρου 11Α για περίκλειστη ιδιοκτησία, με αναγκαστική απαλλοτρίωση, με έγγραφη επιφύλαξη κατά τη μεταβίβαση, ή με απόφαση του Διευθυντή για εξασφάλιση διόδου σε περίκλειστο τεμάχιο από διαίρεση και διανομή.

Q: Το τεμάχιό μου δεν έχει πρόσβαση σε δημόσιο δρόμο. Τι μπορώ να κάνω;
A: Εφαρμόζεται το άρθρο 11Α(1). Αν ακίνητη ιδιοκτησία είναι για οποιονδήποτε λόγο περίκλειστη ώστε να στερείται της αναγκαίας διόδου σε δημόσιο δρόμο, ή αν η υφιστάμενη δίοδος είναι ανεπαρκής για την κατάλληλη χρήση, ανάπτυξη ή εκμετάλλευσή της, ο ιδιοκτήτης δικαιούται να απαιτήσει δίοδο επί των γειτονικών ακινήτων με πληρωμή εύλογης αποζημίωσης.

Q: Ποιος αποφασίζει τη διαδρομή και την αποζημίωση;
A: Ο Διευθυντής του Κτηματολογίου, κατά το άρθρο 11Α(2). Η κατεύθυνση της διόδου, η έκταση του δικαιώματος χρήσης και η αποζημίωση καθορίζονται από τον Διευθυντή μετά από γνωστοποίηση προς όλα τα ενδιαφερόμενα μέρη, και όποιος παραλείψει να παρευρεθεί στην επιτόπια έρευνα δεν σταματά τη διαδικασία.

Q: Καλύπτει η δίοδος νερό και αποχέτευση;
A: Ναι. Για τους σκοπούς του άρθρου 11Α, η δίοδος περιλαμβάνει το δικαίωμα διοχέτευσης ύδατος, λυμάτων ή οποιουδήποτε άλλου υγρού μέσω αυλακιών, σωλήνων ή άλλου κατάλληλου μέσου.

Q: Μπορεί να μετακινηθεί μια δίοδος σε άλλη διαδρομή;
A: Ναι. Κατά το άρθρο 14(1), με αίτηση του κυρίου του δεσπόζοντος ή του δουλεύοντος ακινήτου, ο Διευθυντής δύναται, κατόπιν γνωστοποίησης τριάντα ημερών σε όλους τους ενδιαφερομένους, να καθορίσει ή να τροποποιήσει τη θέση ή την κατεύθυνση διόδου, αυλακιού, αγωγού, σωλήνα, σύρματος ή άλλου παρόμοιου, με τρόπο που να μην επηρεάζει κανένα από τα δύο ακίνητα δυσμενέστερα από πριν.

Q: Μπορεί να καταργηθεί ένα δικαίωμα διόδου;
A: Ναι, με τρεις τρόπους κατά το άρθρο 12. Θεωρείται ότι παραγράφηκε αν εγκαταλείφθηκε με έγγραφη ειδοποίηση προς το Επαρχιακό Κτηματολογικό Γραφείο ή αν δεν ασκήθηκε για πλήρη περίοδο τριάντα ετών. Και όπου δεν χρειάζεται πλέον, επειδή άνοιξε δημόσιος δρόμος ή άλλη δίοδος, οποιοσδήποτε από τους δύο κυρίους δικαιούται να ζητήσει την κατάργησή του, την οποία ο Διευθυντής διενεργεί τριάντα ημέρες μετά τη γνωστοποίηση της απόφασής του, και όχι πριν καταβληθεί η αποζημίωση που τυχόν καθορίσει.

## Η δομή των κατασκευαστικών συμβάσεων: ποιος ενάγεται για τι
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-domi-kataskevastikon-symvaseon
Το έργο μοιάζει με μία επιχείρηση αλλά είναι σύνολο χωριστών διμερών συμβάσεων. Πού σπάνε οι ενώσεις, και γιατί η διαδρομή σχεδιάζεται πριν και όχι μετά.

Q: Μπορώ να ενάγω τον υπεργολάβο απευθείας;
A: Κατά κανόνα όχι, αν δεν έχετε σύμβαση μαζί του: ένα μέρος επιβάλλει μόνο τη σύμβαση στην οποία είναι μέρος. Η διαδρομή δημιουργείται εκ των προτέρων, με άμεσες εγγυήσεις ή παραχωρήσεις δικαιωμάτων προς τον εργοδότη.

Q: Από ποιες συμβάσεις αποτελείται ένα έργο;
A: Από την οικοδομική σύμβαση μεταξύ εργοδότη και κύριου εργολάβου, τις συμβάσεις των συμβούλων με τον εργοδότη, τις υπεργολαβίες μεταξύ εργολάβου και υπεργολάβων, και τις συμβάσεις προμήθειας υλικών και εξοπλισμού.

Q: Καθυστέρησα επειδή άργησε ο σύμβουλος του εργοδότη.
A: Δεν έχετε σύμβαση με τον σύμβουλο. Η αξίωση στρέφεται προς τον εργοδότη κατά την οικοδομική σύμβαση, συνήθως ως αίτημα παράτασης χρόνου και αποζημίωσης, και όχι απευθείας κατά του συμβούλου.

Q: Γιατί να έχουν όλες οι συμβάσεις το ίδιο φόρουμ;
A: Για να μη διασπάται μια διαφορά σε τρεις παράλληλες διαδικασίες με διαφορετικούς κανόνες και ενδεχομένως αντιφατικά αποτελέσματα.

## Δυσφήμηση στην Κύπρο: Αγωγή, Υπερασπίσεις, ο Ένας Χρόνος
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-dysfimisi-kypros
Η δυσφήμηση κατά το ΚΕΦ. 148: οι πέντε καταλογισμοί του άρθρου 17, γιατί η επανάληψη και η πηγή δεν σώζουν, αλήθεια, έντιμο σχόλιο και προνόμιο, και ο ένας χρόνος.

Q: Το ανέβασε άλλος και εγώ απλώς το κοινοποίησα. Κινδυνεύω;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 17(2) του ΚΕΦ. 148 ορίζει ρητά ότι η ευθύνη δεν είναι μικρότερη επειδή η δήλωση έγινε υπό μορφή επανάληψης ή φημολογίας, ή επειδή αναφέρθηκε η πηγή. Κάθε δημοσιεύσας απαντά για τη δική του δημοσίευση. Εκείνο που βοηθά τον πραγματικά ανυπαίτιο είναι το άρθρο 22: γρήγορη, τυπική προσφορά επανόρθωσης.

Q: Μου το είπε μόνο εμένα, κατά πρόσωπο. Μπορώ να μηνύσω;
A: Για δυσφήμηση συνήθως όχι: κατά το άρθρο 18, δημοσίευση σημαίνει το δυσφημηστικό νόημα να περιέλθει, ή να ενδέχεται να περιέλθει, σε γνώση προσώπου άλλου από εσάς ή τον ή τη σύζυγο του δημοσιεύσαντος. Η προσβολή που παραδίδεται μόνο στον στόχο της δεν είναι δημοσίευση. Η εξαίρεση που κάνει το ίδιο το άρθρο είναι η ανοικτή επιστολή και το δελτάριο, που μετρούν ακόμη και σταλμένα σε εσάς, γιατί διαβάζονται στη διαδρομή.

Q: Αυτό που έγραψα είναι αλήθεια. Τελειώνει εκεί το θέμα;
A: Αν μπορείτε να το αποδείξετε, ναι: η αλήθεια είναι πλήρης υπεράσπιση κατά το άρθρο 19(α), και όταν διατυπώθηκαν περισσότερες ξεχωριστές κατηγορίες, η υπεράσπιση επιβιώνει ακόμη και αν μία δευτερεύουσα δεν αποδειχθεί, εφόσον ό,τι μένει αναπόδεικτο δεν βλάπτει ουσιωδώς την υπόληψη υπό το φως όσων αποδείχθηκαν. Το πρακτικό ερώτημα είναι η μαρτυρία: τι αποδεικνύετε, όχι τι γνωρίζετε.

Q: Κατήγγειλα επαγγελματία στην εποπτική του αρχή. Μπορεί να με μηνύσει;
A: Η καταγγελία προς πρόσωπο ή σώμα με εξουσία επί του καταγγελλομένου είναι κλασική περίσταση επιφυλαγμένου προνομίου κατά το άρθρο 21, προστατευόμενη εφόσον έγινε καλή τη πίστει. Η προστασία έχει περίμετρο: καλύπτει την καταγγελία προς την αρχή, όχι τις ίδιες κατηγορίες αναρτημένες δημόσια, και η δημοσίευση δεν πρέπει να υπερβαίνει το ευλόγως επαρκές για την περίσταση.

Q: Ψευδής κριτική καταστρέφει την επιχείρησή μου, αλλά αφορά τα προϊόντα, όχι εμένα.
A: Αυτή είναι η περιοχή του άρθρου 25, της επιζήμιας ψευδολογίας: κακόβουλη δημοσίευση ψευδούς δήλωσης για τα αγαθά, την επιχείρηση ή τον τίτλο άλλου. Πρέπει να αποδειχθούν το ψεύδος και η κακοβουλία, και απαιτείται ειδική ζημιά εκτός αν οι λέξεις είναι σε πάγια μορφή και σκοπεύουν σε χρηματική απώλεια, ή στοχεύουν την εργασία που ασκείτε. Μοιράζεται τον έναν χρόνο παραγραφής της δυσφήμησης, οπότε κινείται στο ίδιο ρολόι.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για αγωγή δυσφήμησης στην Κύπρο;
A: Έναν χρόνο, κατά το άρθρο 6(4) του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012, τόσο για τη δυσφήμηση όσο και για την κακόβουλη ψευδολογία. Είναι η συντομότερη αστική προθεσμία σε συνήθη χρήση, και η πρώτη ημερομηνία που ελέγχεται σε κάθε φάκελο φήμης. Χωριστή εξέλιξη αλλάζει το τι μπορεί να κάνει ο εναγόμενος για αγωγή που εγέρθηκε για να φιμώσει και όχι για να κερδίσει: βλ. Αγωγές φίμωσης στην Κύπρο, σε ισχύ από τις 7 Μαΐου 2026.

Q: Η απολογία μειώνει την αποζημίωση;
A: Μπορεί. Το άρθρο 23 επιτρέπει στον εναγόμενο να αποδείξει προς μείωση, με εύλογη προειδοποίηση, απολογία που έγινε ή προσφέρθηκε πριν από την αγωγή ή μόλις δόθηκε η ευκαιρία, μαζί με την πρόκληση και τα λοιπά ζητήματα που απαριθμεί. Για τον εναγόμενο, λόγος να εξετάσει την απολογία νωρίς και όχι αργά· για τον ενάγοντα, απολογία που εξασφαλίζεται γρήγορα αξίζει συχνά περισσότερο από την προσαύξηση αποζημίωσης που εκτοπίζει.

## Μακροχρόνια μίσθωση: δεν εγγράφεται χωρίς ρητό όρο εγγραφής
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-eggrafi-misthosis-kypros
Μίσθωση άνω των δεκαπέντε ετών, ή χρηματοδοτική άνω των δέκα, δεν δημιουργεί εμπράγματο δικαίωμα μέχρι να εγγραφεί στο Κτηματολόγιο, και η εγγραφή απαιτεί ρητό όρο.

Q: Πότε πρέπει να εγγραφεί μια κυπριακή μίσθωση;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 65Β(1) του Κεφ. 224, όταν ακίνητο εκμισθώνεται για περίοδο που υπερβαίνει τα δεκαπέντε έτη, κανένα εμπράγματο δικαίωμα δεν αποκτάται με τη μίσθωση εκτός αν αυτή εγγραφεί. Για τη χρηματοδοτική μίσθωση το κατώφλι είναι χαμηλότερο: το άρθρο 65ΛΑ(1) εφαρμόζει τον ίδιο κανόνα σε περίοδο που υπερβαίνει τα δέκα έτη.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν μια μακροχρόνια μίσθωση δεν εγγραφεί ποτέ;
A: Δεν δημιουργείται εμπράγματο δικαίωμα. Η μίσθωση δεσμεύει τον εκμισθωτή ως σύμβαση, αλλά δεν δίνει στον μισθωτή εγγεγραμμένο δικαίωμα ικανό να μεταβιβαστεί, να υπομισθωθεί, να κληρονομηθεί, να επιβαρυνθεί ή να εκποιηθεί αναγκαστικά, που είναι ό,τι προσδίδει το άρθρο 65Γ(2) στην εγγεγραμμένη μίσθωση.

Q: Γιατί απορρίφθηκε η εγγραφή της μίσθωσής μας;
A: Συνήθως λόγω της παραγράφου (β) του άρθρου 65Β(4): η σύμβαση δεν προβλέπει ρητά την εγγραφή δυνάμει του άρθρου. Η άλλη συχνή απόρριψη είναι κατά την παράγραφο (ζ), όταν το ακίνητο είναι υποθηκευμένο και δεν προσάχθηκε η έγγραφη συγκατάθεση του ενυπόθηκου δανειστή και του τυχόν εγγυητή.

Q: Μπορεί να υποθηκευθεί εγγεγραμμένη μίσθωση;
A: Ναι. Κατά το άρθρο 65Γ(2) το εμπράγματο δικαίωμα που αποκτάται με την εγγραφή δύναται, τηρουμένων των όρων της σύμβασης, να μεταβιβαστεί, να υπομισθωθεί, να κληρονομηθεί, να επιβαρυνθεί και να εκποιηθεί αναγκαστικά.

Q: Μπορούν εκμισθωτής και μισθωτής να ακυρώσουν μόνοι τους εγγεγραμμένη μίσθωση;
A: Όχι όπου υπάρχει τρίτος με συμφέρον. Το άρθρο 65Ζ(2) απαιτεί, για διάλυση πριν από τη λήξη, την έγγραφη συγκατάθεση του εκμισθωτή, του μισθωτή, του τυχόν υπομισθωτή και κάθε προσώπου προς όφελος του οποίου επενεργεί εμπράγματο βάρος επί του δικαιώματος, ή εναλλακτικά δικαστικό διάταγμα, το οποίο μπορεί να προνοεί για αποζημίωση ή άλλη προστασία των συμφερόντων αυτών.

Q: Η αλλαγή του μισθώματος μετρά ως τροποποίηση;
A: Όχι. Κατά το άρθρο 65ΣΤ(4), συμφωνία που αλλοιώνει βασικούς όρους όπως η περίοδος, το μίσθωμα ή το μίσθιο δεν λογίζεται τροποποίηση: είναι νέα μίσθωση για όλους τους σκοπούς του Νόμου.

## Εγγυήσεις και αποζημιωτικές ρήτρες στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-eggyiseis-apozimiotikes
Η εγγύηση είναι δήλωση γεγονότος, η αποζημιωτική ρήτρα αυτοτελής υπόσχεση. Γιατί η διαφορά κρίνει το αν κρατάτε την τιμή, και τι κάνει η επιστολή αποκάλυψης.

Q: Ποια η διαφορά εγγύησης και αποζημιωτικής ρήτρας;
A: Η εγγύηση είναι δήλωση γεγονότος, και η παράβασή της οδηγεί σε αξίωση αποζημιώσεων με τους συνήθεις κανόνες. Η αποζημιωτική ρήτρα είναι αυτοτελής υπόσχεση αποκατάστασης καθορισμένης ζημιάς αν συμβεί καθορισμένο γεγονός, χωρίς να ρωτά αν κάτι ειπώθηκε ψευδώς.

Q: Γιατί οι αγοραστές ζητούν αποζημιωτικές ρήτρες;
A: Γιατί αρκεί να δειχθεί ότι συνέβη το γεγονός για να ζητηθεί το ποσό, χωρίς τα ζητήματα του μετριασμού και του πόσο απομακρυσμένη είναι η ζημιά. Γι' αυτό οι πωλητές αντιστέκονται.

Q: Τι κάνει η επιστολή αποκάλυψης;
A: Ό,τι αποκαλύπτεται σωστά παύει να καλύπτεται από την εγγύηση και γίνεται γνώση του αγοραστή, δηλαδή μέρος της τιμής. Η διαπραγμάτευση για το τι είναι επαρκής αποκάλυψη είναι η διαπραγμάτευση για το ποιος φέρει ποιο ρίσκο.

Q: Τι καθορίζει την πραγματική αξία τους;
A: Τα όρια: ανώτατο ποσό, κατώφλι, προθεσμίες προβολής και εξαιρέσεις. Καθορίζουν την αξία περισσότερο από τη διατύπωση των ίδιων των υποσχέσεων.

## Ειδική εκτέλεση στην Κύπρο: κατάθεση πωλητηρίου εγγράφου
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-eidiki-ektelesi
Τι προστατεύει η κατάθεση του πωλητηρίου εγγράφου στο Κτηματολόγιο, ποιες προθεσμίες ισχύουν και πότε ο αγοραστής μπορεί να ζητήσει ειδική εκτέλεση.

Q: Τι κάνει πράγματι η κατάθεση του πωλητηρίου εγγράφου;
A: Το κατατεθειμένο συμβόλαιο λειτουργεί ως επιβάρυνση επί του ακινήτου, θεμελιώνει την προτεραιότητα του αγοραστή έναντι μεταγενέστερων υποθηκών, πωλήσεων και άλλων συναλλαγών, και διατηρεί το δικαίωμα προσφυγής στο δικαστήριο για ειδική εκτέλεση, δηλαδή για διάταγμα που επιβάλλει τη μεταβίβαση.

Q: Υπάρχει προθεσμία για την κατάθεση;
A: Ναι, ο νόμος θέτει αυστηρές προθεσμίες για την κατάθεση μετά την υπογραφή. Η απώλειά τους θεραπεύεται μόνο σε περιορισμένες περιπτώσεις, με άδεια δικαστηρίου, και ενίοτε καθόλου. Η ασφαλής πρακτική είναι απλή: κατάθεση αμέσως.

Q: Χρειάζεται ακόμη χαρτοσήμανση πριν από την κατάθεση;
A: Για πωλητήρια έγγραφα που υπογράφονται από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2026 δεν προκύπτει χαρτοσήμανση: οι περί Χαρτοσήμων Νόμοι καταργήθηκαν από την ημερομηνία εκείνη με τον περί Χαρτοσήμων (Καταργητικό) Νόμο του 2025, Ν. 239(Ι)/2025.

Q: Τι κάνω αν ο πωλητής αρνείται να μεταβιβάσει;
A: Ο αγοραστής με κατατεθειμένο συμβόλαιο μπορεί να ενάγει για ειδική εκτέλεση και να εγγράψει την απόφαση, ολοκληρώνοντας ουσιαστικά την αγορά μέσω του δικαστηρίου. Η θεραπεία είναι διακριτική και ο αγοραστής πρέπει να έχει εκπληρώσει τις δικές του υποχρεώσεις, κυρίως την πληρωμή.

Q: Μεταφέρεται η προστασία σε μεταπώληση με εκχώρηση;
A: Μόνο αν κατατεθεί και η ίδια η εκχώρηση. Οι εκχωρήσεις συμβατικών δικαιωμάτων, συνηθισμένες σε μεταπωλήσεις ακινήτων χωρίς ξεχωριστό τίτλο, πρέπει επίσης να κατατίθενται για να μεταφέρουν την προστασία στον νέο αγοραστή.

## Εκποίηση υποθήκης: οι 45 ημέρες για τον παραμερισμό
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-eidopoiisi-ekpoiisis-ypothikis
Οι ειδοποιήσεις Τύπου Ι και ΙΑ κατά το Μέρος VIA του Ν. 9/1965, οι οκτώ λόγοι παραμερισμού, οι 45 ημέρες, και η δωδεκάμηνη προθεσμία που δεσμεύει πλέον το δικαστήριο.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να προσβάλω ειδοποίηση εκποίησης στην Κύπρο;
A: Σαράντα πέντε ημέρες από την ημερομηνία παραλαβής της ειδοποίησης Τύπου «ΙΑ». Το άρθρο 44Γ(3) του Ν. 9/1965 επιτρέπει στον ενυπόθηκο οφειλέτη, και σε κάθε ενδιαφερόμενο μέρος, να καταχωρίσει έφεση στο Επαρχιακό Δικαστήριο για παραμερισμό της ειδοποίησης σκοπούμενης πώλησης εντός της προθεσμίας αυτής. Όπου η ειδοποίηση είχε ήδη σταλεί κατά την έναρξη ισχύος του Ν. 116(Ι)/2026 στις 12 Μαΐου 2026, οι σαράντα πέντε ημέρες τρέχουν από την ημερομηνία εκείνη.

Q: Για ποιους λόγους παραμερίζεται η ειδοποίηση Τύπου «ΙΑ»;
A: Μόνο για τους οκτώ του άρθρου 44Γ(3): η ειδοποίηση δεν πληροί τον προβλεπόμενο τύπο και περιεχόμενο· δεν επιδόθηκε δεόντως· εστάλη πριν λήξει η προθεσμία πληρωμής· ισχύει παρεμπίπτον απαγορευτικό διάταγμα κατά το άρθρο 32 του περί Δικαστηρίων Νόμου· η τράπεζα δεν προσήλθε σε διαμεσολάβηση ενώ είχε υποχρέωση για επιλέξιμο οφειλέτη· υπάρχει ή εκκρεμεί προστατευτικό διάταγμα κατά τον περί Αφερεγγυότητας Φυσικών Προσώπων Νόμο· ο οφειλέτης συμμετέχει ή αιτήθηκε ένταξη στο ΕΣΤΙΑ ή σε άλλο κυβερνητικό σχέδιο και συμμορφώνεται· ή το ακίνητο είναι κύρια κατοικία στο σχέδιο «Ενοίκιο Έναντι Δόσης» με εγκεκριμένη ή εκκρεμούσα αίτηση.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα οφείλει να αποφασίσει το δικαστήριο;
A: Εντός δώδεκα μηνών. Το εδάφιο (2) του άρθρου 22Γ του περί Δικαστηρίων Νόμου, που προστέθηκε με τον Ν. 116(Ι)/2026, απαιτεί η ακρόαση να ολοκληρωθεί και να εκδοθεί απόφαση επί της ουσίας εντός δώδεκα μηνών από την παραπομπή στον εκδικάζοντα Δικαστή, συμπεριλαμβανομένης απόφασης σε έφεση ή αίτηση παραμερισμού, εκτός αν το Δικαστήριο ορίσει διαφορετικά.

Q: Μπορεί η τράπεζα να στείλει απλώς νέα ειδοποίηση αν κερδίσω;
A: Όχι αμέσως. Νέα ειδοποίηση Τύπου «ΙΑ» επιδίδεται μόνο μετά την πάροδο των δώδεκα μηνών από τον παραμερισμό ή μετά την έκδοση τελεσίδικης απόφασης στην εκκρεμούσα διαδικασία. Αν δεν έχει εκδοθεί τελεσίδικη απόφαση και φτάσει νέα ειδοποίηση, το εδάφιο (3) του άρθρου 22Γ επιτρέπει νέα έφεση παραμερισμού εφόσον συντρέχουν ειδικοί λόγοι.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν αμφισβητώ το ποσό και όχι την ειδοποίηση;
A: Ο επιλέξιμος οφειλέτης δύναται να καταχωρίσει παράπονο στον Χρηματοοικονομικό Επίτροπο εντός τριάντα ημερών από την παραλαβή της ειδοποίησης Τύπου «Ι», για το ποσό που δηλώνεται ως απαιτούμενο. Ο Επίτροπος αποφασίζει εντός σαράντα πέντε ημερών, η τράπεζα δεν προχωρεί πριν από την προθεσμία αυτή ή τη δέκατη εργάσιμη ημέρα μετά την απόφαση, όποιο επέλθει αργότερα, και αν η απόφαση δεν γίνει δεκτή ως δεσμευτική η πώληση αναστέλλεται μέχρι να κρίνει δικαστήριο το νόμιμα απαιτητό ποσό.

Q: Μπορεί το ακίνητο να εκπλειστηριαστεί σε οποιαδήποτε τιμή;
A: Όχι πλέον. Από τον Νόμο 101(Ι)/2026, που δημοσιεύθηκε στις 22 Απριλίου 2026, το άρθρο 44ΙΑ(2) απαιτεί οι συνεχιζόμενες προσπάθειες πώλησης να γίνονται με επιφυλασσόμενη τιμή όχι μικρότερη του πενήντα τοις εκατό της αγοραίας αξίας. Το εδάφιο επέτρεπε προηγουμένως να γίνονται χωρίς καμία επιφυλασσόμενη τιμή.

Q: Μετρά η δική μου συμπεριφορά;
A: Ναι, και καθοριστικά. Το εδάφιο (4) του άρθρου 22Γ ορίζει ότι όπου ο ενυπόθηκος οφειλέτης έχει σε οποιονδήποτε επίδικο χρόνο επιδείξει κακή πίστη, οι προστασίες των εδαφίων (1) έως (3) και ο λόγος παραμερισμού δεν εφαρμόζονται, ούτε στην αρχική ειδοποίηση, ούτε σε νέα, ούτε σε μεταγενέστερες κατά το Μέρος VIA.

## Είσπραξη οφειλών στην Κύπρο: βήματα και προθεσμίες
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-eispraxi-vimata
Η διαδικασία είσπραξης οφειλών στην Κύπρο: εξώδικη επιστολή, αγωγή, απόφαση, διακανονισμός και μέτρα εκτέλεσης, με τις σχετικές προθεσμίες και το κόστος.

Q: Λειτουργεί πράγματι η επιστολή δικηγόρου;
A: Επιλύει σημαντικό ποσοστό υποθέσεων χωρίς δικαστήριο. Έχει και δικονομική σημασία: υπό τους Κανονισμούς Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023 η προδικαστική επαφή προβλέπεται από τα πρωτόκολλα σε ορισμένες κατηγορίες υποθέσεων, και η μη συμμόρφωση λαμβάνεται υπόψη στα έξοδα.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν ο οφειλέτης δεν απαντήσει καθόλου;
A: Όπου έχει γίνει δέουσα επίδοση και ο οφειλέτης δεν εμφανίζεται ούτε καταχωρίζει υπεράσπιση, μπορεί να ζητηθεί απόφαση ερήμην χωρίς πλήρη ακρόαση. Όπου καταχωρίζεται υπεράσπιση που αποτελεί πρόσχημα, η οδός είναι η συνοπτική απόφαση.

Q: Αρκεί μια συμφωνία διακανονισμού;
A: Μόνο αν οι όροι της έχουν βάρος: τι συμβαίνει στην πρώτη χαμένη δόση, αν μπορεί να εκδοθεί απόφαση χωρίς να ξεκινήσει η διαδικασία από την αρχή, και ποια εξασφάλιση στηρίζει την υπόσχεση. Χωρίς αυτά είναι καθυστέρηση με υπογραφή.

Q: Έχω απόφαση και εξακολουθώ να μην πληρώνομαι. Τι τώρα;
A: Η απόφαση είναι το δικαίωμα να ληφθούν μέτρα εναντίον περιουσιακών στοιχείων, όχι τα ίδια τα χρήματα. Η αξία της εξαρτάται από το τι έχει ακόμη ο οφειλέτης και από το αν κινηθήκατε πριν από άλλους πιστωτές, γι' αυτό η αρχική εκτίμηση ρωτά για περιουσιακά στοιχεία και όχι μόνο για ευθύνη.

## Αγορά χωρίς τίτλο: η εκχώρηση συμβατικών δικαιωμάτων
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-ekchorisi-symvatikon-dikaiomaton
Δεν αποκτάτε κυριότητα αλλά τη θέση κάποιου άλλου μέσα σε κατατεθειμένη σύμβαση. Τι παίρνετε, γιατί λείπει ο τίτλος, και τι αλλάζει σε πλειστηριασμό ταμείου.

Q: Είναι ασφαλής η αγορά με εκχώρηση συμβατικών δικαιωμάτων;
A: Φέρει συγκεκριμένους κινδύνους που δεν φέρει η αγορά ακινήτου με τίτλο. Η έκδοση χωριστού τίτλου εξαρτάται από βήματα στα χέρια τρίτων και ενδέχεται να μη συμβεί ποτέ· οι πωλητές σε αυτή την αγορά δίνουν ρητά καμία εγγύηση τίτλου και αποποιούνται εγγυήσεις· η αγορά συνήθως χρηματοδοτείται με μετρητά· και η αξία αυτού που αγοράζεται εξαρτάται από την ακεραιότητα της συμβατικής αλυσίδας, από την πλήρη εξόφληση του αρχικού τιμήματος μέχρι την εγκυρότητα και την κατάθεση κάθε εκχώρησης.

Q: Μπορεί τράπεζα να χρηματοδοτήσει αγορά με εκχώρηση;
A: Κατά κανόνα όχι. Οι τράπεζες συνήθως δεν δέχονται ως εξασφάλιση ακίνητα χωρίς χωριστό τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας, οπότε η αγορά τυπικά πρέπει να χρηματοδοτηθεί με μετρητά.

Q: Τι πρέπει να ελέγξω πριν αγοράσω με εκχώρηση;
A: Ζητήστε και διαβάστε την αρχική σύμβαση πώλησης και κάθε εκχώρηση της αλυσίδας, χωρίς αποκρύψεις. Πάρτε πρόσφατη έρευνα από το Κτηματολόγιο, που θα δείξει τον εγγεγραμμένο ιδιοκτήτη, υποθήκες, memo, απαγορεύσεις, σημειώσεις παράνομων εργασιών και ανεξόφλητα τέλη. Εντοπίστε ποιος ευθύνεται για τον εκκρεμή διαχωρισμό και για κάθε τακτοποίηση, επιβεβαιώστε τη μεταχείριση από πλευράς ΦΠΑ, προϋπολογίστε τα μεταβιβαστικά τέλη, και καταθέστε τη συμφωνία εκχώρησης στο Τμήμα Κτηματολογίου και Χωρομετρίας αμέσως μετά την ολοκλήρωση.

Q: Τι ακριβώς αγοράζω χωρίς τίτλο;
A: Συμβατική θέση, όχι κυριότητα. Ο πωλητής εκχωρεί τα δικαιώματά του από την κατατεθειμένη σύμβαση που είχε με τον εγγεγραμμένο ιδιοκτήτη, και εσείς παίρνετε τη θέση του με τα ίδια δικαιώματα και τις ίδιες υποχρεώσεις.

Q: Γιατί δεν υπάρχει τίτλος;
A: Οι ξεχωριστοί τίτλοι εκδίδονται μετά τον διαχωρισμό του μητρικού ακινήτου, που απαιτεί άδειες και πιστοποιητικά έγκρισης. Καθυστερούν ή μπλοκάρουν όπου έγιναν εργασίες χωρίς άδεια ή κατά παρέκκλιση, όπου ο φορέας δεν προώθησε τον διαχωρισμό, ή όπου οφείλονται τέλη.

Q: Τι είναι η σημείωση παρατυπίας;
A: Καταχώριση εναντίον του ακινήτου που καταγράφει μη εξουσιοδοτημένες εργασίες και μπορεί να απαγορεύει κάθε συναλλαγή μέχρι την τακτοποίηση. Είναι από τα πρώτα που πρέπει να δει μια έρευνα.

Q: Αγοράζω από πλειστηριασμό ταμείου. Αλλάζει κάτι;
A: Η μηχανική είναι η ίδια, ο ρυθμός όχι: ο χρόνος για έλεγχο είναι σύντομος και οι όροι δεν διαπραγματεύονται. Ο έλεγχος πρέπει να γίνει πριν από την προσφορά, γιατί μετά δεν υπάρχει περιθώριο.

## Ποιος Κληρονομεί Χωρίς Διαθήκη στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-eks-adiathetou-diadochi
Οι τέσσερις τάξεις του Πρώτου Παραρτήματος του ΚΕΦ. 195, η μερίδα του συζύγου σε κάθε βαθμό, πώς μετριέται ο βαθμός συγγένειας, και τι γίνεται όταν δεν μένει κανείς.

Q: Ο σύζυγός μου απεβίωσε χωρίς διαθήκη και έχουμε δύο παιδιά. Ποια είναι η μερίδα μου;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 44 του ΚΕΦ. 195, όταν ο αποβιώσας άφησε τέκνα, η μερίδα του επιζώντος συζύγου είναι ίση με τη μερίδα του καθενός από τα τέκνα. Με δύο παιδιά αυτό σημαίνει ένα τρίτο στον καθένα σας, γιατί ο σύζυγος μετρά ως ένας ακόμη δικαιούχος και δεν λαμβάνει σταθερό κλάσμα εκ των προτέρων.

Q: Δεν υπάρχουν τέκνα. Κληρονομούν οι γονείς του αποβιώσαντος;
A: Μπορούν, και η δική σας μερίδα αλλάζει αναλόγως. Οι γονείς και τα αδέλφια αποτελούν τη δεύτερη τάξη του Πρώτου Παραρτήματος. Όταν οι πλησιέστεροι συγγενείς είναι εντός του τρίτου βαθμού, το άρθρο 44 δίνει στον επιζώντα σύζυγο το ήμισυ, και το άλλο ήμισυ πηγαίνει στην τάξη αυτή.

Q: Ο αδελφός μου απεβίωσε και ένα από τα παιδιά του είχε ήδη πεθάνει. Τι γίνεται με τη μερίδα του;
A: Περιέρχεται στους δικούς του κατιόντες κατά ρίζες. Το Πρώτο Παράρτημα περιλαμβάνει τους κατιόντες τέκνου που προαπεβίωσε, και το άρθρο 49 εξηγεί τι σημαίνει κατά ρίζες: λαμβάνουν μεταξύ τους τη μερίδα που θα λάμβανε ο γονέας τους και όχι πλήρη μερίδα ο καθένας.

Q: Οι ετεροθαλείς αδελφοί κληρονομούν το ίδιο με τους αμφιθαλείς;
A: Όχι. Στη δεύτερη τάξη όλοι λαμβάνουν σε ίσες μερίδες, εκτός από τους ετεροθαλείς αδελφούς και αδελφές, που λαμβάνουν το ήμισυ της μερίδας αμφιθαλούς αδελφού ή αδελφής.

Q: Οι μόνοι μου συγγενείς είναι μακρινά εξαδέλφια. Κληρονομούν;
A: Εξαρτάται από τον βαθμό. Η τέταρτη τάξη φθάνει στους πλησιέστερους συγγενείς μέχρι και τον έκτο βαθμό, με τον πλησιέστερο να αποκλείει τον απώτερο· ο πρώτος εξάδελφος είναι τέταρτος βαθμός και ο δεύτερος εξάδελφος έκτος. Πέραν του έκτου βαθμού δεν κληρονομεί κανείς: το άρθρο 47(1) θεωρεί ότι ο αποβιώσας απεβίωσε χωρίς κληρονόμους, και το άρθρο 47(2) δίνει την κληρονομιά στη Δημοκρατία, με την επιφύλαξη της μερίδας επιζώντος συζύγου.

Q: Ισχύουν αυτά αν υπάρχει διαθήκη;
A: Εν μέρει, και αυτό είναι το σημείο που παραβλέπεται συχνότερα. Η νόμιμη μοίρα, δηλαδή το μέρος της κληρονομιάς που η διαθήκη δεν μπορεί να διαθέσει, περιέρχεται με τους ίδιους αυτούς κανόνες. Η διαθήκη διέπει το διαθέσιμο μέρος· ό,τι επιφυλάσσει ο νόμος πηγαίνει στις πιο πάνω τάξεις ωσάν να μην υπήρχε διαθήκη.

## Εκτέλεση ξένων αποφάσεων στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-ektelesi-xenon-apofaseon
Οι αποφάσεις της ΕΕ κυκλοφορούν χωρίς κήρυξη εκτελεστότητας. Για τρίτες χώρες, οι προϋποθέσεις αναγνώρισης, και γιατί η επίδοση είναι ο συχνότερος λόγος άρνησης.

Q: Χρειάζομαι νέα δίκη στην Κύπρο;
A: Όχι. Το κυπριακό δικαστήριο δεν εξετάζει ξανά την ουσία. Το ερώτημα είναι αν πληρούνται οι προϋποθέσεις αναγνώρισης: αρμοδιότητα του ξένου δικαστηρίου, δέουσα επίδοση, τελεσιδικία και συμβατότητα με τη δημόσια τάξη.

Q: Απόφαση από κράτος μέλος της ΕΕ;
A: Κυκλοφορεί δυνάμει του Κανονισμού Βρυξέλλες Ια χωρίς κήρυξη εκτελεστότητας: ο πιστωτής προσκομίζει την απόφαση και το τυποποιημένο πιστοποιητικό και προχωρά σε μέτρα εκτέλεσης, με τους περιορισμένους λόγους άρνησης του οφειλέτη.

Q: Ποιος λόγος άρνησης προβάλλεται συχνότερα;
A: Η επίδοση στην αρχική διαδικασία. Γι' αυτό η απόδειξή της ετοιμάζεται μαζί με την ίδια την απόφαση και όχι αφού προβληθεί η ένσταση.

Q: Τι έγγραφα χρειάζεται μια ξένη διαιτητική απόφαση στην Κύπρο;
A: Κατά το άρθρο IV της Σύμβασης της Νέας Υόρκης, που κυρώθηκε με τον Νόμο 84/1979, το δεόντως κεκυρωμένο πρωτότυπο της απόφασης ή πιστοποιημένο αντίγραφο, και το πρωτότυπο της συμφωνίας διαιτησίας ή πιστοποιημένο αντίγραφο, με πιστοποιημένη μετάφραση όπου δεν είναι σε επίσημη γλώσσα. Κατά το άρθρο 35(2) του Νόμου 101/1987, που φτάνει σε απόφαση διεθνούς εμπορικής διαιτησίας ανεξάρτητα από την έδρα, μόνο η ίδια η απόφαση, με μετάφραση αν τη ζητήσει το Δικαστήριο.

Q: Μπορεί το κυπριακό δικαστήριο να αρνηθεί την εκτέλεση επειδή διαφωνεί με την απόφαση;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο V(1) επιτρέπει την άρνηση μόνο τη αιτήσει του μέρους που αντιστέκεται, και μόνο με απόδειξη ενός από πέντε απαριθμημένους λόγους. Το άρθρο V(2) προσθέτει δύο που το δικαστήριο διαπιστώνει μόνο του: ότι το αντικείμενο δεν ήταν δεκτικό διαιτησίας κατά το κυπριακό δίκαιο, και τη δημόσια τάξη. Η ουσία της απόφασης δεν είναι ανάμεσά τους.

Q: Τι κάνω πριν από όλα;
A: Εντοπίζετε τα περιουσιακά στοιχεία στην Κύπρο. Η εκτέλεση χωρίς στόχο είναι δαπάνη χωρίς αποτέλεσμα, και αν υπάρχει κίνδυνος μετακίνησης εξετάζεται παράλληλα η παγοποίηση.

## Ελαττώματα οικοδομής στην Κύπρο: δικαιώματα αγοραστή
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-elattomata-oikodomis
Τι δικαιούται ο αγοραστής όταν η οικοδομή έχει ελαττώματα: τι θεωρείται ελάττωμα, ευθύνη εργολάβου και πωλητή, αποδεικτικά, προθεσμίες και τα βήματα διεκδίκησης.

Q: Ποια η διαφορά ανάμεσα σε ελάττωμα οικοδομής και σε φυσιολογική φθορά;
A: Το ελάττωμα οικοδομής πηγάζει από σφάλμα στον σχεδιασμό, στα υλικά ή στην εργασία, που σημαίνει ότι το ακίνητο υπολείπεται εκείνου που υποσχέθηκε η σύμβαση. Η φθορά είναι η συνήθης αλλοίωση από τον χρόνο και τη φυσιολογική χρήση, και δεν συνιστά από μόνη της ελάττωμα.

Q: Χρειάζομαι έκθεση εμπειρογνώμονα;
A: Στην πράξη ναι. Έκθεση ανεξάρτητου μηχανικού, αρχιτέκτονα ή επιμετρητή που προσδιορίζει το ελάττωμα, την πιθανή αιτία του και το κόστος των επανορθωτικών εργασιών είναι κεντρική τόσο στη διαπραγμάτευση με τον επιχειρηματία ανάπτυξης όσο και σε κάθε μεταγενέστερη δικαστική ή διαιτητική διαδικασία.

Q: Πόσο διαρκεί η περίοδος ευθύνης για ελαττώματα;
A: Δεν υπάρχει ενιαία θεσμική περίοδος που να ισχύει για κάθε σύμβαση. Η διάρκεια και η έκταση εξαρτώνται εξ ολοκλήρου από τη συγκεκριμένη σύμβαση πώλησης ή οικοδομής, οπότε ελέγχονται απευθείας στα συμβατικά έγγραφα του δικού σας ακινήτου.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για απαίτηση ελαττωμάτων;
A: Εξαρτάται από το πώς διατυπώνεται η απαίτηση. Επί της σύμβασης, έξι χρόνια από τη γένεση της βάσης της αγωγής, κατά το άρθρο 7(1) του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012. Σε αμέλεια εναντίον του αρχιτέκτονα, του μηχανικού ή του εργολάβου, τρία χρόνια, κατά το άρθρο 6(2).

Q: Μπορώ να ζητήσω επιδιόρθωση αντί για αποζημίωση;
A: Συχνά ναι, ιδίως όπου ισχύει περίοδος ευθύνης για ελαττώματα και η σύμβαση προβλέπει την επιδιόρθωση ως κύρια θεραπεία. Το αν η επιδιόρθωση, η αποζημίωση ή άλλη θεραπεία είναι η ορθή προσέγγιση εξαρτάται από τη φύση του ελαττώματος και από την ανταπόκριση του επιχειρηματία.

Q: Να υπογράψω συμβιβασμό με τον επιχειρηματία για ένα ελάττωμα;
A: Όχι πριν ελεγχθούν οι όροι. Ο συμβιβασμός μπορεί να επηρεάσει τη δυνατότητά σας να επιδιώξετε περαιτέρω θεραπείες αργότερα, περιλαμβανομένων ελαττωμάτων που θα εμφανιστούν μετά, οπότε αξίζει να διαβαστεί πριν από την υπογραφή.

Q: Ευθύνεται ο επιχειρηματίας ανάπτυξης για ελαττώματα σε ακίνητο που αγοράστηκε επί σχεδίου;
A: Κατά κανόνα ναι, στον βαθμό που το τελικό ακίνητο δεν ανταποκρίνεται στα σχέδια, στις προδιαγραφές και στο επίπεδο εργασίας που υποσχέθηκε το πωλητήριο έγγραφο, αν και η ακριβής έκταση της ευθύνης εξαρτάται από τη διατύπωση του εγγράφου αυτού.

## Ελαττωματικό Προϊόν στην Κύπρο: Τα Δικαιώματά σας
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-elattomatiko-proion-kypros
Τα δικαιώματα του καταναλωτή κατά τον Ν. 154(Ι)/2021: δύο χρόνια με τεκμήριο υπέρ σας, δωρεάν επισκευή εντός 25 ημερών, απόρριψη στις πρώτες 30, και επιστροφή τιμήματος.

Q: Το κατάστημα λέει ότι η εγγύηση ήταν μόνο για έναν χρόνο. Τελείωσε εκεί;
A: Όχι. Η εμπορική εγγύηση είναι υπόσχεση πάνω από τον νόμο, ποτέ υποκατάστατό του. Κατά το άρθρο 10(1) του Ν. 154(Ι)/2021 ο πωλητής ευθύνεται για δύο χρόνια από την παράδοση για έλλειψη συμμόρφωσης που προϋπήρχε, και κατά το άρθρο 19 όρος που την περικόπτει εκ των προτέρων δεν δεσμεύει τον καταναλωτή. Το μόνο σημείο όπου επιτρέπεται μικρότερη περίοδος είναι τα μεταχειρισμένα, με συμφωνία, και ποτέ κάτω από έναν χρόνο.

Q: Πρέπει να αποδείξω εγώ ότι το προϊόν ήταν ελαττωματικό όταν το αγόρασα;
A: Συνήθως το αντίθετο. Κατά το άρθρο 11(1), έλλειψη συμμόρφωσης που διαπιστώνεται εντός δύο ετών από την παράδοση τεκμαίρεται ότι υφίστατο κατά την παράδοση, εκτός αν ο πωλητής αποδείξει το αντίθετο ή το τεκμήριο δεν ταιριάζει στη φύση του αγαθού ή του ελαττώματος. Το δικό σας καθήκον είναι το πρακτικό: γραπτή ενημέρωση του πωλητή εντός δύο μηνών από τη διαπίστωση, και φύλαξη της απόδειξης με την ημερομηνία παράδοσης.

Q: Πόσο μπορεί να διαρκέσει η επισκευή;
A: Το άρθρο 14 απαιτεί επισκευή ή αντικατάσταση δωρεάν, εντός εύλογου χρόνου που δεν υπερβαίνει τις είκοσι πέντε ημέρες από την ενημέρωσή σας, με παράταση μόνο με ρητή συγκατάθεσή σας, και χωρίς σημαντική ενόχληση. Δικαιούστε, αν το ζητήσετε, γραπτή αναφορά του πορίσματος του τεχνικού ελέγχου. Επισκευή που ξεπερνά την προθεσμία, ή ελάττωμα που επανέρχεται μετά από αυτήν, σας μεταφέρει σε μείωση τιμήματος ή τερματισμό κατά το άρθρο 13(4).

Q: Χάλασε την πρώτη εβδομάδα. Είμαι υποχρεωμένος να δεχθώ επισκευή;
A: Όχι. Κατά το άρθρο 13(7), όταν η έλλειψη συμμόρφωσης εμφανίζεται εντός τριάντα ημερών από την παράδοση, μπορείτε να απορρίψετε το αγαθό και να τερματίσετε, ή να ζητήσετε άμεση αντικατάσταση, εφόσον το ελάττωμα δεν είναι ασήμαντο, και το ασήμαντο το αποδεικνύει ο πωλητής. Στον τερματισμό, η επιστροφή ταξιδεύει με έξοδα του πωλητή και το τίμημα επιστρέφεται εντός τριάντα ημερολογιακών ημερών από την επιστροφή.

Q: Ο πωλητής λέει να τα βάλω με τον κατασκευαστή.
A: Τα νομοθετημένα δικαιώματά σας κατά τον Ν. 154(Ι)/2021 στρέφονται κατά του πωλητή, που δεν μπορεί να τα ανακατευθύνει. Ο πωλητής που πληρώνει έχει δικό του δικαίωμα αναγωγής στην αλυσίδα κατά το άρθρο 18, και αυτό είναι δική του υπόθεση, όχι δική σας. Εγγύηση κατασκευαστή μπορεί να σας δώσει πρόσθετο δρόμο· δεν αφαιρεί τίποτε από εκείνον που ήδη έχετε.

Q: Το αγόρασα μεταχειρισμένο από έμπορο. Ισχύουν τα δικαιώματα;
A: Ναι: ο Νόμος καλύπτει μεταχειρισμένα που πωλούνται από έμπορο σε καταναλωτή. Εκείνο που αλλάζει είναι η επιτρεπόμενη περίοδος: τα μέρη μπορούν να συμφωνήσουν περίοδο ευθύνης μικρότερη των δύο ετών, όχι όμως κάτω από ένα έτος, κατά το άρθρο 10(1). Η αμιγώς ιδιωτική πώληση μεταξύ ιδιωτών μένει εκτός του Νόμου, γι' αυτό και το ποιος ήταν ο πωλητής είναι το πρώτο ερώτημα στις διαφορές μεταχειρισμένων.

## Έλεγχος ξένων επενδύσεων στην Κύπρο: ο Ν. 194(Ι)/2025
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-elenchos-xenon-ependyseon
Από τις 2 Απριλίου 2026 ξένη επένδυση €2 εκατομμυρίων που αποκτά 25% κυπριακής στρατηγικής επιχείρησης χρειάζεται πρώτα γραπτή έγκριση του Υπουργείου Οικονομικών.

Q: Πότε ξεκίνησε το κυπριακό καθεστώς ελέγχου;
A: Το άρθρο 20 του Ν. 194(Ι)/2025 ορίζει ότι ο Νόμος τίθεται σε ισχύ τη 2α Απριλίου 2026. Δημοσιεύτηκε στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα αρ. 5061 στις 14 Νοεμβρίου 2025, οπότε υπήρξε σκόπιμο κενό μεταξύ δημοσίευσης και έναρξης ισχύος.

Q: Ποια τρία κριτήρια πρέπει να συντρέχουν μαζί;
A: Το άρθρο 3(2) απαιτεί σωρευτικά: η επένδυση να έχει ως αποτέλεσμα απόκτηση ειδικής συμμετοχής κατά το άρθρο 3(3)· η αξία της, μεμονωμένα ή σε συνδυασμό με άλλες συναλλαγές μεταξύ των ίδιων μερών εντός δώδεκα μηνών, να ισούται ή να υπερβαίνει τα €2.000.000· και να αφορά επιχείρηση στρατηγικής σημασίας. Αν λείπει ένα, δεν γεννάται υποχρέωση.

Q: Τι είναι η ειδική συμμετοχή;
A: Το άρθρο 3(3) την ορίζει ως απόκτηση, άμεσα ή έμμεσα, μεμονωμένα ή σε συνεννόηση με άλλους, ποσοστού που αναλογεί σε τουλάχιστον 25% του μετοχικού κεφαλαίου και/ή των δικαιωμάτων ψήφου, ή αντίστοιχης δυνατότητας καθοριστικής επιρροής. Το άρθρο 3(4) προσθέτει τη σταδιακή αύξηση από κάτω του 25% στο 25% ή περισσότερο, και από κάτω του 50% στο 50% ή περισσότερο.

Q: Πώς ορίζεται ο έλεγχος;
A: Το άρθρο 2 τον ορίζει ως τη δυνατότητα άσκησης καθοριστικής επιρροής, ειδικότερα μέσω ιδιοκτησίας ή δικαιώματος χρήσης, άμεσα ή έμμεσα, όλου ή τουλάχιστον 25% των δικαιωμάτων ψήφου ή των στοιχείων ενεργητικού, ή μέσω δικαιωμάτων, συμβάσεων ή άλλων μέσων που παρέχουν καθοριστική επιρροή στα όργανα διοίκησης. Επιφύλαξη θεωρεί ότι απέκτησαν έλεγχο και όσοι δεν κατέχουν τα δικαιώματα αυτά αλλά έχουν εκ των πραγμάτων την εξουσία να τα ασκήσουν.

Q: Τι κάνει μια επιχείρηση στρατηγικής σημασίας;
A: Το άρθρο 2 την ορίζει ως εκείνη που δραστηριοποιείται σε ιδιαίτερα ευαίσθητους τομείς του Παραρτήματος. Η παράγραφος Α(α) κατονομάζει υποδομές ζωτικής σημασίας στην ενέργεια, τις μεταφορές, την ύδρευση, την υγεία, την παιδεία, τον τουρισμό, τις επικοινωνίες, τα μέσα ενημέρωσης, την επεξεργασία ή αποθήκευση δεδομένων, το αεροδιάστημα, την άμυνα, τις εκλογικές και χρηματοπιστωτικές υπηρεσίες, καθώς και γη και ακίνητα καίριας σημασίας για τη χρήση τους.

Q: Τι άλλο σταθμίζει το Παράρτημα;
A: Η παράγραφος Α κατονομάζει επίσης την πρόσβαση σε πληροφορίες ευαίσθητου χαρακτήρα, την ελευθερία και πολυφωνία των μέσων, τις τεχνολογίες κρίσιμης σημασίας και τα είδη διπλής χρήσης κατά το Άρθρο 2 σημείο 1 του Κανονισμού (ΕΚ) 428/2009, και τον εφοδιασμό με κρίσιμους συντελεστές παραγωγής. Η παράγραφος Β εξετάζει αν ο επενδυτής ελέγχεται από κυβέρνηση τρίτης χώρας και αν έχει ήδη εμπλακεί σε δραστηριότητες που θίγουν κράτος μέλος.

Q: Τι πρέπει να περιέχει η κοινοποίηση;
A: Το άρθρο 4(1) απαριθμεί: στοιχεία των μερών με NACE και αριθμό εγγραφής· ιδιοκτησιακή δομή με τον τελικό επενδυτή και τον πραγματικό δικαιούχο· κατά προσέγγιση αξία· προϊόντα, υπηρεσίες και δραστηριότητες· φύση των δραστηριοτήτων στη Δημοκρατία· χρηματοδότηση και πηγή της· προγραμματισμένη ημερομηνία· και τα κράτη σύστασης των μερών.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχει η αρχή;
A: Δύο ρολόγια. Το άρθρο 5(1)(α) δίνει είκοσι εργάσιμες ημέρες από τη λήψη του πλήρως συμπληρωμένου αιτήματος για να αποφασιστεί αν η επένδυση τίθεται υπό έλεγχο. Αν τεθεί, το άρθρο 5(4)(α) απαιτεί ενημέρωση εντός πέντε εργάσιμων και απόφαση εντός εξήντα πέντε εργάσιμων από την απόφαση ελέγχου. Τα άρθρα 5(2) και 5(4) αναστέλλουν και τα δύο όσο εκκρεμεί αίτημα πληροφοριών.

Q: Πότε είναι πράγματι εγκεκριμένη η επένδυση;
A: Μόνο με γραπτή έγκριση. Η επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 5(1)(α), που επαναλαμβάνεται στο άρθρο 5(4)(α), ορίζει ότι η έγκριση δεν θεωρείται ότι δόθηκε παρά μόνο όταν ο επενδυτής έχει λάβει τη γραπτή έγκριση της αρμόδιας αρχής. Η σιωπή δεν είναι συναίνεση, ούτε η εκπνοή προθεσμίας.

Q: Τι μπορεί να κάνει η αρχή αν έχει αντίρρηση;
A: Το άρθρο 5(6) της επιτρέπει να επιβάλει όρους, να απαγορεύσει ή να αναστρέψει την υπό έλεγχο επένδυση. Το άρθρο 6(1) επαναλαμβάνει τις εξουσίες, και το άρθρο 6(2) ορίζει ότι αν ο επενδυτής δεν συμμορφωθεί εντός του χρόνου που θέτει η αρχή, η αρχή απαγορεύει, τερματίζει ή αναστρέφει την επένδυση στον βαθμό που αφορά την επιχείρηση στρατηγικής σημασίας.

Q: Τι ισχύει μέχρι να συμμορφωθώ;
A: Το άρθρο 6(3) σταματά τη συναλλαγή. Σε απαγόρευση, τερματισμό ή αναστροφή, ή μέχρις ότου ο επενδυτής συμμορφωθεί με τους όρους, ο επενδυτής και όσοι ελέγχονται από αυτόν ή ενεργούν σε συνεννόηση μαζί του εμποδίζονται από το να ασκούν οποιαδήποτε δικαιώματα απορρέουν από την επένδυση, περιλαμβανομένων δικαιωμάτων ψήφου και δικαιωμάτων διαχείρισης ή ελέγχου.

Q: Αν απλώς δεν κοινοποιήσουμε;
A: Το άρθρο 7 αφαιρεί το ερώτημα. Παράλειψη κοινοποίησης καθιστά την επένδυση αυτόματα κατά παράβαση του Νόμου, και η αρχή δύναται να λάβει όλα ή οποιαδήποτε μέτρα για να την απαγορεύσει, τερματίσει ή αναστρέψει. Το άρθρο 12(1)(α) προσθέτει διοικητικό πρόστιμο όχι λιγότερο από €5.000 και όχι πάνω από €50.000 για την ίδια την παράλειψη.

Q: Χρειάζεται κάτι στο κείμενο της συναλλαγής;
A: Το άρθρο 8 το απαντά ως ζήτημα δικαίου και όχι σύνταξης: συμβάσεις, συμφωνίες και δικαιοπραξίες που αφορούν πράξεις για τις οποίες απαιτείται προηγούμενη έγκριση θεωρούνται ότι τελούν υπό την αναβλητική αίρεση της λήψης της. Η αίρεση υπάρχει είτε γράφτηκε είτε όχι, που είναι λόγος να γραφτεί σωστά αντί να αποτελέσει έκπληξη.

Q: Ποιος αποφασίζει στην πράξη;
A: Αρμόδια αρχή είναι το Υπουργείο Οικονομικών κατά το άρθρο 2. Τα άρθρα 5(1)(β) και 5(4)(β) απαιτούν διαβούλευση με τη Συμβουλευτική Επιτροπή. Το άρθρο 9(1) την εγκαθιδρύει με επτά μέλη, με Πρόεδρο τον γενικό διευθυντή του Υπουργείου Οικονομικών κατά το άρθρο 9(3), και μέλη τους γενικούς διευθυντές Άμυνας, Ενέργειας Εμπορίου και Βιομηχανίας, Εξωτερικών, Εσωτερικών, Δικαιοσύνης και Δημοσίας Τάξεως, και Μεταφορών Επικοινωνιών και Έργων κατά το άρθρο 9(4).

Q: Προσβάλλεται η απόφαση;
A: Το άρθρο 18 ορίζει ότι οι αποφάσεις της αρμόδιας αρχής συνιστούν διοικητικές πράξεις και υπόκεινται σε προσφυγή ενώπιον του Διοικητικού Δικαστηρίου δυνάμει του Άρθρου 146 του Συντάγματος, με προθεσμία που τρέχει από τότε που η απόφαση περιήλθε σε εσάς. Το άρθρο 5(7) διατηρεί επίσης τη γνώμη της Ευρωπαϊκής Επιτροπής και τις παρατηρήσεις άλλων κρατών μελών κατά τον Κανονισμό (ΕΕ) 2019/452.

## Εμπορικά σήματα στην Κύπρο: εγγραφή και διατήρηση
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-emporika-simata-kypros
Το ΚΕΦ. 268 όπως ξαναγράφτηκε με τον Νόμο 63(I)/2020: από τι αποτελείται το σήμα, απόλυτοι και σχετικοί λόγοι, τι σταματά η εγγραφή, η ένσταση, και η πενταετία.

Q: Χρησιμοποιούμε το όνομά μας χρόνια. Μας ανήκει ήδη;
A: Όχι ως εμπορικό σήμα. Το άρθρο 5 ορίζει ότι το δικαίωμα ιδιοκτησίας επί του σήματος αποκτάται με την εγγραφή του στο Μητρώο. Αυτό που χτίζει η μακρά χρήση είναι αξίωση για παραπλάνηση, την οποία το άρθρο 9(6) διατηρεί ρητά ορίζοντας ότι οι διατάξεις για την προσβολή δεν θίγουν το άρθρο 35 του περί Αστικών Αδικημάτων Νόμου. Είναι δύο διαφορετικά δικαιώματα, που αποδεικνύονται διαφορετικά, και μόνο το ένα εμφανίζεται σε μητρώο που μπορεί να ελέγξει αγοραστής ή τράπεζα.

Q: Το σήμα μας περιγράφει αυτό που πουλάμε. Εγγράφεται καθόλου;
A: Ενδεχομένως, με μαρτυρία. Η περιγραφικότητα είναι το άρθρο 6(1)(γ) και η έλλειψη διακριτικού χαρακτήρα το άρθρο 6(1)(β), αλλά το άρθρο 6(4) δέχεται σήμα που πιάνεται από αυτά εφόσον απέκτησε διακριτικό χαρακτήρα από τη χρήση πριν από την ημερομηνία της αίτησης, και το άρθρο 6(5) το επεκτείνει σε διακριτικό χαρακτήρα που αποκτήθηκε μετά την κατάθεση αλλά πριν από την εγγραφή.

Q: Κάποιος σύστησε εταιρεία με το όνομα της μάρκας μας.
A: Το άρθρο 9(3)(δ) είναι ακριβώς στο σημείο: όπου πληρούνται οι όροι του άρθρου 9(2), ο δικαιούχος μπορεί να απαγορεύσει τη χρήση του σημείου ως εμπορικής ή εταιρικής επωνυμίας ή ως μέρους της. Το ότι ο Έφορος Εταιρειών δέχθηκε την επωνυμία κατά τη σύσταση δεν απαντά στο δικαίωμα επί του σήματος.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχουμε για ένσταση σε αίτηση άλλου;
A: Τρεις μήνες από τη δημοσίευση της απόφασης που έκανε δεκτή την αίτηση, και το άρθρο 28(1) χαρακτηρίζει την προθεσμία ανατρεπτική. Για απόλυτους λόγους ενίσταται οποιοσδήποτε έχει έννομο συμφέρον· για σχετικούς, οι δικαιούχοι των προγενέστερων σημάτων ή δικαιωμάτων.

Q: Ενιστάμεθα, αλλά δεν έχουμε χρησιμοποιήσει πολύ το σήμα μας.
A: Μπορεί να τερματίσει την ένσταση. Κατά το άρθρο 31, μετά από αίτημα του αιτητή πρέπει να αποδείξετε ουσιαστική χρήση του προγενέστερου σήματος κατά τα πέντε έτη που προηγήθηκαν της κατάθεσης ή της προτεραιότητας του μεταγενέστερου, ή εύλογη αιτία μη χρήσης. Αν δεν το κάνετε, η ένσταση απορρίπτεται χωρίς να εξεταστεί η ουσία. Όπου χρησιμοποιήσατε το σήμα για μέρος μόνο των προϊόντων, θεωρείται εγγεγραμμένο μόνο για το μέρος αυτό.

Q: Το σήμα μας είναι γνωστό. Βοηθά αυτό απέναντι σε διαφορετικά προϊόντα;
A: Ναι, και είναι το τρίτο σκέλος του άρθρου 9(2). Όταν το σήμα χαίρει φήμης στη Δημοκρατία, ο δικαιούχος μπορεί να εμποδίσει τη χρήση ταυτόσημου ή παρόμοιου σημείου ανεξαρτήτως του αν τα προϊόντα ή οι υπηρεσίες είναι παρόμοια, αν η χρήση χωρίς εύλογη αιτία θα προσπόριζε αθέμιτο όφελος από τον διακριτικό χαρακτήρα ή τη φήμη, ή θα τα έβλαπτε.

Q: Μπορεί ανταγωνιστής να αναφέρει τη μάρκα μας στη διαφήμισή του;
A: Κάποτε ναι. Το άρθρο 13(1)(γ) επιτρέπει τη χρήση του ίδιου του σήματος για τον προσδιορισμό ή την αναφορά σε προϊόντα ή υπηρεσίες ως εκείνων του δικαιούχου, που είναι εκείνο που κάνει δυνατές τις δηλώσεις συμβατότητας, τα ανταλλακτικά και τις υπηρεσίες επισκευής. Το άρθρο 9(3)(στ) όμως απαγορεύει τη χρήση σε συγκριτική διαφήμιση κατά τρόπο αντίθετο προς την οικεία οδηγία.

Q: Πότε λήγει η εγγραφή μας;
A: Δέκα χρόνια από την ημερομηνία κατάθεσης της αίτησης, κατά το άρθρο 34(1), όχι από την ημερομηνία που χορηγήθηκε η εγγραφή. Η ανανέωση γίνεται ανά δεκαετία, με αίτηση και τέλος μέσα στους τελευταίους έξι μήνες, ή εντός πρόσθετων έξι μηνών μετά τη λήξη με αυξημένο τέλος. Το Γραφείο οφείλει να σας ειδοποιήσει έξι μήνες πριν, αλλά το άρθρο 34(4) ορίζει ότι ουδεμία ευθύνη φέρει αν παραλείψει, οπότε κρατήστε δικό σας ημερολόγιο.

Q: Μπορούμε να εγγράψουμε ήχο, ή το σχήμα της συσκευασίας μας;
A: Το άρθρο 4 επιτρέπει ρητά και τα δύο, μαζί με λέξεις, ονόματα προσώπων, σχέδια, γράμματα, αριθμούς και χρώματα, εφόσον το σημείο διακρίνει και αναπαρίσταται στο Μητρώο κατά τρόπο που επιτρέπει στις αρχές και στο κοινό να προσδιορίζουν με σαφήνεια και ακρίβεια τι προστατεύεται. Το σχήμα έχει δικό του όριο: το άρθρο 6(1)(ε) αποκλείει σχήμα ή άλλο χαρακτηριστικό που επιβάλλεται από τη φύση του προϊόντος, είναι απαραίτητο για τεχνικό αποτέλεσμα, ή προσδίδει ουσιαστική αξία στο προϊόν.

Q: Ο διανομέας μας ενέγραψε το σήμα μας στο δικό του όνομα.
A: Το άρθρο 12 αντιμετωπίζει ακριβώς αυτό. Όταν ειδικός πληρεξούσιος ή αντιπρόσωπος, ή ο δικηγόρος του, εγγράψει ή αιτηθεί να εγγράψει το σήμα του δικαιούχου χωρίς άδεια, ο δικαιούχος μπορεί να αντιταχθεί στη χρήση του και να απαιτήσει την εκχώρησή του, εκτός αν ο αντιπρόσωπος δικαιολογήσει την πράξη του. Μπορεί επίσης να είναι διαθέσιμο το άρθρο 6(3), αφού αίτηση που έγινε κακόπιστα μπορεί να απορριφθεί ή να κηρυχθεί άκυρη.

## Εμπορικό Δικαστήριο και Ναυτοδικείο στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-emporiko-dikastirio-naftodikeio
Ο Ν. 69(Ι)/2022 νομοθετεί Εμπορικό Δικαστήριο και Ναυτοδικείο, αλλά η δικαιοδοσία μετακινείται μόνο με δημοσιευμένη γνωστοποίηση. Ως τότε την κρατά το Επαρχιακό.

Q: Τι κάνει μια διαφορά αρκετά εμπορική για το Εμπορικό Δικαστήριο;
A: Δύο πράγματα, και είναι χωριστά. Το αντικείμενο πρέπει να εμπίπτει στον ορισμό της εμπορικής διαφοράς του άρθρου 2 του Ν. 69(Ι)/2022, που απαριθμεί δεκατρείς κατηγορίες. Και το ποσό που πράγματι αμφισβητείται πρέπει να υπερβαίνει τα δύο εκατομμύρια ευρώ, εκτός από τρεις κατηγορίες όπου η αξία δεν έχει καμία σημασία.

Q: Ποιες διαφορές πηγαίνουν εκεί ανεξαρτήτως ποσού;
A: Τρεις. Οι αγωγές αποζημίωσης για παραβάσεις του δικαίου του ανταγωνισμού, τα θέματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας και συγγενικών δικαιωμάτων δυνάμει του περί Δικαιώματος Πνευματικής Ιδιοκτησίας Νόμου και του περί Διπλωμάτων Ευρεσιτεχνίας Νόμου, και τα θέματα διαιτησίας. Το άρθρο 3(1)(α) τις εξαιρεί από το όριο των δύο εκατομμυρίων ευρώ.

Q: Μετριούνται τα δύο εκατομμύρια σε ό,τι αξιώνω;
A: Όχι, και αυτή είναι η διάταξη που ξαφνιάζει περισσότερο. Το άρθρο 3(1)(β) λέει ότι το ποσό είναι εκείνο που πράγματι αμφισβητείται μεταξύ των διαδίκων, όπως προκύπτει από τις έγγραφες προτάσεις, ή γίνεται παραδεκτό σε οποιοδήποτε στάδιο, ή αποφασίζεται από το Εμπορικό Δικαστήριο μετά από αίτηση, ανεξαρτήτως του τι ζητά η αγωγή. Ο τόκος δεν μετρά. Αν το Δικαστήριο κρίνει ότι το πραγματικό ποσό είναι κατώτερο, μπορεί να παραπέμψει την υπόθεση στο Επαρχιακό Δικαστήριο, και η ημερομηνία καταχώρισης διατηρείται.

Q: Μπορεί πράγματι κυπριακό δικαστήριο να ακούσει την υπόθεσή μου στα αγγλικά;
A: Το άρθρο 15 το επιτρέπει. Τηρουμένου του Άρθρου 3.4 του Συντάγματος, Δικαστής του Εμπορικού Δικαστηρίου δύναται, εφόσον το συμφέρον της δικαιοσύνης το απαιτεί, να επιτρέψει τη διεξαγωγή της διαδικασίας και την καταχώριση των εγγράφων στην αγγλική μετά από αίτημα διαδίκου, και τότε καθορίζει την αγγλική ως τη γλώσσα της διαδικασίας και της απόφασης. Το άρθρο 29 δίνει στο Ναυτοδικείο την ίδια εξουσία. Είναι απόφαση του δικαστή επί των γεγονότων και όχι επιλογή των διαδίκων, αλλά υπάρχει.

Q: Τι εξαιρείται εντελώς από τον ορισμό;
A: Απαίτηση ή ανταπαίτηση για αποζημιώσεις σχετικά με προσωπικές βλάβες, και απαίτηση, ανταπαίτηση ή εγγραφή διαιτητικής απόφασης σχετικά με τραπεζικά ή χρηματοπιστωτικά θέματα. Και τα δύο εξαιρούνται στο ίδιο το κείμενο του ορισμού του άρθρου 2, οπότε κανένα δεν φτάνει στο Εμπορικό Δικαστήριο από τον δρόμο αυτόν όσο μεγάλο και αν είναι.

## Τι Πρέπει να Λέει Πλέον ο Έμπορος στον Καταναλωτή
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-enimerosi-katanaloti-anthektikotita
Η εναρμονισμένη ανακοίνωση για τη διετή εγγύηση, το σήμα ανθεκτικότητας, το διάστημα ενημερώσεων λογισμικού και η βαθμολογία επισκευασιμότητας.

Q: Τι είναι η εναρμονισμένη ανακοίνωση;
A: Είναι ο προβλεπόμενος τρόπος παροχής μίας πληροφορίας: της υπενθύμισης ότι υπάρχει νόμιμη εγγύηση συμμόρφωσης και ποια είναι τα κύρια στοιχεία της, περιλαμβανομένης της ελάχιστης διετούς διάρκειας. Το άρθρο 16(1)(ε) του Ν. 112(Ι)/2021 απαιτεί η υπενθύμιση να δίνεται με ευδιάκριτο τρόπο και με χρήση της εναρμονισμένης ανακοίνωσης του άρθρου 17Α, και το άρθρο 17(1)(ιβ) κάνει το ίδιο για τις εξ αποστάσεως και εκτός εμπορικού καταστήματος συμβάσεις. Το άρθρο 17Α(3) απαιτεί ανακοίνωση και σήμα εύκολα αναγνωρίσιμα και κατανοητά για τους καταναλωτές και εύχρηστα για τους εμπορευόμενους, και προβλέπει ότι πληρούν τις απαιτήσεις του Εκτελεστικού Κανονισμού (ΕΕ) 2025/1960.

Q: Πότε πρέπει να χρησιμοποιηθεί το εναρμονισμένο σήμα;
A: Όπου ο παραγωγός προσφέρει στον καταναλωτή, χωρίς πρόσθετο κόστος, εμπορική εγγύηση ανθεκτικότητας που καλύπτει ολόκληρο το αγαθό και διαρκεί περισσότερο από δύο έτη, και θέτει την πληροφορία αυτή στη διάθεση του εμπορευόμενου. Τα άρθρα 16(1)(ε1) και 17(1)(ιβ1) του Ν. 112(Ι)/2021 απαιτούν τότε πληροφόρηση για την ύπαρξη της εγγύησης και τη διάρκειά της, μαζί με την υπενθύμιση της νόμιμης εγγύησης συμμόρφωσης, και το άρθρο 17Α απαιτεί για αυτήν το εναρμονισμένο σήμα.

Q: Πρέπει να δημοσιεύουμε για πόσο θα δίνονται ενημερώσεις λογισμικού;
A: Όπου ο παραγωγός ή ο πάροχος καθιστά την πληροφορία διαθέσιμη σε εσάς, ναι. Τα άρθρα 16(1)(ε4) και 17(1)(ιβ3) του Ν. 112(Ι)/2021 απαιτούν το ελάχιστο διάστημα, εκφρασμένο είτε ως χρονική περίοδο είτε με αναφορά σε ημερομηνία, κατά το οποίο ο παραγωγός ή ο πάροχος παρέχει ενημερώσεις λογισμικού για αγαθά με ψηφιακά στοιχεία, ψηφιακό περιεχόμενο και ψηφιακές υπηρεσίες.

Q: Τι είναι η βαθμολογία επισκευασιμότητας, και αν δεν υπάρχει;
A: Το άρθρο 16(1)(ια) απαιτεί τη βαθμολογία της δυνατότητας επισκευής των αγαθών κατά περίπτωση. Όπου δεν εφαρμόζεται, το άρθρο 16(1)(ιβ) απαιτεί αντ' αυτής, εφόσον ο παραγωγός θέτει την πληροφορία στη διάθεση του εμπορευόμενου, πληροφορίες για τη διαθεσιμότητα, το εκτιμώμενο κόστος και τη διαδικασία παραγγελίας των ανταλλακτικών που απαιτούνται για την τήρηση της συμμόρφωσης των αγαθών, και για τη διαθεσιμότητα οδηγιών επισκευής και συντήρησης.

Q: Αλλάζει κάτι από αυτά τις δεκατέσσερις ημέρες υπαναχώρησης;
A: Δεν τις συντομεύει, και μπορεί να τις επιμηκύνει. Οι δεκατέσσερις ημέρες του άρθρου 20(1) παραμένουν, όπως και οι τριάντα ημέρες του άρθρου 20(1Α) για σύμβαση που συνάφθηκε σε μη προγραμματισμένη επίσκεψη ή οργανωμένη εκδρομή. Σημασία έχει το άρθρο 21(1): όπου ο εμπορευόμενος δεν παρέσχε τις πληροφορίες για το δικαίωμα υπαναχώρησης που απαιτεί το άρθρο 17(1)(η), η προθεσμία λήγει δώδεκα μήνες μετά το τέλος της αρχικής. Οι υποχρεώσεις ενημέρωσης και το ρολόι της υπαναχώρησης είναι το ίδιο θέμα. Το δικαίωμα αυτό αναπτύσσεται στην υπαναχώρηση σε πωλήσεις εξ αποστάσεως.

## Καθυστερημένα ενοίκια και έξωση: ο οδηγός του ιδιοκτήτη
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-enoikia-kathysterisi-exosi
Ενοικιοστάσιο ή συμβατική ενοικίαση: η διάκριση που κρίνει το δικαστήριο και τους λόγους έξωσης, η σειρά των βημάτων, και γιατί η αυτοδικία είναι παγίδα.

Q: Μπορώ να αλλάξω τις κλειδαριές αν δεν πληρώνει;
A: Όχι. Η αυτοδικία, η αλλαγή κλειδαριών, η διακοπή παροχών ή η απομάκρυνση των πραγμάτων του ενοικιαστή, εκθέτει τον ιδιοκτήτη σε αστική και ποινική ευθύνη, ανεξάρτητα από το πόσο καθαρή είναι η οφειλή.

Q: Ποιο δικαστήριο έχει δικαιοδοσία;
A: Εξαρτάται από το καθεστώς. Ο προστατευόμενος ενοικιαστής εξώνεται μόνο για τους λόγους που ορίζει η νομοθεσία περί ενοικιοστασίου και μέσω του Δικαστηρίου Ελέγχου Ενοικιάσεων. Η συμβατική ενοικίαση, και κάθε ενοικίαση εντός της συμβατικής της διάρκειας, ακολουθεί το ενοικιαστήριο και τα πολιτικά δικαστήρια.

Q: Τι κάνω πρώτα όταν χαθεί μια δόση;
A: Γραπτή απαίτηση μέσω δικηγόρου, με σαφή προθεσμία, και αρχείο κάθε πληρωμής και επικοινωνίας. Σε πολλές περιπτώσεις η επίσημη επιστολή φέρνει πληρωμή ή διακανονισμό χωρίς δικαστήριο.

Q: Τι πρέπει να έχει το ενοικιαστήριο για να με προστατεύει;
A: Ουσιαστική εγγύηση και, όπου δικαιολογείται, εγγυητή· σαφείς όρους τερματισμού και επανάκτησης κατοχής· τόκο επί καθυστερημένης πληρωμής· και κατανομή ευθύνης για παροχές και κοινόχρηστα. Στις εμπορικές ενοικιάσεις, αναθεωρήσεις ενοικίου και προσωπικές εγγυήσεις διευθυντών.

## Πήρατε εξώδικο ή επιστολή δικηγόρου: τι κάνετε
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-epistoli-dikigorou-ti-kanete
Τι σημαίνει η επιστολή δικηγόρου, τι να μην κάνετε τις πρώτες ώρες, πώς προετοιμάζεται η απάντηση, και γιατί η στάση σας πριν από την αγωγή μετρά και στα έξοδα.

Q: Αν απαντήσω, μπορεί να χειροτερέψω τη θέση μου;
A: Μπορεί, αν η απάντηση αναγνωρίζει την οφειλή. Το άρθρο 17(α) του Ν. 66(Ι)/2012 ορίζει ότι ο χρόνος παραγραφής διακόπτεται και αρχίζει να τρέχει εκ νέου εξ υπαρχής όταν ο υπόχρεος αναγνωρίσει εγγράφως το σε βάρος του δικαίωμα αγωγής. Απάντηση που λέει «οφείλω αλλά δεν μπορώ να πληρώσω τώρα» είναι ακριβώς αυτό. Απάντηση που ζητά στοιχεία, θέτει ερωτήματα και επιφυλάσσεται πλήρως δεν είναι.

Q: Μια μικρή πληρωμή για να δείξω καλή θέληση, βλάπτει;
A: Εξαρτάται από το μέγεθός της. Το άρθρο 17(β) διακόπτει την παραγραφή σε χρηματική οφειλή αν ο υπόχρεος συμπληρώσει πληρωμή μέρους της οφειλής που υπερβαίνει το 50% του συνόλου, περιλαμβανομένου του τυχόν πληρωτέου τόκου. Κάτω από αυτό το όριο η ίδια η πληρωμή δεν διακόπτει τον χρόνο, αλλά το συνοδευτικό μήνυμα μπορεί να συνιστά έγγραφη αναγνώριση κατά την παράγραφο (α), οπότε το κείμενο μετρά όσο και το ποσό.

Q: Πόσο παλιά μπορεί να είναι η απαίτηση;
A: Το άρθρο 7(1) δίνει έξι έτη για αγωγή που αφορά σύμβαση, από την ημέρα συμπλήρωσης της βάσης της αγωγής. Το άρθρο 7(2) δίνει μόνο τρία έτη για αμοιβή δικηγόρου, ιατρού, οδοντιάτρου, αρχιτέκτονα, πολιτικού μηχανικού, εργολάβου ή άλλου ανεξάρτητου επαγγελματία. Το άρθρο 8 δίνει έξι έτη όπου δεν ορίζεται διαφορετικά. Το άρθρο 3 ορίζει την αφετηρία: όταν συμπληρωθεί η βάση της αγωγής, όχι όταν σταλεί η επιστολή.

Q: Αν η απαίτηση έχει παραγραφεί, τελείωσε;
A: Όχι αυτόματα. Το άρθρο 20 ορίζει ότι το δικαστήριο δεν λαμβάνει αυτεπάγγελτα υπόψη την παραγραφή, και το άρθρο 21 ότι πρέπει να προταθεί με δικογράφηση από διάδικο με έννομο συμφέρον. Αν δεν προβληθεί, δεν εξετάζεται. Και το άρθρο 22 επιτρέπει στο δικαστήριο να επεκτείνει τον χρόνο παραγραφής μέχρι δύο έτη, εφόσον το κρίνει δίκαιο και εύλογο.

Q: Πλήρωσα κάτι που είχε ήδη παραγραφεί. Το παίρνω πίσω;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 19 ορίζει ρητά ότι πληρωμές που έγιναν από τον οφειλέτη εν αγνοία της συμπλήρωσης του χρόνου παραγραφής δεν είναι ανακτήσιμες. Γι' αυτό ο έλεγχος της ημερομηνίας γίνεται πριν από την πληρωμή και όχι μετά.

Q: Η επιστολή μου δίνει επτά ημέρες. Προλαβαίνω;
A: Η προθεσμία της επιστολής είναι της άλλης πλευράς, όχι του δικαστηρίου. Αν χρειάζεστε εύλογο χρόνο για να απαντήσετε σωστά, ζητείται γραπτώς σύντομη παράταση, πρακτική συνηθισμένη και συνήθως αποδεκτή. Αυτό όμως δεν σημαίνει ότι έχετε άπλετο χρόνο: η αδράνεια διαβάζεται εχθρικά.

Q: Αν δεν απαντήσω καθόλου;
A: Η επιστολή δεν παράγει από μόνη της απόφαση εναντίον σας. Η σιωπή όμως συνήθως οδηγεί στην αγωγή, στερεί την ευκαιρία διευθέτησης με καλούς όρους, και μπορεί να μετρήσει εις βάρος σας στα έξοδα αργότερα.

Q: Χρειάζομαι οπωσδήποτε δικηγόρο για να απαντήσω;
A: Δεν το απαιτεί ο νόμος. Η απάντηση όμως είναι το πρώτο έγγραφο της υπόθεσης που γράφεται από τη δική σας πλευρά, και τα λάθη της σας ακολουθούν. Μια ώρα συμβουλής πριν απαντήσετε είναι από τις φθηνότερες ασφάλειες που υπάρχουν.

## Επίταξη ιδιοκτησίας: τι αλλάζει στην αποζημίωση
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-epitaxi-idioktisias-apozimiosi
Νομοσχέδιο σε διαβούλευση ως τις 25 Σεπτεμβρίου 2026: τόκος από 4% σε 3%, ηλεκτρονική επίδοση, και δώδεκα μήνες για να αμφισβητήσετε το ποσό.

Q: Ισχύει η μεταρρύθμιση της επίταξης;
A: Όχι ακόμη. Το Τμήμα Κτηματολογίου και Χωρομετρίας άνοιξε δημόσια διαβούλευση στις 13 Αυγούστου 2026 σε νομοσχέδιο που τροποποιεί τον περί Επιτάξεως Ιδιοκτησίας δια Σκοπούς Δημοσίας Ωφελείας Νόμο του 1962, Ν. 21/1962, και τα σχόλια κλείνουν την Παρασκευή 25 Σεπτεμβρίου 2026. Όσοι έχουν ενεργούς φακέλους έχουν επομένως παράθυρο να υποβάλουν παραστάσεις, ιδίως για τη μεταβατική διάταξη.

Q: Τι θα γίνει με τον τόκο στην αποζημίωση;
A: Το άρθρο 13 τροποποιείται ώστε το νόμιμο επιτόκιο να μειωθεί από τέσσερα τοις εκατό σε τρία τοις εκατό, ευθυγραμμιζόμενο με το επιτόκιο που ήδη ισχύει στην αναγκαστική απαλλοτρίωση. Το χαμηλότερο επιτόκιο μειώνει ό,τι σωρεύεται σε αποζημίωση που μένει απλήρωτη, κάτι που κάνει την έγκαιρη επαφή με την αρχή να αξίζει περισσότερο από όσο άξιζε όταν ένας φάκελος μπορούσε να μένει στο τέσσερα τοις εκατό.

Q: Μπορεί να πληρωθεί αποζημίωση χωρίς να την αποδεχθώ;
A: Το νομοσχέδιο το επιτρέπει. Όπου δικαιούχος αρνείται την αποζημίωση, δεν μπορεί να πληρωθεί λόγω ανικανότητας ή απουσίας από τη Δημοκρατία, ή έχει αποβιώσει, ή όπου η προσφορά δεν μπορεί διαφορετικά να γίνει, η επιτάσσουσα αρχή δύναται να καταθέσει την αποζημίωση στον Γενικό Λογιστή για λογαριασμό του δικαιούχου.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω να αμφισβητήσω το ποσό;
A: Δώδεκα μήνες από την ημερομηνία κατάθεσης, για να αποταθείτε στο δικαστήριο για καθορισμό του ποσού. Αν η περίοδος παρέλθει χωρίς αίτηση, τεκμαίρεται συμφωνία επί της αποζημίωσης. Είναι πραγματική προθεσμία και όχι διαδικαστική τυπικότητα.

Q: Αν το μάθω αργά;
A: Πρόσωπο που πληροφορείται την κατάθεση μόνο αφού παρέλθουν οι δώδεκα μήνες δύναται να αποταθεί στο δικαστήριο εντός τριών μηνών από τότε που την πληροφορήθηκε, και το δικαστήριο δύναται να παρατείνει τον χρόνο υποβολής μέχρι έξι μήνες από την ημερομηνία της αίτησης εκείνης. Η παράταση εξαρτάται από την κρίση του δικαστηρίου και όχι από την αρχική σας αξίωση.

Q: Θα μετρά μια ηλεκτρονική ειδοποίηση;
A: Ναι, υπό προϋπόθεση. Το άρθρο 15 τροποποιείται ώστε η κοινοποίηση και η επίδοση να μπορούν να γίνονται με ηλεκτρονικά μέσα, περιλαμβανομένης της ανάρτησης στην ιστοσελίδα της επιτάσσουσας αρχής. Η επίδοση θεωρείται ότι συντελέστηκε όταν ο αποστολέας λάβει ηλεκτρονική ένδειξη ότι η ειδοποίηση παραλήφθηκε και αναγνώστηκε, και αυτό επιβεβαιωθεί από τον παραλήπτη. Από εκείνη τη στιγμή τρέχουν οι προθεσμίες.

Q: Προστίθενται νέοι σκοποί επίταξης;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 3 τροποποιείται ώστε να προστεθούν ρητά η αρχαιολογική ανασκαφή και η διατήρηση, προστασία, συντήρηση ή ανάδειξη αρχαίων μνημείων, αρχαιοτήτων και των περιβαλλόντων χώρων τους. Αυτό ενδέχεται να φέρει περισσότερους χώρους με αρχαιολογικό ή πολιτιστικό ενδιαφέρον εντός της εμβέλειας του Τμήματος.

Q: Τι γίνεται με τους ήδη εκκρεμείς φακέλους;
A: Νέα μεταβατική διάταξη στο άρθρο 19 επιτρέπει το κλείσιμο εκκρεμών φακέλων, όπου η αποζημίωση προσφέρθηκε πριν τεθεί σε ισχύ ο νέος νόμος αλλά δεν καταβλήθηκε επειδή ο δικαιούχος δεν ανταποκρίθηκε ή για άλλους λόγους, με κατάθεση του ποσού στον Γενικό Λογιστή δυνάμει των τροποποιημένων διατάξεων. Είναι το σημείο για το οποίο αξίζει περισσότερο να υποβληθούν παραστάσεις όσο η διαβούλευση είναι ανοικτή.

## Εργατικό ατύχημα: τα πρώτα βήματα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-ergatiko-atyxima-prwta-vimata
Τι κάνετε μετά από εργατικό ατύχημα: ιατρική φροντίδα και καταγραφή, η δήλωση που οφείλει ο εργοδότης, οι δύο δρόμοι αποζημίωσης, και η τριετία.

Q: Πόσο μειώνει την αποζημίωση το δικό μου πταίσμα;
A: Όσο κρίνει δίκαιο το Δικαστήριο. Το άρθρο 57(1) του ΚΕΦ. 148 ορίζει ότι αν κάποιος υποστεί ζημιά συνεπεία εν μέρει δικού του πταίσματος και εν μέρει πταίσματος άλλου, η αξίωση δεν αναιρείται λόγω του δικού του πταίσματος, αλλά η αποζημίωση μειώνεται κατά την έκταση που το Δικαστήριο κρίνει δίκαιο λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το ποσοστό της ευθύνης του. Μείωση, όχι απώλεια.

Q: Τι ακριβώς είναι η αμέλεια;
A: Το άρθρο 51 του ΚΕΦ. 148 τη διαιρεί σε δύο. Η πρώτη μορφή είναι η τέλεση πράξης την οποία υπό τις περιστάσεις δεν θα τελούσε λογικό συνετό πρόσωπο, ή η παράλειψη πράξης την οποία τέτοιο πρόσωπο θα τελούσε. Η δεύτερη είναι η παράλειψη καταβολής της δεξιότητας ή επιμέλειας που θα κατέβαλλε λογικό συνετό πρόσωπο με τα προσόντα για την άσκηση εκείνου του επαγγέλματος ή επιτηδεύματος. Στα εργοταξιακά ατυχήματα το δεύτερο σκέλος είναι συχνά το κρίσιμο.

Q: Ο εργοδότης λέει ότι γνώριζα τον κίνδυνο και τον αποδέχτηκα.
A: Το άρθρο 59 του ΚΕΦ. 148 δίνει πράγματι υπεράσπιση όταν ο ενάγων είχε γνώση και αντίληψη της κατάστασης που προκαλεί τη ζημιά και εκούσια εξέθεσε τον εαυτό του σε αυτήν. Έχει όμως επιφύλαξη που την περιορίζει σοβαρά: δεν εφαρμόζεται όταν το αδίκημα οφειλόταν στη μη εκπλήρωση καθήκοντος επιβαλλόμενου από νόμο. Στα εργατικά ατυχήματα, όπου η ευθύνη πηγάζει από νομοθετημένες υποχρεώσεις ασφάλειας, εκεί συνήθως καταρρέει το επιχείρημα.

Q: Φταίω κι εγώ λίγο για το ατύχημα. Χάνω την αξίωση;
A: Όχι. Η δική σας συμμετοχή μειώνει την αποζημίωση αναλογικά, δεν την εξαφανίζει. Και η εκτίμηση του «ποιος φταίει πόσο» σε εργοτάξιο σπάνια είναι αυτή που φαντάζεται ο τραυματισμένος την πρώτη εβδομάδα.

Q: Ο εργοδότης λέει «θα τα βρούμε μεταξύ μας». Να δεχθώ;
A: Μη δεσμευτείτε γραπτώς και μην υπογράψετε εξοφλητική απόδειξη πριν από συμβουλή. Οι φιλικές διευθετήσεις της πρώτης εβδομάδας υποτιμούν σχεδόν πάντα το μέλλον: κανείς δεν ξέρει ακόμη πώς θα εξελιχθεί ο τραυματισμός.

Q: Δουλεύω χωρίς συμβόλαιο ή «με το κομμάτι». Έχω δικαιώματα;
A: Το καθεστώς απασχόλησης περιπλέκει την εικόνα, δεν σβήνει την αξίωση: η ευθύνη για ασφαλή χώρο εργασίας δεν εξαφανίζεται επειδή τα χαρτιά είναι πρόχειρα. Χρειάζεται όμως πιο προσεκτική νομική δουλειά, άρα πιο έγκαιρη.

## Ετήσια Άδεια και Χρόνος Εργασίας στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-etisia-adeia-chronos-ergasias
Είκοσι ημέρες άδεια με πενθήμερο, η συνεχής περίοδος των εννέα ημερών, τι δεν προσμετράται ως άδεια, και ο μέσος όρος των σαράντα οκτώ ωρών με αναφορά τεσσάρων μηνών.

Q: Πόσες ημέρες ετήσιας άδειας δικαιούμαι;
A: Είκοσι εργάσιμες ημέρες με πενθήμερη εβδομάδα και είκοσι τέσσερις με εξαήμερη, κατά το άρθρο 5(1) του Ν. 8/1967, εφόσον έχετε εργαστεί τουλάχιστον σαράντα οκτώ εβδομάδες μέσα στο έτος αδείας. Όπου η σύμβαση ή η συλλογική σύμβαση δίνει περισσότερα, ισχύει το μακρότερο.

Q: Έλειψα δύο μήνες με ασθένεια. Μειώνεται η άδειά μου;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 5(3) λογίζει την προσωρινή απουσία λόγω ατυχήματος ή ασθένειας ως χρόνο εργασίας για τον αναλογικό υπολογισμό, μαζί με την άδεια μητρότητας και την απουσία με γονική άδεια, άδεια πατρότητας, άδεια φροντίδας ή άδεια ανωτέρας βίας. Και κατά το άρθρο 6(1) οι ημέρες ανικανότητας λόγω ατυχήματος ή ασθένειας δεν προσμετρώνται καθόλου ως ημέρες άδειας.

Q: Ο εργοδότης μέτρησε δημόσια αργία ως ημέρα άδειας.
A: Το άρθρο 6(1) δεν το επιτρέπει. Οι δημόσιες αργίες που καθιερώνονται από νόμο, έθιμο ή σύμβαση δεν είναι ημέρες ετήσιας άδειας, όπως δεν είναι ούτε η άδεια μητρότητας ή πατρότητας, ούτε οι ημέρες ανικανότητας λόγω ατυχήματος ή ασθένειας, ούτε οι ημέρες απεργίας ή ανταπεργίας.

Q: Μπορώ να πληρωθώ την άδεια αντί να τη λάβω;
A: Μόνο όταν φεύγετε. Το άρθρο 8(2) του Ν. 63(Ι)/2002 επιτρέπει την αντικατάσταση της ελάχιστης ετήσιας άδειας με χρηματική αποζημίωση μόνο σε περίπτωση τερματισμού της εργασιακής σχέσης. Όσο η εργασία συνεχίζεται, η άδεια λαμβάνεται, και το άρθρο 7(1) του Ν. 8/1967 απαιτεί τουλάχιστον μία συνεχή περίοδο εννέα ημερών.

Q: Μεταφέρεται η άδεια στο επόμενο έτος;
A: Με συμφωνία, και μέχρι ένα όριο. Το άρθρο 7(2) του Ν. 8/1967 επιτρέπει τη συσσώρευση με συμφωνία εργοδότη και εργοδοτουμένου μέχρι ανώτατο όριο ίσο προς την άδεια που δικαιούται ο εργοδοτούμενος ως προς δύο έτη.

Q: Εργάζομαι τακτικά πάνω από σαράντα οκτώ ώρες. Είναι νόμιμο;
A: Εξαρτάται από τον μέσο όρο και από τη συναίνεση. Το άρθρο 7(1) του Ν. 63(Ι)/2002 θέτει όριο σαράντα οκτώ ωρών εβδομαδιαίως κατά μέσο όρο, περιλαμβανομένων των υπερωριών, το άρθρο 7(3) υπολογίζει τον μέσο όρο σε τέσσερις μήνες, και το άρθρο 7(2) κρατά ουδέτερες την ετήσια άδεια και την άδεια ασθενείας. Το άρθρο 7(4) επιτρέπει παρέκκλιση, αλλά μόνο όπου συναινέσατε, δεν υφίστασθε επίπτωση αν αρνηθείτε, και ο εργοδότης τηρεί αρχείο στη διάθεση της αρμόδιας αρχής, η οποία μπορεί να απαγορεύσει ή να περιορίσει την υπέρβαση για λόγους ασφάλειας ή υγείας.

Q: Δικαιούμαι διάλειμμα μέσα στην ημέρα;
A: Όταν ο χρόνος ημερήσιας εργασίας υπερβαίνει τις έξι ώρες, ναι. Το άρθρο 5(1) του Ν. 63(Ι)/2002 δίνει συνεχές διάλειμμα τουλάχιστον δεκαπέντε λεπτών, κατά το οποίο δικαιούστε να απομακρυνθείτε από τη θέση εργασίας σας, και δεν επιτρέπεται να χορηγείται συνεχόμενα με την έναρξη ή τη λήξη της ημερήσιας εργασίας. Χωριστά, το άρθρο 4(1) απαιτεί ένδεκα συνεχόμενες ώρες ανάπαυσης ανά εικοσιτετράωρο.

## Εξ Ακοής Μαρτυρία και Εικονοτηλεδιάσκεψη: ΚΕΦ. 9
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-ex-akois-martyria-eikonotilediaskepsi
Το ΚΕΦ. 9 δεν αποκλείει την εξ ακοής μαρτυρία, δίνει οκτώ κριτήρια βαρύτητας, δικαίωμα κλήτευσης του συντάκτη, και μαρτυρία με εικονοτηλεδιάσκεψη.

Q: Γίνεται δεκτή η εξ ακοής μαρτυρία σε κυπριακή πολιτική υπόθεση;
A: Το άρθρο 24(1) του ΚΕΦ. 9 ορίζει ότι, ανεξάρτητα από οποιονδήποτε άλλο νόμο, η εξ ακοής μαρτυρία δεν αποκλείεται από οποιαδήποτε διαδικασία ενώπιον οιουδήποτε Δικαστηρίου απλώς και μόνο επειδή είναι εξ ακοής. Η επιφύλαξη που επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να μην την αποδεχθεί σε οποιοδήποτε στάδιο, όπου αυτό εξυπηρετεί την ορθή απονομή της δικαιοσύνης, διατυπώνεται για την ποινική διαδικασία. Το άρθρο 24(2) διατηρεί κάθε άλλον κανόνα αποκλεισμού.

Q: Αν η άλλη πλευρά καταθέσει δήλωση, μπορώ να φέρω τον συντάκτη στο δικαστήριο;
A: Το άρθρο 26(1) το επιτρέπει, με δύο προϋποθέσεις. Όπου διάδικος προσάγει εξ ακοής μαρτυρία και δεν κλητεύει τον συντάκτη της αρχικής δήλωσης, οποιοσδήποτε άλλος διάδικος δύναται, με την άδεια του Δικαστηρίου και πριν ο προσάγων κλείσει την υπόθεσή του, να τον κλητεύσει για αντεξέταση. Το Δικαστήριο μπορεί να αρνηθεί όπου η κλήτευση δεν είναι εύλογη και εφικτή ή δεν είναι αναγκαία. Κατά το άρθρο 26(2) ο μάρτυρας λογίζεται ως εάν είχε κλητευθεί από τον διάδικο που προσήγαγε την εξ ακοής μαρτυρία.

Q: Πώς κρίνει το δικαστήριο τι αξίζει μια εξ ακοής δήλωση;
A: Το άρθρο 27(1) το κατευθύνει στο σύνολο των περιστάσεων από τις οποίες μπορεί εύλογα να συναχθεί συμπέρασμα για την αποδεικτική αξία. Το άρθρο 27(2) απαριθμεί οκτώ ειδικότερα: αν θα ήταν εύλογο και εφικτό να κλητευθεί ο συντάκτης· το διάστημα μεταξύ δήλωσης και γεγονότος· τον βαθμό της εξ ακοής· τυχόν κίνητρο απόκρυψης ή παραποίησης· αν η αρχική δήλωση μεταφέρθηκε επακριβώς· το πλαίσιο και τον σκοπό της· αν η μαρτυρία είναι ουσιωδώς διαφορετική από αυτήν· και αν οι περιστάσεις παρεμποδίζουν την ορθή αξιολόγηση.

Q: Μπορεί μάρτυρας στο εξωτερικό να δώσει μαρτυρία με βίντεο;
A: Το άρθρο 36Α(1) το επιτρέπει σε οποιαδήποτε ποινική ή πολιτική διαδικασία, όπου το Δικαστήριο κρίνει αυτό προς το συμφέρον της Δικαιοσύνης, για μάρτυρα που βρίσκεται εκτός της Δημοκρατίας. Το άρθρο 36Α(2) ορίζει την εικονοτηλεδιάσκεψη ως τεχνολογία μετάδοσης εικόνας και ήχου, ή άλλη διευθέτηση, με την οποία ο μάρτυρας βλέπει και ακούει τα πρόσωπα στην αίθουσα και αντιστρόφως. Το άρθρο περιορίζεται σε μάρτυρα εκτός της Δημοκρατίας και η απόφαση είναι του Δικαστηρίου.

Q: Μπορώ να υποχρεώσω τράπεζα να φέρει τα βιβλία της;
A: Όχι χωρίς διάταγμα που εκδίδεται ειδικά γι' αυτό. Το άρθρο 22(4) ορίζει ότι τραπεζίτης ή τραπεζικός υπάλληλος δεν είναι υπόχρεος να παρουσιάσει τραπεζικό βιβλίο του οποίου το περιεχόμενο αποδεικνύεται δυνάμει του άρθρου, ούτε να εμφανιστεί ως μάρτυρας για τα καταχωρισμένα, παρά μόνο με τέτοιο διάταγμα. Το άρθρο 22(1) καθιστά το αντίγραφο καταχώρισης εκ πρώτης όψεως απόδειξη, και τα άρθρα 22(2) και 22(3) θέτουν τις προϋποθέσεις: συνήθες βιβλίο, καταχώριση στη συνήθη διεξαγωγή των εργασιών, φύλαξη και έλεγχος από την τράπεζα, και σύγκριση του αντιγράφου με την αρχική καταχώριση.

## Έχασα την εξάμηνη προθεσμία κατάθεσης: τι τώρα;
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-examini-prothesmia-katathesis
Το πωλητήριο κατατίθεται στο Κτηματολόγιο εντός έξι μηνών από την υπογραφή. Τι καλύπτει η προθεσμία, οι παραλλαγές της, και η δεύτερη ευκαιρία του άρθρου 12.

Q: Τι μου δίνει πράγματι η κατάθεση;
A: Το άρθρο 5(1) του Ν. 81(Ι)/2011 ορίζει ότι η κατάθεση της σύμβασης συνιστά εμπράγματο βάρος επί του ακινήτου, και ότι το βάρος ακολουθεί τη σειρά προτεραιότητας που λαμβάνει με την κατάθεσή του. Δεν σας κάνει ιδιοκτήτη· σας βάζει στη σειρά πάνω στον τίτλο, μπροστά από ό,τι εγγραφεί μετά.

Q: Χωρίς κατάθεση, χάνω την ειδική εκτέλεση;
A: Γίνεται διακριτική αντί για δικαίωμα. Το άρθρο 6(1) απαιτεί η σύμβαση να είναι κατατεθειμένη κατά τα άρθρα 3(1) και 3Α και η αγωγή να εγερθεί εντός της περιόδου παραγραφής. Το άρθρο 6(2) επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να διατάξει ειδική εκτέλεση γραπτής μη κατατεθειμένης ή προφορικής σύμβασης όταν το κρίνει δίκαιο και εύλογο, εφόσον δεν επηρεάζονται δικαιώματα τρίτων από προγενέστερα βάρη ή απαγορεύσεις.

Q: Πέρασε η προθεσμία. Υπάρχει τρόπος;
A: Το άρθρο 12 επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο, κατόπιν σχετικής αίτησης, να επιτρέψει την κατάθεση σύμβασης ή την έγερση αγωγής για ειδική εκτέλεση για συμβάσεις που παραμένουν σε ισχύ και συνομολογήθηκαν σε οποιονδήποτε χρόνο, έστω και αν παρήλθε η προβλεπόμενη περίοδος ή η προθεσμία κατάθεσης. Είναι αίτηση, με έξοδα και με αβεβαιότητα, και εξαρτάται από το τι ενεγράφη στο μεταξύ.

Q: Ο πωλητής οφείλει να προσαρτήσει πιστοποιητικό έρευνας;
A: Ναι, από τον τροποποιητικό Νόμο του 2023. Το άρθρο 4(1Α) υποχρεώνει τον πωλητή να περιλαμβάνει ως αναπόσπαστο μέρος της σύμβασης πιστοποιητικό έρευνας του ακινήτου, με ημερομηνία που δεν απέχει πέραν των πέντε εργάσιμων ημερών από την υπογραφή. Το άρθρο 4(1Β) επιτρέπει στον Διευθυντή διοικητικό πρόστιμο μέχρι €10.000 για τη μη συμμόρφωση.

Q: Το συμβόλαιό μου λέει ότι απαγορεύεται η κατάθεση στο Κτηματολόγιο. Ισχύει;
A: Όχι. Όρος σύμβασης που απαγορεύει την κατάθεση είναι εξ υπαρχής άκυρος κατά τον νόμο. Δεν σας δέσμευε ποτέ.

Q: Ο πωλητής δεν έχει ακόμη τίτλο στο όνομά του. Τρέχει η προθεσμία μου;
A: Αν ο πωλητής δεν ήταν εγγεγραμμένος ιδιοκτήτης και δεν εγγράφηκε μέσα στο εξάμηνο από την υπογραφή, ο νόμος επιτρέπει κατάθεση εντός έξι μηνών από την εγγραφή του ακινήτου στο όνομά του. Η δική σας προθεσμία μπορεί να μην έχει καν αρχίσει.

Q: Πέρασαν χρόνια από την υπογραφή. Έχει νόημα το άρθρο 12;
A: Ο νόμος επιτρέπει την αίτηση σε οποιοδήποτε χρόνο, εφόσον η σύμβαση ισχύει ακόμη. Όσο μεγαλύτερη όμως η καθυστέρηση, τόσο περισσότερη εξήγηση και τεκμηρίωση θα ζητήσει το δικαστήριο. Αξίζει εκτίμηση στα συγκεκριμένα γεγονότα πριν αποφασιστεί οτιδήποτε.

## Εξεταστής: η εταιρεία υπό την προστασία του Δικαστηρίου
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-exetastis-diasosi-etaireias
Ο εξεταστής κατά το Μέρος IVA του Κεφ. 113: η εύλογη προοπτική επιβίωσης, η τετράμηνη προστασία από τους πιστωτές, και η οροφή των δώδεκα μηνών.

Q: Τι είναι ο εξεταστής;
A: Πρόσωπο που διορίζει το Δικαστήριο κατά το άρθρο 202Α του περί Εταιρειών Νόμου, Κεφ. 113, για να εξετάσει την κατάσταση των υποθέσεων της εταιρείας και να υποβάλει προτάσεις για συμβιβασμό ή σχέδιο διακανονισμού στα μέλη και τους πιστωτές. Είναι διαδικασία διάσωσης, όχι εκκαθάρισης.

Q: Πότε αρχίζει η προστασία από τους πιστωτές;
A: Από την ημερομηνία υποβολής της αίτησης, όχι από τον διορισμό του εξεταστή. Το άρθρο 202Η(1) τρέχει την προστασία από την καταχώριση για τέσσερις μήνες, ή μέχρι την απόσυρση ή απόρριψη της αίτησης αν συμβεί νωρίτερα.

Q: Μπορεί πιστωτής να εκτελέσει απόφαση;
A: Όχι χωρίς τη συγκατάθεση του εξεταστή. Το άρθρο 202Η(2) εμποδίζει κατάσχεση στα χέρια τρίτου, μεσεγγύηση, κατάσχεση και εκτέλεση κατά της περιουσίας της εταιρείας όσο τελεί υπό προστασία, και περιορίζει τη ρευστοποίηση εξασφαλίσεων.

Q: Πόσο μπορεί να διαρκέσει;
A: Τέσσερις μήνες αρχικά, με παράταση από το Δικαστήριο κατά το άρθρο 202Η(5) όπου έχει καταγραφεί πρόοδος στις διαπραγματεύσεις. Το άρθρο 202Η(6) θέτει οροφή δώδεκα μηνών, και το 202Η(7) τη μειώνει στους τέσσερις όταν το κέντρο κυρίων συμφερόντων μεταφέρθηκε από άλλο κράτος μέλος εντός του τριμήνου πριν την αίτηση.

Q: Τι πλειοψηφία χρειάζεται για να εγκριθούν οι προτάσεις;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 202ΚΔ(3), πλειοψηφία σε αξία των συνολικών αξιώσεων ή συμφερόντων της τάξης που ψηφίζει υπέρ. Είναι κριτήριο αξίας, όχι αρίθμησης κεφαλών, και κατά το 202ΚΔ(1Α) ψηφίζουν μόνο θιγόμενα μέρη.

Q: Μπορεί κάθε εταιρεία να ζητήσει εξεταστή;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 202Α(5) εξαιρεί τα πιστωτικά ιδρύματα στα οποία εφαρμόζεται ο περί Εργασιών Πιστωτικών Ιδρυμάτων Νόμος και τις ασφαλιστικές επιχειρήσεις. Και κατά το 202Α(2) το Δικαστήριο πρέπει να ικανοποιηθεί ότι υπάρχει εύλογη προοπτική επιβίωσης ως δρώσας οικονομικής μονάδας.

## Φωτοβολταϊκό έργο στην Κύπρο: η νομική σειρά
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-fotovoltaiko-ergo-kypros
Ποιο επίπεδο αδειοδότησης του άρθρου 27 σας αφορά, γιατί το δίκτυο μπαίνει πρώτο, και ποιοι όροι της σύμβασης αγοράς ενέργειας κρίνουν τον κίνδυνο.

Q: Χρειάζεται το έργο μου άδεια της ΡΑΕΚ;
A: Εξαρτάται από την ισχύ. Το άρθρο 27(1) του Ν. 130(Ι)/2021 θέτει υπό γενική άδεια, με κοινοποίηση, την παραγωγή έως 20kW, την παραγωγή για ιδία χρήση έως 30kW και την παραγωγή από ανανεώσιμες πηγές έως 50kW. Το άρθρο 27(4)(α) επιτρέπει στη ΡΑΕΚ να χορηγήσει εξαίρεση για ιδία χρήση άνω των 30kW έως 1MW και για ανανεώσιμες άνω των 50kW έως 8MW. Πάνω από 8MW απαιτείται άδεια κατά το άρθρο 26.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο παίρνει η γενική άδεια;
A: Έναν μήνα. Το άρθρο 27(3)(α) επιτρέπει σε πρόσωπο που πληροί τους όρους να ασκήσει τη δραστηριότητα κατόπιν υποβολής του εντύπου κοινοποίησης· το άρθρο 27(3)(β) δίνει στη ΡΑΕΚ έναν μήνα από την παραλαβή για να αξιολογήσει και να ζητήσει γραπτώς διορθώσεις ή πρόσθετες πληροφορίες· και το άρθρο 27(3)(γ) ορίζει ότι η γενική άδεια τίθεται σε ισχύ έναν μήνα μετά την παραλαβή, εφόσον η ΡΑΕΚ δεν ενήργησε.

Q: Η άδεια της ΡΑΕΚ μου επιτρέπει να κατασκευάσω;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 25(1) απαιτεί άδεια της ΡΑΕΚ κατά τα άρθρα 26 και 27 και, χωριστά, κάθε άλλη άδεια, έγκριση ή γνωμοδότηση που απαιτεί οποιοσδήποτε άλλος Νόμος. Το άρθρο 25(2) κατονομάζει τι σταθμίζουν οι άλλες αρχές: δημόσια υγεία και ασφάλεια, περιβάλλον, χρήση γης και χωροθέτηση, χρήση δημοσίων εκτάσεων, και συνεισφορά στη μείωση εκπομπών.

Q: Να εξασφαλίσω τη γη πριν ή μετά τη σύνδεση;
A: Ούτε το ένα ούτε το άλλο απόλυτα: δεσμευθείτε στη γη υπό αίρεση. Το λάθος που βλέπουμε είναι η αγορά σε πλήρες τίμημα πριν γίνει γνωστό αν το δίκτυο μπορεί να πάρει την παραγωγή. Δικαίωμα προαίρεσης ή υπό αίρεση συμφωνία, με καθορισμένη περίοδο για την τεχνική και κανονιστική εργασία, κοστίζει κλάσμα και διατηρεί τη δυνατότητα αποχώρησης. Η χωρητικότητα του δικτύου είναι πεπερασμένη και κατανεμημένη.

Q: Τι κάνει μια σύμβαση αγοράς ενέργειας χρηματοδοτήσιμη;
A: Το ότι μετατρέπει αβέβαιο έσοδο αγοράς σε συμβατική ροή που ένας δανειστής μπορεί να μοντελοποιήσει. Οι πρόνοιες που το κρίνουν είναι η διάρκεια και η τιμή, η δέσμευση όγκου, η περικοπή, η μεταβολή νομοθεσίας, η πιστωτική στήριξη, και οι συνέπειες τερματισμού, ιδίως το αν οι πληρωμές τερματισμού επαρκούν για την αποπληρωμή του δανεισμού.

Q: Ποιοι όροι υποτιμώνται συχνότερα;
A: Η περικοπή και η μεταβολή νομοθεσίας. Και οι δύο είναι χαμηλής πιθανότητας σε οποιοδήποτε μεμονωμένο έτος και ουσιώδεις σε διάρκεια είκοσι ετών. Η πρώτη ρωτά ποιος φέρει τη ζημιά όταν ο διαχειριστής δικτύου διατάξει μείωση παραγωγής· η δεύτερη ποιο μέρος απορροφά το κόστος κανονιστικής αλλαγής.

Q: Γιατί πρέπει η EPC να ευθυγραμμίζεται με τη σύμβαση αγοράς;
A: Επειδή τη διαφορά την απορροφά ο επιχειρηματίας. Όπου η σύμβαση αγοράς επιβάλλει ημερομηνία εμπορικής λειτουργίας με συνέπειες για την καθυστέρηση και η EPC φέρει διαφορετική ημερομηνία ή ασθενέστερες θεραπείες, το κενό μένει σε εσάς. Το ίδιο ισχύει για την απόδοση: αν η σύμβαση αγοράς προϋποθέτει παραγωγή που οι εγγυήσεις εξοπλισμού δεν καλύπτουν, το έλλειμμα είναι δικό σας.

## ΦΠΑ στα Εμπορικά Ενοίκια στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-fpa-emporika-enoikia
Η μίσθωση σε υποκείμενο στον φόρο πρόσωπο για φορολογητέα δραστηριότητα φορολογείται από τις 13 Νοεμβρίου 2017. Η επιλογή μη φορολόγησης γίνεται μία φορά.

Q: Ποιες μισθώσεις φέρουν ΦΠΑ και ποιες όχι;
A: Το Όγδοο Παράρτημα του Ν. 95(Ι)/2000, δυνάμει του άρθρου 39, καθιστά τη μίσθωση ακίνητης ιδιοκτησίας εξαιρούμενη συναλλαγή και μετά εξαιρεί έξι περιπτώσεις. Εμπορικά μετρά η υποπαράγραφος (vi): η μίσθωση ή και ενοικίαση σε υποκείμενο στον φόρο πρόσωπο για σκοπούς άσκησης φορολογητέας επιχειρηματικής δραστηριότητας, εκτός ακίνητης ιδιοκτησίας που χρησιμοποιείται ως κατοικία. Μίσθωση σε μισθωτή που δεν είναι υποκείμενο στον φόρο, ή που θα ασκήσει εξαιρούμενη δραστηριότητα, ή που θα κατοικήσει εκεί, παραμένει εξαιρούμενη.

Q: Από πότε ισχύει, και πιάνει παλαιά μίσθωση;
A: Προστέθηκε με το άρθρο 3(α) του Ν. 157(Ι)/2017, και το άρθρο 61(1) του βασικού νόμου έθεσε την παράγραφο αυτή σε ισχύ από την ημερομηνία δημοσίευσης, τις 13 Νοεμβρίου 2017. Η πρώτη επιφύλαξη περιορίζει τη φορολόγηση σε μίσθωση της οποίας η ημερομηνία έναρξης είναι κατά ή μετά την ημερομηνία αυτή. Μίσθωση που άρχισε νωρίτερα είναι εκτός. Η σχετική αλλαγή για τη μη ανεπτυγμένη οικοδομήσιμη γη, στην παράγραφο (β) του ίδιου άρθρου, ίσχυσε από τη 2α Ιανουαρίου 2018.

Q: Μπορεί ο ιδιοκτήτης να επιλέξει να μη χρεώσει ΦΠΑ;
A: Ναι, μία φορά. Η δεύτερη επιφύλαξη επιτρέπει στον εκμισθωτή να ενημερώσει τον Έφορο Φορολογίας ότι η μίσθωση δεν θα φορολογηθεί, υπό όρους και προϋποθέσεις γνωστοποίησης του Εφόρου που δημοσιεύεται στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα. Η τρίτη επιφύλαξη κλείνει την πόρτα: η αρχική επιλογή δεν δύναται να τύχει διαφοροποίησης από τον εκμισθωτή μεταγενέστερα. Είναι απόφαση για τη ζωή του ακινήτου, όχι για τη ζωή της μίσθωσης.

Q: Τι κερδίζει ο ιδιοκτήτης χρεώνοντας ΦΠΑ;
A: Ανάκτηση. Κατά το άρθρο 21(1) και (2) ο φόρος εισροών εκπίπτει στον βαθμό που αποδίδεται σε φορολογητέες συναλλαγές που πραγματοποιούνται μέσα στα πλαίσια ή για προώθηση της επιχείρησης. Εκμισθωτής με εξαιρούμενα ενοίκια δεν ανακτά τον ΦΠΑ ανέγερσης, ανακαίνισης, μεσιτών και επαγγελματικών αμοιβών. Εκμισθωτής με φορολογητέα ενοίκια τον ανακτά. Γι' αυτό συνήθως η επιλογή της εξαίρεσης απορρίπτεται.

Q: Ποιος συντελεστής ισχύει;
A: Ο κανονικός. Το άρθρο 17 επιβάλλει ΦΠΑ δεκαεννέα τοις εκατόν από τις 13 Ιανουαρίου 2014. Οι μειωμένοι συντελεστές των άρθρων 18 και 18Α αφορούν τις συναλλαγές του Πέμπτου και του Δωδέκατου Παραρτήματος, και το εμπορικό ενοίκιο δεν είναι ανάμεσά τους.

Q: Ποιες άλλες μισθώσεις είναι εκτός εξαίρεσης;
A: Η υποπαράγραφος (i) βγάζει από την εξαίρεση τη διαμονή στον ξενοδοχειακό ή παρεμφερή τομέα, περιλαμβανομένων των κατασκηνωτικών χώρων. Η (ii) τη μίσθωση υποστατικών ή χώρων στάθμευσης οχημάτων. Η (iii) τον μόνιμα εγκατεστημένο εξοπλισμό και μηχανήματα. Η (iv) τις χρηματοθυρίδες. Η (v) τη μίσθωση με δικαίωμα εξαγοράς της ιδιοκτησίας των παραγράφων 1(β) μέχρι 4 του Παραρτήματος.

## Γραμματέας και εγγεγραμμένο γραφείο: τι πραγματικά κάνουν
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-grammateas-etaireias
Ετήσια έκθεση, γενική συνέλευση, μητρώα και πραγματικοί δικαιούχοι. Προθεσμίες που τρέχουν και σε αδρανή εταιρεία, και ανάθεση που δεν μεταφέρει ευθύνη.

Q: Τι είναι το εγγεγραμμένο γραφείο;
A: Η επίσημη διεύθυνση της εταιρείας, όπου επιδίδονται έγκυρα έγγραφα και τηρούνται ορισμένα αρχεία. Έγγραφο που παραδόθηκε εκεί έχει παραδοθεί στην εταιρεία, ανεξάρτητα από το αν το προώθησε κανείς.

Q: Τι υποχρεώσεις κουβαλά ο γραμματέας;
A: Την ετήσια έκθεση, τη γενική συνέλευση και τα πρακτικά της, τα εκ του νόμου μητρώα μελών, αξιωματούχων και επιβαρύνσεων, και την καταχώριση πραγματικών δικαιούχων, καθένα με δική του προθεσμία.

Q: Η εταιρεία μου είναι αδρανής. Ισχύουν οι ίδιες προθεσμίες;
A: Ναι. Οι ημερομηνίες δεν εξαρτώνται από το αν η εταιρεία δραστηριοποιείται.

Q: Το έχω αναθέσει σε πάροχο. Είμαι καλυμμένος;
A: Η ανάθεση δεν μεταφέρει την ευθύνη. Αν η καταχώριση δεν γίνει, οι συνέπειες βαρύνουν την εταιρεία και τους αξιωματούχους της, και η αξίωση κατά του παρόχου είναι χωριστό ζήτημα που έρχεται μετά.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα πρέπει να ενημερώνεται το μητρώο πραγματικών δικαιούχων;
A: Εντός δεκαπέντε ημερών από τη μεταβολή ή από τη γνώση της, όποιο είναι μεταγενέστερο.

Q: Μπορώ να χρησιμοποιήσω τη δική μου διεύθυνση ως εγγεγραμμένο γραφείο;
A: Μπορείτε, εφόσον πρόκειται για πραγματική διεύθυνση όπου τα έγγραφα παραλαμβάνονται και τυγχάνουν χειρισμού. Το ερώτημα δεν είναι αν επιτρέπεται αλλά αν η αλληλογραφία που επιδίδεται εκεί θα διαβαστεί πράγματι, διότι η επίδοση στο εγγεγραμμένο γραφείο αποτελεί έγκυρη επίδοση στην εταιρεία.

## Εταιρεία που δεν πληρώνει: πότε πιέζει η γραπτή απαίτηση
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-grapti-apaitisi-etaireia
Η διαδρομή είναι για την εταιρεία που δεν θέλει να πληρώσει, όχι για αυτή που αμφισβητεί. Πότε είναι λάθος, και γιατί η εκκαθάριση δεν σας βάζει πρώτο.

Q: Υπάρχει ελάχιστο ποσό;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 212(α) του ΚΕΦ. 113 απαιτεί το οφειλόμενο ποσό να υπερβαίνει τις €5.000. Κάτω από αυτό, η γραπτή απαίτηση δεν στοιχειοθετεί το τεκμήριο αδυναμίας πληρωμής και η οδός της εκκαθάρισης δεν ανοίγει με αυτόν τον τρόπο.

Q: Πού πρέπει να επιδοθεί;
A: Στο εγγεγραμμένο γραφείο της εταιρείας. Το άρθρο 212(α) το λέει ρητά: ο πιστωτής επιδίδει «παραδίνοντας στο εγγεγραμμένο γραφείο της εταιρείας» την απαίτηση. Επίδοση στα λειτουργικά γραφεία, σε ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση ή σε σύμβουλο προσωπικά δεν είναι το ίδιο πράγμα, και είναι από τους συνηθέστερους λόγους για τους οποίους μια απαίτηση καταρρέει αργότερα.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχει η εταιρεία να απαντήσει;
A: Τρεις εβδομάδες. Το άρθρο 212(α) θεωρεί την εταιρεία ανίκανη να πληρώσει τα χρέη της αν, για τις επόμενες τρεις εβδομάδες από την επίδοση, αμέλησε να καταβάλει το ποσό ή να το εξασφαλίσει ή να το διευθετήσει προς εύλογη ικανοποίηση του πιστωτή. Πληρωμή, εξασφάλιση και διευθέτηση είναι τρεις χωριστές διέξοδοι, και οι δύο τελευταίες παραβλέπονται συχνά.

Q: Υπάρχει τρόπος χωρίς γραπτή απαίτηση;
A: Δύο. Το άρθρο 212(β) αρκείται σε εκτέλεση δικαστικής απόφασης προς όφελος πιστωτή που επιστράφηκε ολικά ή μερικά ανικανοποίητη. Το άρθρο 212(γ) επιτρέπει την απόδειξη, προς ικανοποίηση του Δικαστηρίου, ότι η εταιρεία είναι ανίκανη να πληρώσει τα χρέη της κατά τον χρόνο που καθίστανται πληρωτέα. Και οι δύο κοστίζουν περισσότερο από την απαίτηση, γι' αυτό η απαίτηση προηγείται.

Q: Πότε χρησιμοποιείται η γραπτή απαίτηση;
A: Όταν η εταιρεία δεν θέλει να πληρώσει, όχι όταν αμφισβητεί ότι οφείλει. Δεν είναι μηχανισμός επίλυσης διαφορών: όπου εγείρεται ουσιώδης αμφισβήτηση επί γνήσιας βάσης, η ορθή διαδρομή είναι η συνήθης αγωγή.

Q: Τι ρίσκο έχω αν επιμείνω;
A: Η επιμονή σε αμφισβητούμενη οφειλή μπορεί να αφήσει τον πιστωτή να πληρώνει έξοδα, επειδή η διαδικασία χρησιμοποιήθηκε για σκοπό για τον οποίο δεν προορίζεται.

Q: Από πού προέρχεται η πίεση;
A: Όχι από την επιστολή αλλά από ό,τι ακολουθεί: η αίτηση εκκαθάρισης είναι δημόσια, φτάνει στις τράπεζες και στους αντισυμβαλλομένους, και κινητοποιεί διοικήσεις που αγνόησαν υπενθυμίσεις.

Q: Θα πάρω εγώ τα χρήματα αν εκκαθαριστεί;
A: Όχι κατά προτεραιότητα. Η εκκαθάριση μοιράζει ό,τι υπάρχει σε όλους τους πιστωτές, και ο αιτητής δεν προηγείται επειδή κινήθηκε πρώτος. Αν ο σκοπός είναι η είσπραξη, η αγωγή και η εκτέλεση είναι η διαδρομή.

## Το ενοίκιο πληρώνεται πλέον μόνο ηλεκτρονικά
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-ilektronikes-pliromes-enoikiou
Από την 1η Ιουλίου 2026 το ενοίκιο για ακίνητο στην Κύπρο πληρώνεται μόνο ηλεκτρονικά. Η απαγόρευση απευθύνεται και σε αυτόν που εισπράττει.

Q: Από πότε ισχύει;
A: Από την 1η Ιουλίου 2026. Η υποχρέωση βρίσκεται στο άρθρο 48Α του περί Βεβαιώσεως και Εισπράξεως Φόρων Νόμου Ν.4/1978 και το Τμήμα Φορολογίας την εξέθεσε σε ανακοινώσεις της 3ης Ιουνίου 2026 και της 1ης Ιουλίου 2026.

Q: Ισχύει και για μικρά ενοίκια;
A: Ναι. Το Τμήμα Φορολογίας αναφέρει ότι η υποχρέωση αφορά όλα τα φυσικά και νομικά πρόσωπα, ανεξάρτητα από το ύψος του ενοικίου και ανεξάρτητα από το είδος χρήσης του ακινήτου.

Q: Δεσμεύει τον ιδιοκτήτη ή τον ενοικιαστή;
A: Και τους δύο. Η υποχρέωση διατυπώνεται ως απαγόρευση προς το πρόσωπο που δικαιούται το ενοίκιο: δεν επιτρέπεται να δεχθεί την είσπραξη με μέσα άλλα από τα καθορισμένα.

Q: Τι γίνεται με ενοικιαστήρια που υπογράφηκαν παλαιότερα;
A: Ο κανόνας εφαρμόζεται και σε συμφωνίες που υπογράφηκαν πριν υπάρξει. Οι ανακοινώσεις δεν προβλέπουν μεταβατική περίοδο για υφιστάμενες συμφωνίες, οπότε ο όρος πληρωμής πρέπει να επικαιροποιηθεί στην πράξη.

Q: Καλύπτει και τις εγγυήσεις και τις καθυστερήσεις, πέρα από το μηνιαίο ενοίκιο;
A: Η απαγόρευση αφορά την αποδοχή ενοικίου, οπότε ιδιοκτήτης που εισπράττει καθυστερήσεις, ή που τακτοποιεί τον λογαριασμό ενοίκου που αποχωρεί, οφείλει να διοχετεύσει και τα ποσά αυτά από το ίδιο ηλεκτρονικό κανάλι, αντί να αντιμετωπίσει το τέλος της μίσθωσης ως εκτός του κανόνα.

Q: Ζω στο εξωτερικό και το ενοίκιο το εισπράττει αντιπρόσωπος. Με αφορά;
A: Με αφορά. Όταν εισπράττει αντιπρόσωπος, συγγενής ή διαχειριστική εταιρεία για λογαριασμό του ιδιοκτήτη, το πρακτικό ερώτημα είναι αν τα χρήματα φθάνουν στον δικαιούχο μέσα από ηλεκτρονική αλυσίδα που μπορεί να τεκμηριωθεί. Σκοπός του μέτρου είναι η ιχνηλασιμότητα, και ιδιοκτήτης που μπορεί να προσκομίσει καθαρή σειρά τραπεζικών πιστώσεων που αντιστοιχούν στα ενοίκια βρίσκεται σε πολύ καλύτερη θέση.

## Ο κανόνας των 60 ημερών: η προϋπόθεση που καταργήθηκε
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-kanonas-60-imeron
Μέχρι το 2026 όποιος ήταν φορολογικός κάτοικος αλλού δεν μπορούσε να τον χρησιμοποιήσει. Ο Ν. 244(Ι)/2025 την κατάργησε. Τι μένει και τι κοστίζει ακόμη ένα έτος.

Q: Ποιες είναι οι προϋποθέσεις του κανόνα των 60 ημερών;
A: Από το φορολογικό έτος 2026: μία πύλη και τρεις προϋποθέσεις. Η πύλη είναι να μην παραμείνετε σε ένα άλλο κράτος για περιόδους που υπερβαίνουν συνολικά τις 183 ημέρες στο ίδιο έτος. Έπειτα, σωρευτικά: τουλάχιστον εξήντα ημέρες παραμονής στην Κύπρο στο φορολογικό έτος· άσκηση επιχείρησης στη Δημοκρατία και/ή εργοδότηση στη Δημοκρατία και/ή κατοχή αξιώματος σε πρόσωπο φορολογικό κάτοικο της Δημοκρατίας καθ' οιονδήποτε χρόνο μέσα στο έτος, χωρίς κανένα από αυτά να τερματιστεί μέσα στο έτος· και μόνιμη κατοικία στη Δημοκρατία, ιδιόκτητη ή ενοικιαζόμενη. Για τα φορολογικά έτη μέχρι το 2025 υπήρχε πέμπτη απαίτηση, να μην είστε φορολογικός κάτοικος σε άλλο κράτος, και ο Ν. 244(Ι)/2025 την κατάργησε.

Q: Είμαι ακόμη φορολογικός κάτοικος στην παλιά μου χώρα. Μπορώ να τον χρησιμοποιήσω;
A: Από το φορολογικό έτος 2026, ναι. Η απαίτηση να μην είστε φορολογικός κάτοικος σε άλλο κράτος ήταν στον ορισμό μέχρι το τέλος του 2025 και δεν είναι στον ορισμό που αντικατέστησε ο Ν. 244(Ι)/2025. Εξακολουθεί να ισχύει η πύλη, οπότε δεν πρέπει να έχετε περάσει πάνω από 183 ημέρες σε εκείνο το ένα άλλο κράτος μέσα στο ίδιο έτος. Η ταυτόχρονη κατοικία σε δύο κράτη θέτει έπειτα το κριτήριο διάκρισης της σύμβασης αποφυγής διπλής φορολογίας και υποχρεώσεις υποβολής και στα δύο, που είναι διαφορετικό πρόβλημα από εκείνο που δημιουργούσε η Κύπρος. Για έτος μέχρι και το 2025 η παλαιά απαίτηση κρίνει ακόμη την απάντηση.

Q: Τι λέει τώρα το άρθρο 2;
A: Το άρθρο 2(α) του Ν. 244(Ι)/2025 αντικατέστησε τον ορισμό του κατοίκου της Δημοκρατίας από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2026. Για φυσικό πρόσωπο είναι πλέον είτε πάνω από 183 ημέρες στην Κύπρο μέσα στο φορολογικό έτος, είτε: πρόσωπο το οποίο δεν παραμένει σε ένα άλλο κράτος για μία ή περισσότερες περιόδους που υπερβαίνουν συνολικά τις 183 ημέρες εντός του ίδιου έτους, εφόσον πληροί σωρευτικά ότι παραμένει στη Δημοκρατία τουλάχιστον εξήντα ημέρες· ασκεί επιχείρηση και/ή εργοδοτείται και/ή κατέχει αξίωμα σε πρόσωπο φορολογικό κάτοικο της Δημοκρατίας καθ' οιονδήποτε χρόνο μέσα στο έτος, με επιφύλαξη που τον αποκλείει αν κάποιο από αυτά τερματιστεί μέσα στο έτος· και διατηρεί μόνιμη κατοικία στη Δημοκρατία που του ανήκει ή ενοικιάζει. Η απαίτηση να μην είναι φορολογικός κάτοικος σε άλλο κράτος δεν υπάρχει πλέον.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν η απασχόληση ή το αξίωμα τερματιστεί μέσα στο έτος;
A: Χάνεται το έτος. Η περαιτέρω επιφύλαξη είναι διατυπωμένη ως αποκλεισμός: πρόσωπο που ικανοποιεί όλα τα ανωτέρω δεν θεωρείται κάτοικος στη Δημοκρατία στο φορολογικό εκείνο έτος αν, κατά τη διάρκειά του, τερματιστεί η άσκηση επιχείρησης στη Δημοκρατία, ή η απασχόληση, ή η κατοχή αξιώματος σε πρόσωπο φορολογικό κάτοικο της Δημοκρατίας. Δαγκώνει στο έτος και όχι στην ημέρα, οπότε παραίτηση τον Νοέμβριο κοστίζει ολόκληρο το έτος.

Q: Πώς ακριβώς μετρώνται οι ημέρες;
A: Κατά ημέρα, με συγκεκριμένη σύμβαση. Η ημέρα άφιξης στην Κύπρο λογίζεται ως ημέρα στην Κύπρο και η ημέρα αναχώρησης ως ημέρα εκτός· η άφιξη και αναχώρηση την ίδια ημέρα λογίζεται ως μία ημέρα στην Κύπρο, και η αναχώρηση και επιστροφή την ίδια ημέρα ως μία ημέρα εκτός. Όποιος στηρίζεται σε εξήντα ημέρες οφείλει να κρατά τα τεκμήρια καθώς προχωρά.

Q: Ισχύουν οι προϋποθέσεις αν είμαι εδώ πάνω από 183 ημέρες;
A: Όχι. Ο κανόνας των 183 ημερών είναι χωριστή οδός και δεν χρειάζεται καμία από τις άλλες προϋποθέσεις, οπότε όπου η παρουσία στην Κύπρο υπερβαίνει άνετα τις 183 ημέρες καμία από τις απαιτήσεις των 60 ημερών δεν τίθεται.

Q: Μετρά αν λήξει η ενοικίαση της κατοικίας μου;
A: Ναι. Η μόνιμη κατοικία στην Κύπρο, ιδιόκτητη ή ενοικιαζόμενη, πρέπει να κρατηθεί μέσα στο έτος. Ενοικίαση που έληξε τον Οκτώβριο είναι προϋπόθεση που απέτυχε και όχι λεπτομέρεια, όπως και δραστηριότητα που έπαψε πριν από τις 31 Δεκεμβρίου.

## Καταχρηστικές Ρήτρες σε Καταναλωτικές Συμβάσεις
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-katachristikes-ritres
Πότε μια ρήτρα καταναλωτικής σύμβασης δεν δεσμεύει τον καταναλωτή, το κριτήριο της καλής πίστης, οι συμβάσεις ακινήτων που εμπίπτουν, και ο κανόνας των 360 ημερών.

Q: Την υπέγραψα. Δεν κλείνει εκεί το θέμα;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 51(1) ορίζει ότι η καταχρηστική ρήτρα δεν δεσμεύει τον καταναλωτή, και το λέει ανεξάρτητα από τον περί Συμβάσεων Νόμο. Η υπογραφή αφορά το αν καταρτίστηκε η σύμβαση, όχι το αν επιβιώνει η συγκεκριμένη ρήτρα του κριτηρίου του άρθρου 50.

Q: Ισχύει και για σύμβαση ακινήτου;
A: Ναι, όταν η άλλη πλευρά είναι καταναλωτής. Το άρθρο 48(3) εφαρμόζει το Μέρος, με τις ανάλογες φραστικές αναπροσαρμογές, στις ρήτρες συμβάσεων για πώληση, μίσθωση ή οποιαδήποτε άλλη διάθεση ακίνητης ιδιοκτησίας. Τα τυποποιημένα πωλητήρια έγγραφα και τα τυποποιημένα ενοικιαστήρια είναι εντός.

Q: Μπορώ να υποστηρίξω ότι η ίδια η τιμή ήταν καταχρηστική;
A: Όχι με βάση αυτό το Μέρος. Το άρθρο 48(2) εξαιρεί από την εκτίμηση τόσο τον καθορισμό του κύριου αντικειμένου όσο και το ανάλογο του τιμήματος προς όσα παρέχονται ως αντάλλαγμα. Η εξαίρεση ισχύει μόνο εφόσον οι ρήτρες αυτές είναι σαφείς και κατανοητές, οπότε δυσνόητος μηχανισμός τιμής ή επιτοκίου δεν προστατεύεται από αυτήν.

Q: Τι είναι ο κανόνας των 360 ημερών;
A: Το άρθρο 50(5) καθιστά καταχρηστική τη ρήτρα με την οποία υπολογίζεται το επιτόκιο, και περιγράφεται ο τρόπος υπολογισμού του, στη βάση των 360 ημερών ή άλλου αριθμού ημερών αντί στη βάση των 365 ή 366 ημερών σε περίπτωση δίσεκτου έτους. Δεν τίθεται ζήτημα καλής πίστης ή ανισότητας: αρκεί η ίδια η βάση υπολογισμού. Αξίζει να ελέγχεται σε κάθε καταναλωτική διευκόλυνση, γιατί η σύμβαση αυτή ήταν κάποτε συνήθης.

Q: Αν πέσει μία ρήτρα, πέφτει όλη η σύμβαση;
A: Συνήθως όχι. Το άρθρο 51(2) ορίζει ότι η σύμβαση εξακολουθεί να δεσμεύει τους συμβαλλομένους, εκτός αν δεν δύναται να συνεχίσει να υφίσταται χωρίς την καταχρηστική ρήτρα. Το σύνηθες αποτέλεσμα είναι η σύμβαση μείον τη ρήτρα.

Q: Ισχύει κάτι από αυτά για τη σύμβαση εργασίας μου;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 48(4) εξαιρεί τις συμβάσεις εργασίας από το Μέρος αυτό, μαζί με τις συμβάσεις που αφορούν κληρονομικά δικαιώματα, θέματα οικογενειακού δικαίου, και τη σύσταση και οργάνωση εταιρειών ή συνεταιρισμών. Οι όροι εργασίας διέπονται από την εργατική νομοθεσία.

## Καταργήθηκε το χαρτόσημο στην Κύπρο: τι αλλάζει
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-katargisi-xartosimou
Οι περί Χαρτοσήμων Νόμοι καταργήθηκαν από 1 Ιανουαρίου 2026. Τι δεν χρειάζεται πλέον χαρτοσήμανση, τι εξακολουθεί να οφείλεται, και τι δεν αναιρεί η κατάργηση.

Q: Λέει ο καταργητικός Νόμος κάτι για τα παλαιά έγγραφα;
A: Όχι. Ο Ν. 239(Ι)/2025 έχει συνοπτικό τίτλο και ένα ουσιαστικό άρθρο. Το άρθρο 2 ορίζει ότι οι περί Χαρτοσήμων Νόμοι του 1963 έως 2024 καταργούνται την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2026, και αυτό είναι όλο: καμία μεταβατική διάταξη, καμία επιφύλαξη για υφιστάμενα έγγραφα, κανένας μηχανισμός επιστροφών. Το ερώτημα απαντάται επομένως από το γενικό δίκαιο της κατάργησης.

Q: Ποιο είναι αυτό το γενικό δίκαιο;
A: Το άρθρο 10(2) του περί Ερμηνείας Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 1. Εκτός αν φαίνεται αντίθετη πρόθεση, η ακύρωση δεν επαναφέρει οτιδήποτε δεν ισχύει κατά τον χρόνο που αρχίζει, δεν επηρεάζει την προηγούμενη ισχύ του νομοθετήματος ούτε οτιδήποτε τελέστηκε κανονικά βάσει αυτού, και δεν επηρεάζει δικαίωμα, προνόμιο, υποχρέωση ή ευθύνη που προέκυψε βάσει αυτού. Ούτε επηρεάζει έρευνα, διαδικασία ή θεραπεία γι' αυτά, οι οποίες μπορούν να εγερθούν, να συνεχιστούν ή να εκτελεστούν ωσάν ο ακυρωτικός Νόμος να μην ψηφιζόταν.

Q: Σβήνει το τέλος που είχε προκύψει πριν από το 2026;
A: Όχι. Ευθύνη που προέκυψε υπό τους καταργηθέντες Νόμους είναι ευθύνη που προέκυψε βάσει αυτών, και το άρθρο 10(2)(γ) του ΚΕΦ. 1 τη διατηρεί. Το άρθρο 10(2)(ε) διατηρεί και τη θεραπεία γι' αυτήν. Η κατάργηση αίρει την υποχρέωση για το μέλλον· δεν καθαρίζει ό,τι είχε ήδη γεννηθεί.

Q: Μπορώ να ζητήσω πίσω χαρτόσημο που πλήρωσα;
A: Τίποτε στον Ν. 239(Ι)/2025 δεν προβλέπει επιστροφή, και το άρθρο 10(2)(β) του ΚΕΦ. 1 διατηρεί οτιδήποτε τελέστηκε κανονικά βάσει του καταργηθέντος νομοθετήματος. Τέλος που καταβλήθηκε ορθά πριν από την κατάργηση καταβλήθηκε ορθά. Αν θεωρείτε ότι δεν οφειλόταν εξαρχής, αυτό είναι διαφορετικό ερώτημα και κρίνεται στον παλαιό Νόμο και όχι στην κατάργηση.

Q: Υπέγραψα τη σύμβαση τον Δεκέμβριο του 2025 αλλά η μεταβίβαση ολοκληρώνεται το 2026. Οφείλεται χαρτόσημο;
A: Ναι. Το τέλος γεννήθηκε όταν το έγγραφο υπογράφηκε για πρώτη φορά. Ο καταργητικός νόμος δεν περιέχει επιφύλαξη, οπότε ισχύει το άρθρο 10(2) του περί Ερμηνείας Νόμου, Κεφ. 1: η ακύρωση δεν επηρεάζει ευθύνη που είχε ήδη γεννηθεί, και τέλος που γεννήθηκε μέχρι τις 31 Δεκεμβρίου 2025 παραμένει οφειλόμενο.

Q: Το Κτηματολόγιο απαιτεί ακόμη χαρτοσήμανση πριν την κατάθεση;
A: Όχι για έγγραφα που υπογράφονται για πρώτη φορά από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2026. Οι προϋποθέσεις κατάθεσης είναι του ίδιου του νόμου περί ειδικής εκτέλεσης: εγγεγραμμένος τίτλος, γραπτή υπογεγραμμένη σύμβαση, και κατάθεση εντός έξι μηνών από την υπογραφή.

Q: Η κατάργηση αφορά και άλλα έγγραφα εκτός από πωλητήρια;
A: Η κατάργηση είναι γενική και δεν εξαιρεί καμία κατηγορία εγγράφου.

## Κατασκευαστικές αξιώσεις: τα τέσσερα σημεία που τις κρίνουν
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-kataskevastikes-axioseis
Δικαίωμα, αιτιώδης σύνδεσμος, ποσοτικοποίηση και συμμόρφωση με τη διαδικασία. Οι περισσότερες αξιώσεις αποτυγχάνουν σε ένα από αυτά και όχι επί της ουσίας.

Q: Είναι το ίδιο η παράταση χρόνου με την αξίωση για χρήματα;
A: Όχι. Η παράταση χρόνου προστατεύει τον εργολάβο από εκκαθαρισμένες αποζημιώσεις για την παρατεταμένη περίοδο και δεν παράγει από μόνη της κανένα ποσό. Η αξίωση για απώλειες και δαπάνες είναι χωριστή και αποδεικνύεται χωριστά: κόστη παράτασης έναντι της περιόδου δικαιολογημένης καθυστέρησης, και διατάραξη με σύγκριση της προγραμματισμένης με την πραγματική απόδοση, και όχι με τον ισχυρισμό ότι οι εργασίες έγιναν δυσκολότερες.

Q: Πώς λειτουργούν οι εκκαθαρισμένες αποζημιώσεις στο κυπριακό δίκαιο;
A: Όπου η σύμβαση ορίζει ποσοστό εκκαθαρισμένων αποζημιώσεων, το άρθρο 74(1) του περί Συμβάσεων Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 149, δίνει στο ζημιωθέν μέρος, ακόμη και όταν δεν αποδεικνύεται πραγματική ζημιά ή απώλεια, εύλογη αποζημίωση που δεν υπερβαίνει το ποσό που κατονομάζεται στη σύμβαση. Το ποσοστό είναι επομένως οροφή της ανάκτησης και όχι ποσό που ακολουθεί αυτομάτως από την καθυστερημένη αποπεράτωση. Όπου δεν υπάρχει τέτοια ρήτρα, ο εργοδότης πρέπει να αποδείξει την πραγματική του ζημιά κατά τον συνήθη τρόπο.

Q: Μπορώ να πληρωθώ για εργασία που έγινε χωρίς συμφωνία στην τιμή;
A: Αξίωση για εύλογο ποσό για την εργασία που πράγματι εκτελέστηκε μπορεί να είναι διαθέσιμη, όπως δέχθηκε το Ανώτατο Δικαστήριο στην Μάριος Κυριάκου κ.ά. ν. Α/φοί Μ & Κ Μιχαήλ, Πολιτική Έφεση 203/2015, 1 Φεβρουαρίου 2024. Η ίδια οδός μπορεί να ισχύσει όπου μια σύμβαση εκτελέστηκε εν μέρει και έπειτα τερματίστηκε.

Q: Γιατί αποτυγχάνουν οι κατασκευαστικές αξιώσεις;
A: Συνήθως σε ένα από τέσσερα σημεία και όχι επί της ουσίας: δεν εντοπίστηκε η ρήτρα από την οποία πηγάζει το δικαίωμα, η ζημιά δεν διαχωρίστηκε από ζημιά άλλης αιτίας, το ποσό δόθηκε κατ' αποκοπή χωρίς ανάλυση, ή μια ειδοποίηση δόθηκε εκπρόθεσμα.

Q: Τι είναι το δυσκολότερο να αποδειχθεί;
A: Ο αιτιώδης σύνδεσμος. Σε έργο όπου καθυστερούν πολλά ταυτόχρονα, το να δειχθεί ότι το συγκεκριμένο γεγονός προκάλεσε το συγκεκριμένο αποτέλεσμα είναι το δύσκολο μέρος, όχι η ύπαρξη του γεγονότος.

Q: Αρκεί να ζητήσω ένα συνολικό ποσό;
A: Όχι. Το κατ' αποκοπή ποσό χωρίς ανάλυση από πίσω διαβάζεται ως εκτίμηση και μειώνεται ανάλογα. Η ποσοτικοποίηση είναι ανάλυση, όχι αριθμός.

Q: Έχασα προθεσμία ειδοποίησης. Χάθηκε η αξίωση;
A: Εξαρτάται από τη ρήτρα, αλλά είναι από τα σημεία όπου χάνονται δικαιώματα με την αξίωση κατά τα άλλα άρτια. Η συμμόρφωση με τη διαδικασία της σύμβασης είναι ένα από τα τέσσερα ερωτήματα που κρίνουν κάθε αξίωση.

## Καθήκοντα εμπιστοσύνης διευθυντών στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-kathikonta-dieuthinton
Τα καθήκοντα οφείλονται στην εταιρεία, όχι στον μέτοχο που σας διόρισε. Ποια είναι, ποιες συναλλαγές τα θέτουν σε ζήτημα, και γιατί κρίνει το πρακτικό.

Q: Σε ποιον οφείλω τα καθήκοντά μου;
A: Στην ίδια την εταιρεία. Ο διευθυντής δεν διορίζεται για να υπηρετεί τον μέτοχο που τον πρότεινε, τη μητρική που ελέγχει τον όμιλο, ή την τράπεζα που ζήτησε τον διορισμό του ως όρο δανεισμού. Ο εντεταλμένος διευθυντής οφείλει τα ίδια καθήκοντα με κάθε άλλον, και η εντολή εκείνου που τον διόρισε δεν αποτελεί υπεράσπιση για το ότι την ακολούθησε.

Q: Από πού πηγάζουν;
A: Από το κοινοδίκαιο και την επιείκεια, δίπλα στις απαιτήσεις του περί Εταιρειών Νόμου, Κεφ. 113, και του ιδρυτικού εγγράφου και καταστατικού. Δεν είναι καταγεγραμμένα εξαντλητικά σε ένα σημείο.

Q: Έχω συμφέρον και στις δύο πλευρές. Πρέπει να αποσυρθώ;
A: Η θεραπεία είναι η δήλωση, στον σωστό χρόνο και στο σωστό όργανο, με καταγραφή, και η αποχή από ψηφοφορία όπου απαιτείται. Οι περισσότερες παραβάσεις δεν είναι ανέντιμες: είναι συγκρούσεις που δεν δηλώθηκαν. Και δεν αρκεί να δειχθεί ότι οι όροι ήταν δίκαιοι: ο κανόνας κατά των συγκρούσεων είναι προληπτικός, γιατί το δίκαιο δεν επιτρέπει σε εμπιστευματικά υπόχρεο να τεθεί σε συμβιβασμένη θέση και έπειτα να αρνηθεί ότι επηρεάστηκε η κρίση του. Το συμφέρον δηλώνεται, η απόφαση λαμβάνεται από όσους είναι ελεύθεροι από αυτό, και το σκεπτικό καταγράφεται πριν από τη συναλλαγή και όχι αφού αμφισβητηθεί.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν ο διευθυντής ωφεληθεί από τη θέση του;
A: Λογοδοτεί για κάθε όφελος που αποκτήθηκε μέσω κατάχρησης της περιουσίας, της πληροφορίας ή των ευκαιριών της εταιρείας, ακόμη και όπου η ίδια η εταιρεία δεν έχασε τίποτε. Επιχειρηματική ευκαιρία που φτάνει σε διευθυντή μέσω της εταιρείας ανήκει στην εταιρεία, ακόμη και αν η εταιρεία δεν θα μπορούσε να την αξιοποιήσει.

Q: Μπορεί θυγατρική να δώσει εγγυήσεις ή να μεταφέρει αξία προς όφελος του ομίλου;
A: Μόνο μετά από χωριστή εξέταση των δικών της συμφερόντων. Οι διευθετήσεις ομίλου όπου ζητείται από θυγατρική να εγγυηθεί, να δανείσει ή να μεταφέρει αξία προς όφελος του συνόλου, χωρίς τη χωριστή αυτή εξέταση, είναι από τις καταστάσεις στις οποίες προκύπτουν επανειλημμένα παραβάσεις.

Q: Ποιος μπορεί να εγείρει αγωγή για παράβαση καθηκόντων;
A: Η αξίωση ανήκει στην εταιρεία, γι’ αυτό και οι παραβάσεις εγείρονται συχνά μόνο αφού αλλάξει ο έλεγχος της εταιρείας ή διοριστεί εκκαθαριστής. Οι θεραπείες περιλαμβάνουν αποζημίωση κατά την επιείκεια για τη ζημιά της εταιρείας, λογοδοσία για τα κέρδη που υποχρεώνει τον διευθυντή να αποδώσει το όφελος ακόμη και όπου η εταιρεία δεν έχασε τίποτε, και εμπράγματη θεραπεία επί περιουσίας που μπορεί ακόμη να ταυτοποιηθεί. Η θεραπεία μπορεί να στραφεί και κατά τρίτου που συμμετείχε εν γνώσει του.

Q: Ποιες συναλλαγές εξετάζονται περισσότερο;
A: Συναλλαγές με συνδεδεμένα πρόσωπα, δάνεια προς ή από τη διοίκηση, ευκαιρίες που εντοπίστηκαν μέσω της εταιρείας και αξιοποιήθηκαν αλλού, αμοιβές που αποφασίστηκαν από τους αποδέκτες, και εγγυήσεις υπέρ άλλων εταιρειών του ομίλου.

## Καθήκοντα εκτελεστή διαθήκης: η σειρά που σας προστατεύει
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-kathikonta-ektelesti
Αποδοχή ή αποποίηση, η επικύρωση, η από κοινού δράση, και η σειρά των βημάτων. Η διανομή πριν από τα χρέη είναι το κλασικό λάθος, και η ευθύνη είναι προσωπική.

Q: Υποχρεούμαι να δεχθώ τον ρόλο;
A: Όχι. Μπορείτε να αποποιηθείτε με τον καθορισμένο τύπο ενόρκως ενώπιον του πρωτοκολλητή διαθηκών, και τα δικαιώματά σας ως εκτελεστή τερματίζονται εντελώς, με την κληρονομιά να διαχειρίζεται σαν να μην είχατε κατονομαστεί.

Q: Μέχρι πότε μπορώ να αποποιηθώ;
A: Η αποποίηση προϋποθέτει ότι δεν έχετε αναμειχθεί στην κληρονομιά. Όποιος άρχισε να ενεργεί, πήρε στην κατοχή του περιουσιακά στοιχεία ή παρουσιάστηκε ως εκτελεστής, παραμένει υπόλογος. Το δικαστήριο μπορεί επίσης να σας καλέσει να λάβετε επικύρωση ή να αποποιηθείτε εντός δεκατεσσάρων ημερών από την ειδοποίηση.

Q: Με ποια σειρά γίνονται τα βήματα;
A: Εντοπισμός και συγκέντρωση των περιουσιακών στοιχείων, πληρωμή των εξόδων κηδείας, των εξόδων διαχείρισης και των χρεών, τακτοποίηση της φορολογικής θέσης, και μόνο μετά διανομή. Η σειρά είναι η προστασία του εκτελεστή.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν διανείμω πριν πληρωθούν τα χρέη;
A: Είναι το κλασικό λάθος, και η ευθύνη είναι προσωπική. Ο πιστωτής που εμφανίζεται αφού έχουν φύγει τα χρήματα στρέφεται εναντίον του προσώπου που διένειμε.

Q: Πληρώνω εγώ τα έξοδα της διαχείρισης;
A: Όχι. Τα έξοδα ανάληψης και ορθής άσκησης του λειτουργήματος πληρώνονται από την κληρονομιά κατά προτεραιότητα, πριν από τα χρέη.

## Όταν η εταιρεία πλησιάζει την αφερεγγυότητα: τα καθήκοντα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-kathikonta-se-aferengyotita
Τα συμφέροντα που μετρούν γίνονται των πιστωτών, χωρίς ανακοίνωση και χωρίς ημερομηνία. Τι προστατεύει τους διευθυντές, και ποιες πληρωμές εξετάζονται πρώτες.

Q: Πότε αλλάζει το καθήκον των διευθυντών;
A: Όταν η αφερεγγυότητα είναι παρούσα ή ρεαλιστικά προβλέψιμη. Τα συμφέροντα που μετρούν παύουν να είναι των μελών και γίνονται των πιστωτών, και η μετατόπιση δεν συνοδεύεται από ανακοίνωση ή ημερομηνία: αναμένεται να την αναγνωρίσουν οι ίδιοι.

Q: Τι με προστατεύει ως διευθυντή;
A: Ο καθορισμός της πραγματικής θέσης, η παύση ανάληψης νέων υποχρεώσεων χωρίς ρεαλιστική προοπτική εξόφλησης, η καταγραφή κάθε απόφασης με τα στοιχεία στα οποία βασίστηκε, και η έγκαιρη συμβουλή.

Q: Μπορώ να πληρώσω έναν πιστωτή πριν από τους άλλους;
A: Είναι από τα πρώτα που εξετάζονται όταν έρθει εκκαθαριστής, ιδίως όταν ο πιστωτής είναι συνδεδεμένο πρόσωπο. Το ίδιο ισχύει για μεταβιβάσεις περιουσιακών στοιχείων σε τιμή που δεν αντανακλά την αξία τους.

Q: Αφερεγγυότητα σημαίνει εκκαθάριση;
A: Όχι αναγκαστικά. Η διαδικασία του εξεταστή δίνει προστασία του Δικαστηρίου ενώ εξετάζεται η βιωσιμότητα, και η επιλογή μεταξύ των διαδρομών απαιτεί τα ίδια οικονομικά στοιχεία.

## Καθυστερήσεις σε κατασκευαστικά συμβόλαια στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-kathysteriseis-kataskevi
Παράταση χρόνου, εκκαθαρισμένες αποζημιώσεις και απαιτήσεις καθυστέρησης σε κατασκευαστικά συμβόλαια στην Κύπρο: προϋποθέσεις, τεκμηρίωση και προθεσμίες.

Q: Τι είναι η παράταση χρόνου σε κατασκευαστική σύμβαση;
A: Είναι συμβατικός μηχανισμός που μετακινεί τη συμφωνημένη ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης όπου η καθυστέρηση προκαλείται από γεγονότα που η σύμβαση αναγνωρίζει ως δικαιολογημένα, όπως μεταβολές που εντέλλεται ο εργοδότης ή ζητήματα εκτός του ελέγχου του εργολάβου. Κατά κανόνα ζητείται με ειδοποίηση εντός των προθεσμιών της σύμβασης.

Q: Μπορεί ο εργοδότης να απαιτεί πάντοτε εκκαθαρισμένες αποζημιώσεις για καθυστέρηση;
A: Όχι αυτόματα. Οι εκκαθαρισμένες αποζημιώσεις οφείλονται συνήθως μόνο για καθυστέρηση που δεν καλύπτεται από έγκυρη παράταση χρόνου, και το αν η ρήτρα ενεργοποιήθηκε ορθά ελέγχεται σε κάθε περίπτωση.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν χάσω την προθεσμία ειδοποίησης;
A: Η απώλεια συμβατικής προθεσμίας ειδοποίησης μπορεί να αποδυναμώσει και, ανάλογα με τη διατύπωση της ρήτρας, να αποκλείσει μια κατά τα άλλα βάσιμη απαίτηση. Η ρήτρα ελέγχεται μόλις γίνει αντιληπτή η καθυστέρηση.

Q: Ποια μαρτυρία πρέπει να κρατώ κατά τη διάρκεια του έργου;
A: Ημερολόγια εργοταξίου, το εγκεκριμένο χρονοδιάγραμμα και τις αναθεωρήσεις του, την αλληλογραφία, τις τυπικές ειδοποιήσεις καθυστέρησης, τις εντολές και τις μεταβολές, στοιχεία καιρού όπου έχουν σημασία, φωτογραφίες, και πιστοποιητικά πληρωμής. Η οργανωμένη τήρηση όσο τρέχει το έργο αξίζει πολύ περισσότερο από την ανασύσταση αργότερα.

Q: Πρέπει να πάμε σε διαιτησία;
A: Μόνο αν η σύμβασή σας περιέχει έγκυρη ρήτρα διαιτησίας που καλύπτει τη διαφορά. Όπου υπάρχει, η διαιτησία είναι συνήθως η υποχρεωτική οδός και το δικαστήριο μπορεί να αναστείλει αγωγή που καταχωρίστηκε κατά παράβασή της. Όπου δεν υπάρχει ρήτρα διαιτησίας, το Επαρχιακό Δικαστήριο είναι η προκαθορισμένη οδός.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να εγείρω απαίτηση καθυστέρησης;
A: Η απαίτηση από τη σύμβαση υπόκειται σε εξαετία από τη γένεση του αγώγιμου δικαιώματος, κατά το άρθρο 7(1) του περί Παραγραφής Αγώγιμων Δικαιωμάτων Νόμου 66(Ι)/2012, ενώ η απαίτηση για αμέλεια σε τριετία κατά το άρθρο 6(2). Η ακριβής ημερομηνία γένεσης σε απαίτηση καθυστέρησης εξαρτάται από τα γεγονότα και από τη σύμβαση, οπότε αξίζει να επιβεβαιωθούν οι δικές σας ημερομηνίες.

Q: Μπορεί υπεργολάβος να εγείρει απαίτηση κατά του εργολάβου;
A: Καταρχήν ναι, υπό τους όρους της υπεργολαβίας, με τις ίδιες έννοιες της παράτασης χρόνου, της ειδοποίησης και της μαρτυρίας. Καθορίζει το συγκεκριμένο κείμενο της υπεργολαβίας. Προσοχή στο ότι η εξαετία του άρθρου 7(1) τρέχει χωριστά σε κάθε σύμβαση, οπότε η ίδια καθυστέρηση μπορεί να είναι εμπρόθεσμη ως προς τον έναν και εκπρόθεσμη ως προς τον άλλο.

Q: Να ζητήσω συμβουλή πριν απαντήσω σε απαίτηση καθυστέρησης;
A: Ναι. Ο τρόπος με τον οποίο απαντάτε, είτε αποδεχόμενοι είτε απορρίπτοντας είτε συμφωνώντας εν μέρει, μπορεί να επηρεάσει τη θέση σας υπό τη σύμβαση και σε μεταγενέστερη διαφορά. Η συμβουλή πριν από την επίσημη απάντηση αποτρέπει την ακούσια αποδυνάμωση της θέσης σας.

## Καθυστερήσεις Πληρωμών σε Εμπορικές Συναλλαγές
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-kathysterisi-pliromon-emporikes
Τόκος χωρίς όχληση, επιτόκιο αναφοράς συν οκτώ μονάδες, τα σαράντα ευρώ για έξοδα είσπραξης, και οι προθεσμίες που δεν επιβάλλονται, κατά τον Ν. 123(Ι)/2012.

Q: Πρέπει να ειδοποιήσω τον οφειλέτη πριν αρχίσει ο τόκος;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 5(1) δίνει στον πιστωτή τόκο υπερημερίας χωρίς να απαιτείται όχληση, εφόσον εκπλήρωσε τις δικές του υποχρεώσεις και τα χρήματα δεν έφθασαν εγκαίρως. Η υπενθύμιση είναι καλή πρακτική και μαρτυρία, όχι προϋπόθεση.

Q: Η σύμβασή μας δεν λέει τίποτε για προθεσμία. Πότε καθυστερεί το τιμολόγιο;
A: Τριάντα ημερολογιακές ημέρες, κατά το άρθρο 5(3)(β), κατά κανόνα από την παραλαβή του τιμολογίου από τον οφειλέτη. Όταν η ημερομηνία παραλαβής δεν είναι βέβαιη, ή το τιμολόγιο έφθασε πριν από τα αγαθά ή τις υπηρεσίες, οι τριάντα ημέρες τρέχουν από την παραλαβή των αγαθών ή την παροχή των υπηρεσιών.

Q: Ο πελάτης επιμένει σε προθεσμία ενενήντα ημερών. Επιτρέπεται;
A: Όχι εξ ορισμού. Το άρθρο 5(5) ορίζει ότι η συμβατική προθεσμία πληρωμής δεν πρέπει να υπερβαίνει τις εξήντα ημερολογιακές ημέρες, εκτός αν συμφωνήθηκε ρητά στο κείμενο της σύμβασης και δεν είναι κατάφωρα καταχρηστική για τον πιστωτή κατά το άρθρο 9. Μακρά προθεσμία επιβαλλόμενη σε προμηθευτή χωρίς διαπραγματευτική δύναμη είναι ακριβώς η περίπτωση στην οποία στοχεύει η διάταξη.

Q: Ποιο είναι το επιτόκιο;
A: Απλός τόκος με επιτόκιο ίσο προς το επιτόκιο αναφοράς συν οκτώ ποσοστιαίες μονάδες, όπως ορίζει το άρθρο 2, δημοσιευόμενο στην ιστοσελίδα του Υπουργείου Εμπορίου, Βιομηχανίας και Τουρισμού. Κατά το άρθρο 5(2) το επιτόκιο αναφοράς είναι εκείνο που ίσχυε την 1η Ιανουαρίου για το πρώτο εξάμηνο και την 1η Ιουλίου για το δεύτερο.

Q: Μπορώ να ζητήσω το κόστος της είσπραξης;
A: Ναι, και το πρώτο μέρος του είναι σταθερό. Το άρθρο 8(1) δίνει στον πιστωτή σαράντα ευρώ χωρίς όχληση, ως αποζημίωση για έξοδα είσπραξης, μόλις καταστεί απαιτητός ο τόκος. Το άρθρο 8(2) επιτρέπει εύλογη αποζημίωση για έξοδα πάνω από το ποσό αυτό. Συμβατικός όρος που αποκλείει οποιοδήποτε από τα δύο θεωρείται κατάφωρα καταχρηστικός κατά το άρθρο 9(3).

Q: Οι όροι μας λένε ότι δεν οφείλεται τόκος σε καθυστερημένα τιμολόγια. Ισχύει;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 9(2) θεωρεί κατάφωρα καταχρηστικό τον συμβατικό όρο ή την πρακτική που αποκλείει τη χρέωση τόκου για την καθυστέρηση, και το άρθρο 9(1) καθιστά τον κατάφωρα καταχρηστικό όρο είτε μη εκτελεστό είτε λόγο αξίωσης αποζημίωσης. Είναι μία από τις λίγες ρήτρες που ο νόμος καταδικάζει χωρίς στάθμιση.

## Καθυστέρηση στο έργο: το δεκαπενθήμερο που κρίνει την αξίωση
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-kathysterisi-prwta-vimata
Τέσσερις όροι διαβάζονται πρώτοι, η ειδοποίηση δίνεται στον τύπο που ορίζει η σύμβαση, και τα αρχεία τηρούνται καθημερινά. Θέση, όχι παράπονο.

Q: Τι διαβάζω πρώτο όταν εμφανιστεί καθυστέρηση;
A: Τέσσερις όρους, πριν γράψετε οτιδήποτε: την ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης και πώς καθορίζεται· τη ρήτρα παράτασης χρόνου, μαζί με το ποια γεγονότα καλύπτει και ποιος αποφασίζει· τις πρόνοιες ειδοποίησης, μαζί με το αν η ειδοποίηση είναι προϋπόθεση του δικαιώματος· και τη ρήτρα εκκαθαρισμένων αποζημιώσεων ή αποζημίωσης καθυστέρησης και το ποσοστό της. Ό,τι γίνει το επόμενο δεκαπενθήμερο διαμορφώνεται από τους τέσσερις αυτούς όρους.

Q: Αρκεί να το πω στο εργοτάξιο;
A: Όχι. Η προφορική ειδοποίηση, ή το μήνυμα σε κάποιον που δεν είναι ο παραλήπτης που ορίζει η σύμβαση, συχνά δεν μετρά. Πολλές ρήτρες προβλέπουν προθεσμία, και η καθυστερημένη ειδοποίηση μπορεί να κοστίσει το ίδιο το δικαίωμα.

Q: Τι αρχεία κρατώ;
A: Ημερολόγιο εργοταξίου με προσωπικό, εξοπλισμό, καιρό και τι έγινε· φωτογραφίες με ημερομηνία· τις εντολές και τις απαντήσεις· και καταγραφή του τι σταμάτησε και γιατί, γιατί η αιτιώδης σύνδεση κρίνει τα αιτήματα. Πάνω από όλα, το συμβατικό χρονοδιάγραμμα στη μορφή με την οποία έγινε αποδεκτό, μαζί με κάθε αναθεώρηση που εκδόθηκε έκτοτε, και καταγραφή του πού βρίσκονταν πράγματι οι εργασίες την ημέρα που εμφανίστηκε η καθυστέρηση: την τελευταία έκθεση προόδου και την τελευταία επιμέτρηση. Η εξασφάλισή τους θέλει ένα απόγευμα και είναι το πολυτιμότερο πράγμα που μπορεί να κάνει οποιαδήποτε πλευρά στις πρώτες δύο εβδομάδες.

Q: Να περιμένω μέχρι να ποσοτικοποιήσω την καθυστέρηση πριν ειδοποιήσω;
A: Όχι. Οι προθεσμίες ειδοποίησης τρέχουν κατά κανόνα από την επέλευση του γεγονότος ή από τη στιγμή που έγινε εμφανές το αποτέλεσμά του, και όχι από τη στιγμή που ολοκληρώθηκε η ανάλυση. Σύντομη ειδοποίηση δοσμένη εμπρόθεσμα, που προσδιορίζει το γεγονός και επιφυλάσσεται ως προς την επίδρασή του, αξίζει πολύ περισσότερο από λεπτομερή υποβολή που στάλθηκε έναν μήνα αργότερα, και δεν υπάρχει κύρωση για ειδοποίηση που τελικά αποδεικνύεται περιττή.

Q: Μπορεί ο εργολάβος να σταματήσει τις εργασίες όταν καθυστερεί ο εργοδότης;
A: Όχι χωρίς να ελεγχθεί αν η σύμβαση του δίνει το δικαίωμα αυτό. Η αδικαιολόγητη αναστολή μπορεί να μετατρέψει μια υπερασπίσιμη θέση σε παράβαση που δικαιολογεί τερματισμό, και η παρακράτηση πληρωμής ως μοχλός πίεσης είναι εξίσου επικίνδυνη, εκτός αν η σύμβαση την επιτρέπει και έχει τηρηθεί η ορθή διαδικασία.

Q: Είμαι ο εργοδότης. Τι πρέπει να προσέξω;
A: Να απαντάτε άμεσα και με ακρίβεια: η σιωπή απέναντι σε ειδοποίηση καθυστέρησης δεν είναι ουδέτερη. Αν θεωρείτε ότι η καθυστέρηση είναι ευθύνη του εργολάβου, πείτε το γραπτώς, δώστε τον λόγο, και επιφυλαχθείτε ως προς τα δικαιώματά σας δυνάμει της ρήτρας καθυστέρησης, αντί να αφήσετε το ζήτημα να παρασυρθεί. Και τηρείτε τα δικά σας αρχεία με την ίδια επιμέλεια.

## Κατώτατος Μισθός στην Κύπρο: ΚΕΦ. 183
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-katotatos-misthos-kef-183
Το ΚΕΦ. 183 δεν περιέχει ποσό. Αντιστρέφει το βάρος απόδειξης, τεκμαίρει τις ώρες από την παρουσία στα υποστατικά, και επιτρέπει διάταγμα δύο ετών αναδρομικών.

Q: Πού ορίζεται στην πραγματικότητα το ποσό του κατώτατου μισθού;
A: Όχι στον Νόμο. Το άρθρο 3(1) του ΚΕΦ. 183 δίνει στο Υπουργικό Συμβούλιο εξουσία να ορίζει κατώτατα όρια μισθών με Διάταγμα που δημοσιεύεται στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα, για οποιαδήποτε εργασία στη Δημοκρατία, γενικά ή σε συγκεκριμένη περιοχή, τόπο ή επαρχία, όπου ικανοποιείται ότι οι μισθοί είναι αδικαιολόγητα χαμηλοί. Το άρθρο 3(2) επιτρέπει διαφοροποίηση ή κατάργηση με τον ίδιο τρόπο, και το άρθρο 3(3) ορίζει ότι ισχύει από την ημερομηνία του Διατάγματος. Το ποσό είναι επομένως κινούμενο μέγεθος σε δευτερογενή νομοθεσία και ο Νόμος είναι ο μηχανισμός γύρω του.

Q: Ποιος αποδεικνύει τι σε μια δίωξη;
A: Ο εργοδότης. Το άρθρο 11 ορίζει ότι σε οποιαδήποτε δίωξη προσώπου λόγω παράλειψης καταβολής μισθών όχι πιο κάτω από τον κατώτατο, το πρόσωπο αυτό έχει το βάρος να αποδείξει ότι δεν κατέβαλε κάτω από τον κατώτατο. Η κατηγορούσα αρχή δεν αποδεικνύει τη διαφορά. Το άρθρο 12 είναι εκείνο που το καθιστά εφικτό: κάθε εργοδότης οφείλει να τηρεί τα μητρώα μισθών που είναι αναγκαία για να δείχνουν ότι ο Νόμος τηρείται.

Q: Πόσο πίσω μπορεί να φτάσει το διάταγμα καταβολής;
A: Δύο έτη. Κατά το άρθρο 6(1), όπου εργοδότης καταδικάστηκε βάσει του άρθρου 5 και επιδόθηκε γνωστοποίηση πρόθεσης εντός των τριών ημερών πριν από την ακρόαση, δύναται να δοθεί μαρτυρία για παράλειψη καταβολής σε οποιοδήποτε χρόνο μετά την έναρξη ισχύος του κατώτατου μισθού και εντός των δύο αμέσως προηγούμενων ετών από την υποβολή της πληροφορίας ή του παραπόνου. Μετά την απόδειξη, το Δικαστήριο δύναται να διατάξει την καταβολή της διαφοράς.

Q: Ποιες είναι οι ποινές;
A: Το άρθρο 5(1) επισύρει πρόστιμο μέχρι €5.000 για κάθε αδίκημα και πρόσθετο πρόστιμο μέχρι €50 για κάθε ημέρα συνέχισης μετά την καταδίκη. Το άρθρο 12 επισύρει πρόστιμο μέχρι €50 για μη τήρηση μητρώων μισθών, και επιπρόσθετα €50 για κάθε ημέρα. Το άρθρο 13(3) επισύρει πρόστιμο μέχρι €5.000 για παρεμπόδιση λειτουργού ή άρνηση προσαγωγής μητρώων, και για εν γνώσει ψευδή μητρώα πρόστιμο μέχρι €5.000 ή φυλάκιση μέχρι τρεις μήνες. Τα ποσά σε ευρώ αντικατέστησαν τα ποσά σε λίρες με τον Ν. 47(Ι)/2023, που δημοσιεύθηκε στις 23 Ιουνίου 2023.

Q: Μετρά ο χρόνος αναμονής για εργασία;
A: Ναι, και το βάρος είναι πάλι στον εργοδότη. Το άρθρο 9 λογίζει τον εργαζόμενο εργοδοτημένο καθόλη τη διάρκεια του χρόνου που ήταν παρών στα υποστατικά, εκτός αν ο εργοδότης αποδείξει ότι ήταν εκεί χωρίς τη συγκατάθεσή του, ρητή ή σιωπηρή, ή για σκοπό μη συναφή με την εργασία του άλλον από την αναμονή για εργασία. Δύο επιφυλάξεις: όποιος διαμένει στα υποστατικά δεν είναι εργοδοτημένος εξαιτίας μόνο της διαμονής, και η παρουσία κατά τις κανονικές ώρες γεύματος σε χώρο όπου δεν διεξάγεται εργασία θεωρείται για σκοπούς μη συναφείς.

Q: Ευθύνεται και ο τελικός πελάτης μαζί με τον πάροχο;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 7(3) ορίζει ότι όπου ο άμεσος εργοδότης εργοδοτείται ο ίδιος από άλλο πρόσωπο και ο εργαζόμενος εργοδοτείται στα υποστατικά εκείνου, το άλλο αυτό πρόσωπο θεωρείται, όσον αφορά την ποινή για μη καταβολή, εργοδότης από κοινού με τον άμεσο εργοδότη. Το άρθρο 10 πιάνει άλλη περίπτωση: καταστηματάρχης, προμηθευτής ή έμπορος που προβαίνει σε διευθέτηση, ρητή ή σιωπηρή, με εργαζόμενο θεωρείται εργοδότης, και η καθαρή αμοιβή μετά τα αναγκαία έξοδα θεωρείται μισθός.

## Κοινόχρηστα και κοινόκτητοι χώροι: δικαιώματα και διαφορές
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-koinochrista-koinoktites-oikodomes
Τι απαιτεί το Κεφ. 224 από τη διαχειριστική επιτροπή, πώς κατανέμονται τα κοινόχρηστα, και γιατί η άρνηση πληρωμής δεν είναι διαπραγματευτικός μοχλός.

Q: Πώς κατανέμονται τα κοινόχρηστα;
A: Κατ' αναλογία της έκτασης κάθε μονάδας. Το άρθρο 38ΙΑ(1) ορίζει ότι η αναλογία καθορίζεται από τους Κανονισμούς με βάση το εμβαδό, και το άρθρο 38ΙΘ(4) απαιτεί οι Κανονισμοί να συνάδουν με τον Νόμο, οπότε η βάση δεν αλλάζει με απόφαση της οικοδομής.

Q: Τι οφείλει η διαχειριστική επιτροπή;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 38ΚΒ κάθε κοινόκτητη οικοδομή πρέπει να έχει Διαχειριστική Επιτροπή. Συνήθως εκλέγεται από τους ιδιοκτήτες, αλλά τα άρθρα 38ΚΓ και 38ΚΔ επιτρέπουν στον Διευθυντή να διορίσει επιτροπή σε καθορισμένες περιπτώσεις. Η επιτροπή οφείλει να ασφαλίζει την οικοδομή, να συντηρεί τους κοινόχρηστους χώρους και να τηρεί κατάλληλους λογαριασμούς.

Q: Μπορώ να σταματήσω να πληρώνω αν δεν γίνεται συντήρηση;
A: Η δυσαρέσκεια δεν αναστέλλει την υποχρέωση συνεισφοράς. Η μη πληρωμή δεν είναι νόμιμη θεραπεία για κακή διαχείριση: ο ιδιοκτήτης που παρακρατεί συνεισφορές μπορεί να εναχθεί από την επιτροπή. Όπου μια χρέωση αμφισβητείται, είναι συνήθως σοφότερο να πληρωθεί υπό διαμαρτυρία και να αναζητηθεί πίσω, παρά να συσσωρευτούν καθυστερήσεις. Ο μοχλός είναι τα γραπτά αιτήματα για λογαριασμούς και για γενική συνέλευση, και η θεραπεία για επιτροπή που δεν λειτουργεί είναι η αμφισβήτηση και η αντικατάστασή της.

Q: Αλλάζουν οι Κανονισμοί της οικοδομής;
A: Ναι, και ευκολότερα από όσο περιμένουν οι ιδιοκτήτες: ιδιοκτήτες τουλάχιστον του εβδομήντα πέντε τοις εκατό της κοινόκτητης ιδιοκτησίας μπορούν να θεσπίσουν, να τροποποιήσουν, να αντικαταστήσουν ή να ανακαλέσουν Κανονισμούς, εκτός αν ορίζεται διαφορετικό ποσοστό. Μόλις εγγραφούν, δεσμεύουν κάθε ιδιοκτήτη μονάδας και κάθε μεταγενέστερο ιδιοκτήτη, και όπου δεν έχουν εγγραφεί Κανονισμοί, οι πρότυποι Κανονισμοί του Παραρτήματος θεωρούνται εγγεγραμμένοι.

Q: Τι μπορούν να κάνουν οι ιδιοκτήτες για επιτροπή που δεν λειτουργεί;
A: Να ζητήσουν τους λογαριασμούς και τα πρακτικά, που η επιτροπή υποχρεούται να τηρεί. Για επίμονα προβλήματα, ιδιοκτήτες που κατέχουν το απαιτούμενο μερίδιο της οικοδομής μπορούν να ζητήσουν σύγκληση γενικής συνέλευσης και να αντικαταστήσουν την επιτροπή. Η δικαστική οδός, είτε από την επιτροπή για είσπραξη καθυστερήσεων είτε από τους ιδιοκτήτες κατά επιτροπής που δεν λειτουργεί, είναι αποτελεσματική αλλά είναι το τελευταίο βήμα και όχι το πρώτο.

Q: Ο αναπτυξιακός φορέας κρατά ακόμη τη διαχείριση. Είναι νόμιμο;
A: Είναι από τις συχνότερες διαφορές. Κάθε κοινόκτητη οικοδομή πρέπει να έχει επιτροπή κατά το άρθρο 38ΚΒ, και η διαδικασία της σύγκλησης και της εκλογής είναι το πρώτο βήμα, πριν από οποιαδήποτε δικαστική κίνηση.

## Τι επιδικάζει το δικαστήριο για σωματική βλάβη
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-kondylia-apozimiosis
Τα κονδύλια αποζημίωσης σε αγωγή σωματικής βλάβης: γενικές και ειδικές αποζημιώσεις, μελλοντικές απώλειες, τόκοι, και τι δεν επιδικάζεται. Δομή, όχι ποσά.

Q: Ποιος μπορεί να απαιτήσει σε περίπτωση θανάτου;
A: Το άρθρο 58(2) του ΚΕΦ. 148 ορίζει ότι η αγωγή εγείρεται σε όφελος των εξαρτωμένων του αποβιώσαντος, και το άρθρο 58(3) τους ορίζει ευρέως: τον σύζυγο ή τη σύζυγο, οποιονδήποτε γονέα ή άλλο ανιόντα, οποιονδήποτε ο αποβιώσας μεταχειριζόταν ως γονέα του, οποιοδήποτε τέκνο ή άλλο κατιόντα, τέκνο της οικογένειας από γάμο στον οποίο ο αποβιώσας ήταν μέρος, και αδελφό, αδελφή, θείο ή θεία του ή τέκνο οποιουδήποτε από αυτούς. Το άρθρο 58(5) περιλαμβάνει και κυοφορούμενο τέκνο.

Q: Υπάρχει χωριστό ποσό για την απώλεια;
A: Ναι, και είναι καθορισμένο αντί να υπολογίζεται. Το άρθρο 58(7) επιτρέπει στην αγωγή να περιλαμβάνει αξίωση για αποζημιώσεις λόγω απώλειας, το άρθρο 58(8) την περιορίζει στον σύζυγο και τα τέκνα ή, ελλείψει αυτών, στους γονείς με τους όρους που θέτει, και το άρθρο 58(9) ορίζει το ποσό, το οποίο το ενοποιημένο κείμενο εκφράζει ως £10.000. Το άρθρο 58(10) το καταμερίζει εξίσου όταν δικαιούνται περισσότεροι.

Q: Ποιος εγείρει την αγωγή, και μέχρι πότε;
A: Το άρθρο 58(11) απαιτεί η αγωγή να εγείρεται από και στο όνομα του εκτελεστή ή διαχειριστή του αποβιώσαντος. Το άρθρο 58(12) είναι η προθεσμία που πιάνει τις οικογένειες απροετοίμαστες: όταν δεν υπάρχει εκτελεστής ή διαχειριστής, ή όταν δεν εγερθεί αγωγή από αυτούς εντός δώδεκα μηνών από τον θάνατο, η αγωγή δύναται να εγερθεί από και στο όνομα όλων ή οποιουδήποτε από τα πρόσωπα προς όφελος των οποίων θα μπορούσε να εγερθεί. Το άρθρο 58(13) επιτρέπει μία μόνο αγωγή, οπότε πρέπει να γίνει σωστά με την πρώτη.

Q: Το δικό μου μερίδιο ευθύνης τερματίζει την απαίτηση;
A: Όχι, τη μειώνει. Το άρθρο 57(1) του ΚΕΦ. 148 ορίζει ότι όταν κάποιος υφίσταται ζημιά εν μέρει από δικό του πταίσμα και εν μέρει από πταίσμα άλλου, η αξίωση δεν αναιρείται λόγω του δικού του πταίσματος, αλλά η αποζημίωση μειώνεται κατά την έκταση που το Δικαστήριο κρίνει δίκαιο λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το ποσοστό της ευθύνης του.

Q: Γιατί δεν μου λέτε απλώς πόσα θα πάρω;
A: Γιατί η τίμια απάντηση στην αρχή είναι δομή, όχι αριθμός. Όταν σταθεροποιηθεί η ιατρική εικόνα και μπουν τα έγγραφα, δίνεται ρεαλιστικό εύρος, χτισμένο όπως θα το χτίσει το δικαστήριο: κονδύλι προς κονδύλι, δίπλα σε συγκρίσιμες αποφάσεις.

Q: Ο ασφαλιστής πρόσφερε ένα στρογγυλό ποσό. Πώς το κρίνω;
A: Με ανάλυση: τι αναλογεί σιωπηρά σε κάθε κονδύλι, και πώς συγκρίνεται με τη δική σας μαρτυρία στο καθένα; Στρογγυλό ποσό που δεν αντέχει αυτή την άσκηση είναι εναρκτήρια θέση, όχι αποτίμηση.

Q: Χρειάζομαι οπωσδήποτε εμπειρογνώμονες;
A: Για τα κονδύλια που φθάνουν στο μέλλον, ουσιαστικά ναι: μελλοντικά κέρδη και φροντίδα αποδεικνύονται, δεν δηλώνονται. Για μικρή αξίωση που επουλώθηκε πλήρως, μπορεί να αρκεί ο ιατρικός φάκελος. Η εκτίμηση σας λέει ποια από τις δύο υποθέσεις έχετε.

## Λάθος στο Κτηματολόγιο: διόρθωση, σύνορα και προθεσμίες
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-lathos-ktimatologio-synora
Διόρθωση λαθών στο Κτηματικό Μητρώο κατά το Κεφ. 224, γιατί οι διαφορές συνόρων πάνε πρώτα στον Διευθυντή και όχι στο δικαστήριο, και η έφεση των 30 ημερών.

Q: Υπάρχει λάθος στον τίτλο μου. Διορθώνεται;
A: Ναι. Κατά το άρθρο 61(1) του Κεφ. 224 ο Διευθυντής δύναται να διορθώσει οποιοδήποτε λάθος ή παράλειψη στο Κτηματικό Μητρώο, σε οποιοδήποτε βιβλίο ή σχέδιο του Επαρχιακού Κτηματολογικού Γραφείου, ή σε οποιοδήποτε πιστοποιητικό εγγραφής, και το διορθωμένο έχει την ίδια εγκυρότητα και ισχύ ωσάν το λάθος ή η παράλειψη να μην είχε γίνει.

Q: Η εγγραφή έγινε με ψευδή δήλωση. Τι γίνεται;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 61(2), όταν λόγω λάθους, παράλειψης, ψευδούς βεβαίωσης ή ψευδούς παράστασης, που έγινε καλή τη πίστει ή δόλια, διενεργήθηκε εγγραφή, ο Διευθυντής δύναται, μετά τη διαπίστωση των αληθινών γεγονότων, να ακυρώσει την εγγραφή και κάθε πιστοποιητικό που σχετίζεται με αυτήν.

Q: Θα ειδοποιηθώ πριν αλλάξει ή ακυρωθεί εγγραφή;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 61(3) απαιτεί προηγούμενη ειδοποίηση τριάντα ημερών από τον Διευθυντή σε κάθε πρόσωπο που μπορεί να επηρεαστεί. Εντός των τριάντα ημερών οποιοδήποτε πρόσωπο δύναται να καταχωρήσει ένσταση, την οποία ο Διευθυντής εξετάζει και γνωστοποιεί την απόφασή του στον ενιστάμενο.

Q: Ο γείτονας αμφισβητεί το σύνορο. Πάμε στο δικαστήριο;
A: Όχι πρώτα. Κατά το άρθρο 58(1) του Κεφ. 224, διαφορά ως προς τα σύνορα εγγεγραμμένης γης επιλύεται σε πρώτο στάδιο από τον Διευθυντή, κατόπιν ειδοποίησης τουλάχιστον δεκατεσσάρων ημερών προς τα μέρη για τον χρόνο επιθεώρησης των αμφισβητούμενων συνόρων, και κανένα δικαστήριο δεν επιλαμβάνεται αγωγής ή άλλης διαδικασίας για τη διαφορά αν δεν επιλύθηκε πρώτα σε αυτό το στάδιο.

Q: Ποιος πληρώνει τα ορόσημα;
A: Μόλις ο Διευθυντής αποφασίσει, ειδοποιεί τα μέρη και τοποθετεί όσα ορόσημα θεωρεί σκόπιμο για κατάδειξη του συνόρου. Κατά το άρθρο 58(4) η δαπάνη τοποθέτησης βαρύνει το μέρος που κατά τη γνώμη του Διευθυντή βρίσκεται σε άδικο.

Q: Μπορώ να προσβάλω την απόφαση του Διευθυντή;
A: Ναι. Κατά το άρθρο 80 του Κεφ. 224, κάθε πρόσωπο που έχει παράπονο κατά διαταγής, ειδοποίησης ή απόφασης του Διευθυντή δυνάμει του Νόμου δύναται, εντός τριάντα ημερών από την κοινοποίησή της, να υποβάλει έφεση στο Δικαστήριο. Το Δικαστήριο δύναται να παρατείνει την προθεσμία αν απουσία από τη Δημοκρατία, ασθένεια ή άλλη εύλογη αιτία εμπόδισε την εμπρόθεσμη καταχώριση.

## Η εταιρεία σας άλλαξε μέγεθος το 2023, και κανείς δεν σας το είπε
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-megethos-etaireias-oria
Ο Ν. 28(Ι)/2025 αύξησε κατά ένα τέταρτο όλα τα χρηματικά όρια του άρθρου 141Α του ΚΕΦ. 113 και τα εφάρμοσε στα οικονομικά έτη από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2023.

Q: Τι καθορίζει το μέγεθος μιας κυπριακής εταιρείας;
A: Το άρθρο 141Α του περί Εταιρειών Νόμου, ΚΕΦ. 113. Ορίζει τέσσερις κατηγορίες και κάθε μία μετριέται με τρία κριτήρια κατά την ημερομηνία κλεισίματος του ισολογισμού: το σύνολο ισολογισμού, δηλαδή τη συνολική αξία των στοιχείων ενεργητικού χωρίς να αφαιρεθούν στοιχεία του παθητικού, το καθαρό ύψος του κύκλου εργασιών, και τον μέσο όρο απασχολουμένων κατά τη διάρκεια της χρήσης. Η εταιρεία εμπίπτει σε κατηγορία εάν δεν υπερβαίνει τα όρια τουλάχιστον των δύο από τα τρία. Εξαίρεση είναι η μεγαλύτερη κατηγορία, που ορίζεται αντίστροφα: εταιρεία μεγάλου μεγέθους είναι εκείνη που υπερβαίνει τουλάχιστον τα δύο από τα τρία.

Q: Ποια είναι τα ισχύοντα ποσά;
A: Εταιρείες πολύ μικρού μεγέθους: 450.000 ευρώ σύνολο ισολογισμού, 900.000 ευρώ κύκλος εργασιών, 10 απασχολούμενοι. Εταιρείες μικρού μεγέθους: 5.000.000 ευρώ, 10.000.000 ευρώ, 50 απασχολούμενοι. Εταιρείες μεσαίου μεγέθους, δηλαδή πλην των μικρού μεγέθους: 25.000.000 ευρώ, 50.000.000 ευρώ, 250 απασχολούμενοι. Εταιρείες μεγάλου μεγέθους υπερβαίνουν τουλάχιστον τα δύο από 25.000.000 ευρώ, 50.000.000 ευρώ και 250 απασχολούμενους.

Q: Τι άλλαξε ο Ν. 28(Ι)/2025;
A: Αύξησε κατά ένα τέταρτο κάθε χρηματικό όριο του άρθρου 141Α και άφησε ανέπαφους τους αριθμούς απασχολουμένων. Για τις εταιρείες μικρού μεγέθους το σύνολο ισολογισμού πήγε από 4.000.000 σε 5.000.000 ευρώ και ο κύκλος εργασιών από 8.000.000 σε 10.000.000 ευρώ. Για τις μεσαίου και μεγάλου μεγέθους το σύνολο ισολογισμού πήγε από 20.000.000 σε 25.000.000 ευρώ και ο κύκλος εργασιών από 40.000.000 σε 50.000.000 ευρώ. Οι ίδιες έξι αντικαταστάσεις έγιναν ξανά στο εδάφιο (2), που κάνει την ίδια δουλειά για τα συγκροτήματα, και στον Κανονισμό 1(1) του Δέκατου Τρίτου Παραρτήματος.

Q: Από πότε ισχύει;
A: Το άρθρο 3 του τροποποιητικού νόμου πρόσθεσε νέο εδάφιο (5) στο άρθρο 372Α: οι διατάξεις εφαρμόζονται για τα οικονομικά έτη που αρχίζουν από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2023 και εντεύθεν. Ο ίδιος ο νόμος δημοσιεύθηκε στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα αρ. 5030 στις 28 Μαρτίου 2025, οπότε φθάνει πίσω σε δύο οικονομικά έτη που είχαν κλείσει και κατατεθεί πριν αυτός υπάρξει.

Q: Αν περάσω ένα όριο, αλλάζει αμέσως η κατηγορία;
A: Όχι, και αυτή είναι η διάταξη που συνήθως προσπερνιέται. Η επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 141Α(1) προβλέπει ότι όταν η εταιρεία υπερβαίνει ή παύει να υπερβαίνει τα όρια των δύο από τα τρία κριτήρια, το γεγονός αυτό συνεπάγεται την εφαρμογή των παρεκκλίσεων μόνο εφόσον συνέβη επί δύο τουλάχιστον συνεχείς χρήσεις. Μία καλή χρονιά δεν ανεβάζει κατηγορία και μία κακή δεν κατεβάζει.

Q: Τι αλλάζει πράγματι αν η εταιρεία είναι μικρού μεγέθους;
A: Το πλαίσιο κατάρτισης. Το άρθρο 142(1)(α1) επιτρέπει στους συμβούλους εταιρείας μικρού μεγέθους να καταρτίσουν το πλήρες σύνολο οικονομικών καταστάσεων είτε κατά τα Διεθνή Πρότυπα Χρηματοοικονομικής Πληροφόρησης είτε κατά το Πρότυπο Χρηματοοικονομικής Πληροφόρησης για οντότητες μικρού μεγέθους. Εταιρεία που δεν είναι μικρού μεγέθους δεν έχει τέτοια επιλογή. Το άρθρο 143(2) αντιμετωπίζει την πιστή εφαρμογή οποιουδήποτε από τα δύο ως τον δρόμο προς την αληθινή και δίκαιη εικόνα.

Q: Και αν ανήκει σε συγκρότημα;
A: Το άρθρο 151(β) εξαιρεί τα συγκροτήματα μικρού μεγέθους και τα συγκροτήματα μεσαίου μεγέθους από την υποχρέωση ετοιμασίας ενοποιημένης έκθεσης διαχείρισης, εκτός αν κάποια συνδεδεμένη εταιρεία είναι οντότητα δημοσίου συμφέροντος. Ο Κανονισμός 8(1) του Δέκατου Τρίτου Παραρτήματος φέρει την ίδια εξαίρεση για την ενοποιημένη έκθεση.

Q: Τι είναι το Πρότυπο για οντότητες μικρού μεγέθους;
A: Ένα εγχώριο λογιστικό πλαίσιο που κτίζεται για τις εταιρείες που πληρούν τα κριτήρια. Ο Ν. 2(Ι)/2026 προσθέτει Δέκατο Έκτο και Δέκατο Έβδομο Παράρτημα στο ΚΕΦ. 113, που θέτουν τις αρχές, τη μορφή και το περιεχόμενο των ετήσιων οικονομικών καταστάσεων για εταιρείες μικρού μεγέθους: τις διαρθρώσεις του ισολογισμού και των αποτελεσμάτων χρήσης, τους κανόνες αναγνώρισης και επιμέτρησης, το αποθεματικό αναπροσαρμογής, τα χρηματοπιστωτικά μέσα στην εύλογη αξία, και όσα πρέπει να εμφανίζονται στις σημειώσεις.

Q: Ισχύει ο Ν. 2(Ι)/2026;
A: Όχι ακόμη, πλην ενός άρθρου. Το άρθρο 7(1) προβλέπει ότι ο νόμος τίθεται σε ισχύ την 1η Ιανουαρίου του έτους που έπεται της ημερομηνίας δημοσίευσης του Προτύπου Χρηματοοικονομικής Πληροφόρησης για οντότητες μικρού μεγέθους στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα. Το άρθρο 7(2) θέτει σε ισχύ το άρθρο 5 με τη δημοσίευση του ίδιου του νόμου. Έτσι το πλαίσιο υπάρχει στο σώμα της νομοθεσίας και αναμένει τη δημοσίευση του Προτύπου.

Q: Επηρεάζει το μέγεθος την υποβολή εκθέσεων βιωσιμότητας;
A: Ναι, και σταδιακά. Ο Ν. 162(Ι)/2025 εναρμονίζει με την Οδηγία (ΕΕ) 2022/2464 για την υποβολή εκθέσεων βιωσιμότητας, μαζί με την Οδηγία (ΕΕ) 2025/794, που μετέθεσε αρκετές από τις ημερομηνίες εφαρμογής. Κατά το άρθρο 396, οι εταιρείες μικρού και μεσαίου μεγέθους των οποίων οι μεταβιβάσιμοι τίτλοι είναι εισηγμένοι προς διαπραγμάτευση σε οργανωμένη αγορά εντάσσονται για τα οικονομικά έτη που αρχίζουν την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2028 ή μεταγενέστερα.

Q: Το μικρό μέγεθος καταργεί τον έλεγχο;
A: Όχι. Τίποτα στο άρθρο 141Α ή στον τροποποιητικό νόμο δεν θίγει την υποχρέωση ελέγχου των λογαριασμών. Οι κατηγορίες μεγέθους κρίνουν ποιο λογιστικό πλαίσιο εφαρμόζεται, τι πρέπει να δημοσιοποιείται και ποια ενοποιημένα έγγραφα μπορούν να παραλειφθούν. Δεν είναι απαλλαγή από έλεγχο.

Q: Γιατί έχει σημασία τώρα μια αλλαγή που φθάνει πίσω στο 2023;
A: Επειδή η κατηγορία μετριέται σε δύο συνεχείς χρήσεις. Εταιρεία που ήταν μεσαίου μεγέθους με τα παλαιά ποσά για το 2023 και το 2024 μπορεί να είναι μικρού μεγέθους με τα νέα για τις ίδιες δύο χρήσεις, πράγμα που αλλάζει το πλαίσιο που όφειλε να εφαρμόσει και όσα όφειλαν να αναφέρουν οι σημειώσεις της. Αυτό αξίζει να ελεγχθεί πριν υπογραφεί το επόμενο σύνολο, όχι μετά.

## Οικογενειακές Άδειες και Ευέλικτη Εργασία στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-oikogeneiakes-adeies-euelikti-ergasia
Άδεια πατρότητας, γονική άδεια, άδεια φροντίδας, ανωτέρα βία και ευέλικτες ρυθμίσεις εργασίας κατά τον Ν. 216(Ι)/2022, με τους αριθμούς και τις προθεσμίες.

Q: Πόση άδεια πατρότητας υπάρχει;
A: Δύο συνεχόμενες εβδομάδες. Το άρθρο 5(1) του Ν. 216(Ι)/2022 δίνει στον εργαζόμενο πατέρα που αποκτά τέκνο μέσω φυσικής μητέρας, μέσω παρένθετης μητρότητας ή με υιοθεσία τέκνου ηλικίας μέχρι δώδεκα ετών, δύο συνεχόμενες εβδομάδες, εντός της περιόδου που αρχίζει από την εβδομάδα του τοκετού ή της υιοθεσίας και λήγει δύο εβδομάδες μετά τη λήξη της άδειας μητρότητας. Όπου η μητέρα αποβιώσει πριν ή κατά τον τοκετό ή κατά την άδεια μητρότητας, το δικαίωμα αυξάνεται κατά τις εβδομάδες που θα της απέμεναν.

Q: Πόση γονική άδεια, και μοιράζεται;
A: Δεκαοκτώ εβδομάδες για κάθε τέκνο, κατά το άρθρο 8(2), αφού ο γονέας συμπληρώσει έξι μήνες συνεχούς απασχόλησης στον ίδιο εργοδότη· διαδοχικές συμβάσεις ορισμένου χρόνου με τον ίδιο εργοδότη προσμετρώνται. Το άρθρο 8(3) την επεκτείνει σε είκοσι εβδομάδες για γονέα τέκνου με αναπηρία ή προσώπου με αναπηρία, και σε είκοσι τρεις για χήρο ή μονό γονέα. Το άρθρο 8(4) την κάνει ατομικό και αμεταβίβαστο δικαίωμα, με μία εξαίρεση: μέχρι εννέα εβδομάδες από το υπόλοιπο του ενός γονέα μεταβιβάζονται στο υπόλοιπο του άλλου, και μόνο για την περίοδο που δεν φέρει επίδομα.

Q: Τι είναι η άδεια φροντίδας και τι η ανωτέρα βία;
A: Δύο διαφορετικά δικαιώματα, και τα δύο χωρίς αποδοχές. Το άρθρο 16 δίνει πέντε εργάσιμες ημέρες ετησίως άδεια φροντίδας εφόσον τεκμηριωθεί η ανάγκη, εφάπαξ ή τμηματικά, με έγκαιρη ειδοποίηση και κατάλληλο ιατρικό δικαιολογητικό. Το άρθρο 17 δίνει επτά εργάσιμες ημέρες ετησίως για λόγους ανωτέρας βίας που συνδέονται με επείγοντες οικογενειακούς λόγους σχετικούς με ασθένεια ή ατύχημα που καθιστούν απαραίτητη την άμεση φροντίδα προσώπου, με ειδοποίηση αμέσως μόλις συμβεί το γεγονός.

Q: Μπορώ να ζητήσω ευέλικτη εργασία, και οφείλει ο εργοδότης να απαντήσει;
A: Το άρθρο 19(1) δίνει το δικαίωμα αιτήματος σε εργαζόμενο που είναι γονέας τέκνου ηλικίας μέχρι δεκαπέντε ετών, ή φροντιστής, με έξι μήνες συνεχούς απασχόλησης στον ίδιο εργοδότη. Το άρθρο 19(2) υποχρεώνει τον εργοδότη να εξετάσει το αίτημα και να ενημερώσει γραπτώς για την απόφασή του εντός ενός μηνός. Κατά το άρθρο 19(3) μπορεί να εγκρίνει και να συμφωνήσει την περίοδο, να αναβάλει ή να απορρίψει, αλλά πριν από την αναβολή ή την απόρριψη λαμβάνει υπόψη τις παραστάσεις του εργαζόμενου και απαντά γραπτώς με αιτιολογία.

Q: Μπορώ να απολυθώ επειδή ζήτησα;
A: Το άρθρο 23(1) απαγορεύει στον εργοδότη τον τερματισμό, την προειδοποίηση τερματισμού και κάθε άλλη προκαταρκτική ενέργεια ενόψει ενδεχόμενης απόλυσης, από την ημερομηνία της γραπτής προειδοποίησης του εργαζόμενου για πρόθεση άσκησης δικαιώματος δυνάμει των άρθρων 5, 8, 16, 17 ή 19 μέχρι τη λήξη της άσκησής του. Το άρθρο 23(2) διατηρεί τον τερματισμό για σοβαρό παράπτωμα και τις λοιπές περιπτώσεις που απαριθμεί. Το άρθρο 33 καθιστά την παράβαση οποιασδήποτε διάταξης αδίκημα με ποινή μέχρι €7.500.

## Πάγωμα περιουσίας: τι σημαίνει στην πράξη
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-pagopoiisi-aplia-ellinika
Τι σημαίνει στην πράξη ένα διάταγμα παγοποίησης: τι επιτρέπεται να πληρώνετε, τι απαγορεύεται, τι σημαίνει καταφρόνηση, και ποια είναι τα σωστά πρώτα βήματα.

Q: Τι έπρεπε να αποδείξει για να το πάρει;
A: Τρία πράγματα, κατά την επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 32(1) του Ν. 14/1960: ότι υπάρχει σοβαρό ζήτημα προς εκδίκαση κατά την επ' ακροατηρίου διαδικασία, ότι υπάρχει πιθανότητα ο αιτών να δικαιούται θεραπεία, και ότι θα είναι δύσκολη ή αδύνατη η πλήρης απονομή δικαιοσύνης σε μεταγενέστερο στάδιο αν δεν εκδοθεί το διάταγμα. Και τα τρία είναι σωρευτικά, και οι περισσότερες επιτυχείς ακυρώσεις προσβάλλουν το τρίτο.

Q: Μπορεί να εκδοθεί πριν καταχωριστεί αγωγή;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 32(Α1) δίνει δικαιοδοσία για αίτηση ενδιάμεσης θεραπείας σε οποιονδήποτε χρόνο, περιλαμβανομένου του χρόνου πριν από την καταχώριση απαίτησης και μετά την έκδοση απόφασης, σε σχέση με δικαστική ή διαιτητική διαδικασία εντός ή εκτός δικαιοδοσίας.

Q: Η κύρια υπόθεση είναι στο εξωτερικό. Γιατί εμπλέκεται κυπριακό δικαστήριο;
A: Το άρθρο 32(ΑΒ1) δίνει δικαιοδοσία για ενδιάμεση θεραπεία που υποστηρίζει διαδικασία εκτός δικαιοδοσίας σε τρεις περιπτώσεις: όταν ο καθ' ου η αίτηση βρίσκεται εντός της δικαιοδοσίας, όταν η περιουσία ή το αντικείμενο της θεραπείας βρίσκεται εντός της, ή όταν υφίσταται τέτοιος άλλος σύνδεσμος με τη Δημοκρατία ώστε το δικαστήριο να καθίσταται κατάλληλο. Αν δεν συντρέχει καμία, εκεί ξεκινά η ένσταση.

Q: Τι προστασία έχω αν το διάταγμα αποδειχθεί λανθασμένο;
A: Το άρθρο 32(2) επιτρέπει το ενδιάμεσο διάταγμα να εκδοθεί υπό τέτοιους όρους και προϋποθέσεις όπως το δικαστήριο θεωρεί δίκαιο. Εκεί στηρίζεται η εγγύηση αποζημιώσεων που δίνει ο αιτητής, και η αίτηση ενίσχυσής της όταν η δυνατότητά του να την τιμήσει είναι αμφίβολη.

Q: Μπορώ να πληρώνω το δάνειο και τα δίδακτρα των παιδιών;
A: Κατά κανόνα ναι, μέσα από τις εξαιρέσεις για έξοδα διαβίωσης, αν το διάταγμα τις προβλέπει και μέσα στα όριά τους. Αν τα όρια δεν επαρκούν, ζητείται αναπροσαρμογή από το δικαστήριο. Μην υποθέσετε, διαβάστε το διάταγμα και ρωτήστε.

Q: Η εταιρεία μου έχει μισθούς στο τέλος του μήνα. Τι γίνεται;
A: Συνήθεις επιχειρηματικές πληρωμές συχνά εξαιρούνται ή μπορούν να εξαιρεθούν με αίτηση. Είναι από τα πρώτα πράγματα που τακτοποιούνται στην επιστροφή στο δικαστήριο, και οι μισθοί τρίτων είναι ισχυρό επιχείρημα.

Q: Πόσο γρήγορα μπορώ να το ακυρώσω;
A: Η αίτηση ακύρωσης ή τροποποίησης μπαίνει σύντομα, αλλά κερδίζεται με προετοιμασία: τα έγγραφα της μονομερούς αίτησης πρέπει να μελετηθούν και οι λόγοι να τεκμηριωθούν. Βιασύνη χωρίς υλικό στερεώνει το διάταγμα αντί να το ρίξει.

## Παραγραφή στην Κύπρο: πόσο χρόνο έχετε για αγωγή
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-paragrafi-agogimon-dikaiomaton
Οι χρόνοι κατά τον Νόμο 66(I)/2012: έξι έτη για σύμβαση, τρία για αμέλεια, ένα για δυσφήμηση, δώδεκα για υποθήκη, και οι κανόνες που σταματούν και ξεκινούν τον χρόνο.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να εγείρω αγωγή στην Κύπρο;
A: Εξαρτάται από την αξίωση. Κατά τον Νόμο 66(I)/2012 είναι έξι έτη για σύμβαση (άρθρο 7(1)) και για αστικά αδικήματα γενικά (άρθρο 6(1)), τρία έτη για αμέλεια, οχληρία και παράβαση θέσμιου καθήκοντος (άρθρο 6(2)) και για αμοιβές επαγγελματιών (άρθρο 7(2)), ένα έτος για δυσφήμηση (άρθρο 6(4)), οκτώ έτη για κληρονομία ή το κύρος διαθήκης (άρθρο 9), δώδεκα έτη για υποθήκη ή ενέχυρο (άρθρο 5(1)), δεκαπέντε έτη για δικαστική απόφαση (άρθρο 10), και δέκα έτη όπου δεν ορίζεται άλλος χρόνος (άρθρο 4). Ο χρόνος τρέχει από τη συμπλήρωση της βάσης της αγωγής και προσμετρείται από την 1η Ιανουαρίου 2016.

Q: Έμαθα για τη βλάβη χρόνια αργότερα. Είναι πολύ αργά;
A: Όχι κατ' ανάγκη. Για αμέλεια, οχληρία και παράβαση θέσμιου καθήκοντος το άρθρο 6(2) μετρά τα τρία έτη από τη συμπλήρωση της βάσης της αγωγής, εκτός αν το πρόσωπο που υπέστη τη βλάβη έλαβε γνώση μεταγενέστερα, οπότε ο χρόνος αρχίζει από την ημέρα της γνώσης. Το άρθρο 27Α αναστέλλει χωριστά τον χρόνο για αμέλεια και παράβαση θέσμιου καθήκοντος για τριάντα εννέα μήνες, και το άρθρο 6(3) δίνει στο δικαστήριο διακριτική ευχέρεια σε αξιώσεις σωματικής βλάβης και θανάτου να μην εφαρμόσει καθόλου την παραγραφή, όχι όμως μετά την πάροδο δύο ετών από την παραγραφή.

Q: Μπορεί το δικαστήριο να παρατείνει τον χρόνο παραγραφής;
A: Ναι, με δύο διαφορετικούς τρόπους. Το άρθρο 22 επιτρέπει στο δικαστήριο να επεκτείνει οποιονδήποτε χρόνο του Νόμου μέχρι δύο έτη, εφόσον αυτό είναι δίκαιο και εύλογο, με εναρκτήρια κλήση πριν από την αγωγή ή με παρεμπίπτουσα αίτηση μετά τη δικογράφηση της παραγραφής. Το άρθρο 6(3) είναι στενότερο και ισχυρότερο: σε αξιώσεις σωματικής βλάβης ή θανάτου το δικαστήριο μπορεί να αποφασίσει τη μη εφαρμογή των διατάξεων περί παραγραφής, σταθμίζοντας τους λόγους της καθυστέρησης, την ανικανότητα του ενάγοντα, την προσπάθεια εξασφάλισης στοιχείων, τη στάση του εναγομένου και τις συνέπειες για τη μαρτυρία.

Q: Ο οφειλέτης πλήρωσε κάτι έναντι. Μου δίνει περισσότερο χρόνο;
A: Μόνο αν ήταν μεγάλη πληρωμή. Το άρθρο 17(β) διακόπτει τον χρόνο, ώστε να αρχίσει εκ νέου εξ υπαρχής, όταν ο υπόχρεος συμπληρώσει πληρωμή μέρους χρηματικής οφειλής που υπερβαίνει το 50% του συνόλου, περιλαμβανομένου του τυχόν πληρωτέου τόκου. Συμβολική πληρωμή δεν αρκεί. Αρκεί όμως η έγγραφη αναγνώριση του δικαιώματος κατά το άρθρο 17(α), όπως και η έγερση αγωγής ή η έναρξη διαιτησίας.

Q: Η αγωγή μου απορρίφθηκε για τυπικό λόγο. Έχασα την αξίωση;
A: Το άρθρο 17(γ) μπορεί να τη σώσει. Όταν η αγωγή αποσυρθεί χωρίς να δημιουργηθεί δεδικασμένο, ή απορριφθεί για λόγους μη ουσιαστικούς, ή απορριφθεί δυνάμει των διατάξεων του διαδικαστικού κανονισμού για τα δικόγραφα και την κλήση για οδηγίες, ο χρόνος που έτρεξε από την έγερσή της λογίζεται ως αναστολή κατά το άρθρο 15, και αν εγείρετε ταυτόσημη αγωγή μέσα σε έξι μήνες ο χρόνος θεωρείται ότι διακόπηκε με την πρώτη.

Q: Η άλλη πλευρά έκρυψε τι έκανε. Τρέχει ο χρόνος;
A: Όχι μέχρι να μπορούσατε να το ανακαλύψετε. Κατά το άρθρο 14(1) ο χρόνος δεν αρχίζει αν η αγωγή αφορά δόλο του εναγομένου, ή γεγονός σχετικό με τη βάση της αγωγής που ο εναγόμενος σκόπιμα απέκρυψε, ή θεραπεία συνεπειών από λάθος, μέχρις ότου το ανακαλύψετε ή μπορούσατε με εύλογη επιμέλεια να το ανακαλύψετε. Το άρθρο 14(3) εξομοιώνει με σκόπιμη απόκρυψη τη σκόπιμη παράβαση καθήκοντος υπό περιστάσεις που καθιστούν ιδιαίτερα δύσκολη την ανακάλυψή της.

Q: Εξετάζει το δικαστήριο μόνο του την παραγραφή;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 20 ορίζει ότι το δικαστήριο δεν λαμβάνει αυτεπάγγελτα υπόψη την παραγραφή, και το άρθρο 21 απαιτεί να προταθεί με δικογράφηση από διάδικο που έχει έννομο συμφέρον. Ο εναγόμενος που δεν τη δικογραφεί δεν την απολαμβάνει.

Q: Διεκδικώ παλιό δάνειο χωρίς ημερομηνία αποπληρωμής. Έχει παραγραφεί;
A: Ίσως όχι, και αυτό πιάνει τους δανειστές και προς τις δύο κατευθύνσεις. Κατά το άρθρο 7(3), όταν η σύμβαση δανείου δεν προβλέπει συγκεκριμένη ή προσδιορίσιμη ημέρα αποπληρωμής και δεν απαιτεί προηγούμενη ειδοποίηση ως προϋπόθεση εξόφλησης, ο χρόνος δεν αρχίζει πριν από την επίδοση γραπτής απαίτησης στον οφειλέτη. Όπου δόθηκε υποθήκη ή ενέχυρο ως ασφάλεια, εφαρμόζεται το άρθρο 5 και ο χρόνος είναι δώδεκα έτη. Το άρθρο 8 εξαιρεί ρητά τα δάνεια από τον εξαετή κανόνα του για τα τραπεζικά προϊόντα.

Q: Καλύπτονται οι διοικητικές αποφάσεις από τον Νόμο αυτό;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 25 ορίζει ότι ο Νόμος δεν εφαρμόζεται και δεν επηρεάζει υποχρεώσεις ή δικαιώματα δημοσίου δικαίου, οπότε η προθεσμία προσβολής διοικητικής απόφασης προκύπτει αλλού. Το άρθρο 24 διατηρεί επίσης ειδικές προθεσμίες άλλων νόμων, περιλαμβανομένων εκείνων για αποζημιώσεις δυνάμει της νομοθεσίας για τα ελαττωματικά προϊόντα.

Q: Η αξίωσή μου αφορά περιουσία στα κατεχόμενα. Έχει τρέξει ο χρόνος;
A: Είναι σε αναστολή. Το άρθρο 23 αναστέλλει την παραγραφή για βάση αγωγής που συνδέεται με ακίνητη ιδιοκτησία σε περιοχή μη ελεγχόμενη από την Κυβέρνηση της Δημοκρατίας, για κινητή περιουσία που έμεινε σε τέτοια περιοχή και δεν μεταφέρθηκε στο ελεύθερο τμήμα, για περιουσία υπό κηδεμονία κατά τον περί Τουρκοκυπριακών Περιουσιών (Διαχείριση και Άλλα Θέματα) (Προσωρινές Διατάξεις) Νόμο, και για δικαιώματα αγωγής υπέρ ή εναντίον προσώπου του οποίου η τύχη αγνοείται συνεπεία της εισβολής.

## Σημειώσεις παράνομων εργασιών στον τίτλο: τι μπλοκάρουν
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-paranomes-ergasies-simeioseis
Το ακίνητο δεν μεταβιβάζεται και ξεχωριστοί τίτλοι δεν εκδίδονται μέχρι να τακτοποιηθούν οι εργασίες. Από πού προκύπτουν οι σημειώσεις, και οι διαδρομές εξόδου.

Q: Τι σημαίνει σημείωση παράνομων εργασιών;
A: Ότι εργασίες έγιναν χωρίς άδεια ή κατά παρέκκλιση από τα εγκεκριμένα σχέδια, και οι αρχές εξέδωσαν πιστοποιητικό παράνομων εργασιών αντί για πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης, με αντίστοιχη καταχώριση εναντίον του ακινήτου.

Q: Μπορώ να αγοράσω ακίνητο με τέτοια σημείωση;
A: Η πρακτική συνέπεια είναι ότι το ακίνητο δεν μεταβιβάζεται και ξεχωριστοί τίτλοι δεν εκδίδονται μέχρι να τακτοποιηθούν οι εργασίες. Χωρίς ρητή συμβατική ρύθμιση για το ποιος τακτοποιεί, πότε και με τι κόστος, η συμφωνία μπορεί να μείνει μετέωρη επ' αόριστον.

Q: Ποιος πληρώνει την τακτοποίηση;
A: Δεν είναι νομικό αλλά συμβατικό ερώτημα. Αν η σύμβαση δεν το ορίζει, το κόστος καταλήγει σε όποιον χρειάζεται περισσότερο τη μεταβίβαση, που συνήθως είναι ο αγοραστής.

Q: Το ανακάλυψα μετά την πληρωμή. Τι έχω;
A: Εξαρτάται από τη σύμβαση και από το αν κατατέθηκε. Η κατατεθειμένη σύμβαση δίνει θέση απέναντι σε τρίτους· η άτυπη συμφωνία δίνει μόνο αξίωση κατά του πωλητή, που αξίζει όσο η φερεγγυότητά του.

## Παράταση χρόνου: τι κάνει, και τι δεν κάνει
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-paratasi-chronou
Μετακινεί την ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης, δεν πληρώνει από μόνη της. Τι περιέχει το αίτημα, πώς αξιολογείται, και τι ισχύει όταν κανείς δεν τη ζήτησε.

Q: Η παράταση μου δίνει και χρήματα;
A: Όχι. Η παράταση μετακινεί την ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης και αφαιρεί έτσι την περίοδο που καλύπτει από κάθε ευθύνη για καθυστερημένη αποπεράτωση. Αυτό είναι όλο της το αποτέλεσμα. Τα χρήματα για την παρατεταμένη περίοδο είναι χωριστή αξίωση, που εγείρεται δυνάμει χωριστής ρήτρας και αποδεικνύεται με χωριστή μαρτυρία για τις δαπάνες που έγιναν. Ορισμένα γεγονότα δίνουν και χρόνο και χρήμα, ορισμένα μόνο χρόνο, και η σύμβαση λέει ποιο.

Q: Τι πρέπει να περιέχει το αίτημα;
A: Πέντε πράγματα: το γεγονός καθυστέρησης προσδιορισμένο συγκεκριμένα με ημερομηνία και περιγραφή· τη ρήτρα επί της οποίας στηρίζεται, με το γεγονός να εντάσσεται σε αυτήν· την επίδραση στην ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης αποδεδειγμένη με αναφορά στο πρόγραμμα και όχι με ισχυρισμό· την παράταση που ζητείται, ή την παράταση που ζητείται μέχρι στιγμής με επιφύλαξη για το υπόλοιπο· και τα υποστηρικτικά αρχεία, όπως εντολές, αλληλογραφία, καταχωρίσεις ημερολογίου έργου και μετεωρολογικά δεδομένα όπου η ρήτρα το επιτρέπει.

Q: Τι γίνεται με ταυτόχρονες καθυστερήσεις;
A: Η αντιμετώπιση δύο αιτίων καθυστέρησης που λειτουργούν στο ίδιο διάστημα, ενός ευθύνης του εργοδότη και ενός του εργολάβου, διέπεται πρωτίστως από τη σύμβαση, και ορισμένες συμβάσεις ρυθμίζουν ρητά την ταυτόχρονη καθυστέρηση. Όπου η σύμβαση δεν την αντιμετωπίζει, δεν γνωρίζουμε κυπριακή απόφαση που να επιλύει το πώς αντιμετωπίζεται η επικάλυψη, οπότε το ζήτημα προσεγγίζεται ως ανοικτό και επιχειρηματολογείται επί της σύμβασης και της μαρτυρίας.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν χαθεί η προθεσμία ειδοποίησης;
A: Εξαρτάται από τη διατύπωση της ρήτρας. Ορισμένες ρήτρες καθιστούν την ειδοποίηση προϋπόθεση του δικαιώματος, οπότε η εκπρόθεσμη ειδοποίηση μπορεί να ανατρέψει κατά τα άλλα βάσιμη αξίωση. Άλλες την αντιμετωπίζουν ως διαδικαστική απαίτηση, οπότε η καθυστέρηση αδυνατίζει την αξίωση χωρίς να την εξαφανίζει. Η διάκριση κρίνεται στις λέξεις που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, και διαπιστώνεται στην αρχή του έργου και όχι αφού περάσει η προθεσμία.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν η σύμβαση δεν προβλέπει παράταση όταν καθυστερεί ο εργοδότης;
A: Ο εργολάβος μπορεί να επιχειρηματολογήσει, αντλώντας από την αγγλική αρχή της παρακώλυσης, ότι ο εργοδότης δεν μπορεί τότε να επιμείνει στην αρχική ημερομηνία και ότι ο χρόνος έχει καταστεί αόριστος, ώστε η υποχρέωση να είναι η αποπεράτωση εντός εύλογου χρόνου. Πρόκειται για επιχειρήματα από συλλογιστική του κοινοδικαίου και όχι για κανόνα του κυπριακού δικαίου, δεν γνωρίζουμε κυπριακή απόφαση που να τα εφαρμόζει, και αντιμετωπίζονται ως αδιευκρίνιστα. Η προληπτική απάντηση είναι ρήτρα παράτασης χρόνου που καλύπτει και πράξεις παρακώλυσης από τον εργοδότη.

Q: Κανείς δεν ζήτησε παράταση. Τι ισχύει;
A: Η ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης παραμένει η αρχική και ο εργολάβος βρίσκεται σε καθυστέρηση για διάστημα που δεν προκάλεσε. Η εκ των υστέρων διόρθωση είναι δυνατή αλλά δυσκολότερη.

## Η παραβίαση δεδομένων στην Κύπρο είναι και ποινικό ζήτημα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-paraviasi-dedomenon-poiniko
Το άρθρο 33(1) του Ν. 125(Ι)/2018 κάνει τη μη γνωστοποίηση στον Επίτροπο ποινικό αδίκημα, με φυλάκιση μέχρι τρία έτη ή πρόστιμο μέχρι 30.000 ευρώ.

Q: Είναι μόνο θέμα προστίμου;
A: Όχι στην Κύπρο. Το άρθρο 33(1) του Ν. 125(Ι)/2018 δημιουργεί ποινικά αδικήματα, και μεταξύ αυτών η μη γνωστοποίηση παραβίασης στον Επίτροπο, με φυλάκιση μέχρι τρία έτη, πρόστιμο μέχρι 30.000 ευρώ, ή και τα δύο.

Q: Τι προσθέτει ο κυπριακός νόμος στον Κανονισμό;
A: Ο Κανονισμός εφαρμόζεται άμεσα και θέτει τους ουσιαστικούς κανόνες. Ο Ν. 125(Ι)/2018 κάθεται από πάνω και, μεταξύ άλλων, μετατρέπει κατάλογο παραλείψεων σε ποινικά αδικήματα.

Q: Μπορώ να περιμένω μέχρι να ξεκαθαρίσει η εικόνα;
A: Η καθυστέρηση είναι η ίδια απόφαση με άλλο όνομα. Το αρχείο του τι έγινε γνωστό, πότε, και ποιος αποφάσισε τι, γράφεται από την πρώτη ώρα.

Q: Τι πρέπει να έχουμε έτοιμο εκ των προτέρων;
A: Ποιος ειδοποιείται εσωτερικά και μέσα σε πόσο, ποιος έχει εξουσία να αποφασίσει τη γνωστοποίηση, και πού καταγράφεται το χρονολόγιο.

Q: Μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν βιομετρικά δεδομένα για ασφάλιση;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 9(1) απαγορεύει την επεξεργασία γενετικών και βιομετρικών δεδομένων για σκοπούς ασφάλισης υγείας και ζωής.

Q: Το άρθρο 37 του Κανονισμού μού λέει αν χρειάζομαι υπεύθυνο προστασίας δεδομένων;
A: Όχι από μόνο του. Το άρθρο 14(2) επιτρέπει στον Επίτροπο να δημοσιεύει κατάλογο πράξεων επεξεργασίας και περιπτώσεων για τις οποίες απαιτείται υπεύθυνος, πέραν εκείνων του άρθρου 37(1) του Κανονισμού.

## Παρενόχληση στην εργασία: τι ζητά ο Ν. 42(Ι)/2025
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-parenochlisi-stin-ergasia
Ο Ν. 42(Ι)/2025 καθιστά τη βία και την παρενόχληση στην εργασία ποινικά αδικήματα, αντιστρέφει το βάρος απόδειξης, και βαραίνει τον εργοδότη χωρίς κώδικα συμπεριφοράς.

Q: Τι θεωρείται παρενόχληση κατά τον Νόμο;
A: Το άρθρο 2 την ορίζει ως συμπεριφορά στον χώρο εργασίας ανεπιθύμητη από τον αποδέκτη της, η οποία έχει σκοπό ή αποτέλεσμα την προσβολή ή παραβίαση της αξιοπρέπειας προσώπου και τη δημιουργία εκφοβιστικού, εχθρικού, εξευτελιστικού, ταπεινωτικού ή επιθετικού περιβάλλοντος. Η βία ορίζεται χωριστά και ευρύτερα, και περιλαμβάνει απειλές και οικονομική βλάβη. Και οι δύο ορισμοί κρίνονται και στο αποτέλεσμα, οπότε η πρόθεση δεν είναι το κριτήριο.

Q: Πού είναι ο «χώρος εργασίας»;
A: Ευρύτερα από το γραφείο. Το άρθρο 2 περιλαμβάνει τον περιβάλλοντα δημόσιο και ιδιωτικό χώρο, τον χώρο όπου ο εργαζόμενος πληρώνεται, ξεκουράζεται ή γευματίζει, τα ταξίδια, την εκπαίδευση και τις κοινωνικές δραστηριότητες που σχετίζονται με την εργασία, την επικοινωνία που σχετίζεται με την εργασία μέσω τεχνολογιών, το κατάλυμα που παρέχει ο εργοδότης, και τη μετακίνηση από και προς την εργασία.

Q: Τι συμβαίνει αν δεν υπάρχει κώδικας συμπεριφοράς;
A: Η δεύτερη επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 6(6) είναι η διάταξη που πρέπει να διαβάσει κάθε εργοδότης. Όταν ο εργοδότης δεν εκπονεί κώδικα συμπεριφοράς και οι πράξεις διαπραχθούν, θεωρείται συνυπεύθυνος εις ολόκληρον με το πρόσωπο που τις διέπραξε. Ο κώδικας δεν είναι καλή πρακτική· η απουσία του μετακινεί την ευθύνη.

Q: Είναι πλέον ποινικό αδίκημα;
A: Ναι. Τα άρθρα 9(1) και 10(1) καθιστούν τη βία και την παρενόχληση στον χώρο εργασίας αδικήματα με ποινή μέχρι τρία έτη φυλάκιση ή χρηματική ποινή μέχρι €10.000, ή και τα δύο, όταν το πρόσωπο γνωρίζει ή όφειλε να γνωρίζει. Τα άρθρα 9(2) και 10(2) δίνουν αντικειμενικό κριτήριο: ό,τι θα θεωρούσε ένα λογικό πρόσωπο υπό τις ίδιες περιστάσεις.

Q: Τι ακριβώς πρέπει να κάνει ο εργοδότης;
A: Το άρθρο 6(1) τον υποχρεώνει να προστατεύει τους εργαζομένους από κάθε πράξη οποιουδήποτε προσώπου στον χώρο εργασίας που συνιστά βία ή παρενόχληση, και από πράξεις που ακολουθούν καταγγελία ή απόκρουση. Το άρθρο 6(2) απαιτεί προληπτικά μέτρα και γραπτή πολιτική σε διαβούλευση με τους εργαζομένους. Το άρθρο 6(3) απαιτεί, αμέσως μόλις περιέλθει σε γνώση του περιστατικό, κάθε πρόσφορο μέτρο για την παύση, τη μη επανάληψη, την άρση των συνεπειών και την αποφυγή επαναθυματοποίησης. Τα άρθρα 6(4) και 6(5) απαιτούν αμερόληπτη και εμπιστευτική διερεύνηση μέσα από μηχανισμούς ασφαλείς, δίκαιους και αποτελεσματικούς.

Q: Τι πρέπει να περιέχει ο κώδικας συμπεριφοράς;
A: Το άρθρο 6(8) ορίζει το ελάχιστο: το πεδίο εφαρμογής· τον προσδιορισμό των τιμωρητέων πράξεων βίας και παρενόχλησης, κάθε ανεπιθύμητης συμπεριφοράς και άλλων συναφών· την περιγραφή των συμπεριφορών που συνιστούν την αντικειμενική και υποκειμενική υπόσταση· την πρόβλεψη υποβολής παραπόνων και τα όργανα ή τις αρχές στις οποίες υποβάλλονται· τις υποχρεώσεις εργοδοτών και εργαζομένων· και τα μέτρα και τη διαδικασία αντιμετώπισης. Το άρθρο 6(7) απαιτεί να εκπονείται κατόπιν διαβούλευσης με τους εκπροσώπους των εργαζομένων, με τρόπο κατανοητό, και να ακολουθείται από εκπαίδευση.

Q: Μπορεί να διωχθεί η ίδια η εταιρεία;
A: Το άρθρο 12(1) καθιστά νομικό πρόσωπο υπεύθυνο για αδίκημα του Νόμου που διαπράττεται από πρόσωπο το οποίο ενεργεί ατομικά ή ως μέλος οργάνου του και κατέχει θέση βασισμένη σε εξουσία αντιπροσώπευσης, λήψης αποφάσεων ή άσκησης ελέγχου. Το άρθρο 12(2) επεκτείνει την ευθύνη σε αδίκημα που κατέστη δυνατό από ελλιπή εποπτεία ή έλεγχο τέτοιου προσώπου. Το άρθρο 12(3) διατηρεί τη δίωξη του φυσικού προσώπου και το άρθρο 12(4) ορίζει χρηματική ποινή μέχρι €20.000 για το νομικό πρόσωπο.

Q: Τι προστασία υπάρχει αν απολυθώ επειδή κατήγγειλα;
A: Το άρθρο 7(1) καθιστά απολύτως άκυρη την απόλυση, και κάθε βλαπτική μεταβολή των συνθηκών απασχόλησης, εργαζομένου που κατήγγειλε ή διαμαρτυρήθηκε για αδίκημα του Νόμου ή απέκρουσε τέτοια συμπεριφορά, εκτός αν ο εργοδότης αποδείξει λόγο άσχετο προς την καταγγελία. Το άρθρο 7(2) εφαρμόζεται ανεξάρτητα από τον αποδέκτη και το μέσο της καταγγελίας, περιλαμβανομένης της προσφυγής σε δικαστήριο, και το άρθρο 7(3) προστατεύει και όποιον συνέδραμε. Το άρθρο 11 καθιστά την παρεμπόδιση καταγγελίας ή την εκδικητική ενέργεια αδίκημα με ποινή μέχρι δύο έτη ή €5.000.

Q: Ποιο δικαστήριο, και τι μπορεί να διατάξει;
A: Το άρθρο 21(3) καθιστά τη βία ή παρενόχληση στον χώρο εργασίας εργατική διαφορά, και το άρθρο 24(1) δίνει αρμοδιότητα στο Δικαστήριο Εργατικών Διαφορών, με επιφύλαξη της αποκλειστικής δικαιοδοσίας του Διοικητικού Δικαστηρίου κατά το Άρθρο 146 του Συντάγματος και της ποινικής δικαιοδοσίας. Το άρθρο 24(4) είναι η ισχυρότερη θεραπεία: σε απόλυση κατά παράβαση, το Δικαστήριο, χωρίς να εξετάσει την καλή ή κακή πίστη του εργοδότη, διατάζει την επαναπρόσληψη και υποχρεώνει τον εργοδότη να αποδέχεται τις υπηρεσίες του εργαζομένου, εφόσον εκείνος το ζήτησε.

Q: Ποιος αποδεικνύει τι;
A: Το άρθρο 21(2) αντιστρέφει το βάρος σε κάθε διαδικασία εκτός της ποινικής: όταν ο διάδικος που ισχυρίζεται την παράβαση στοιχειοθετεί περιστατικά από τα οποία αυτή πιθανολογείται, το Δικαστήριο υποχρεώνει τον αντίδικο να αποδείξει ότι δεν υπήρξε παράβαση. Το άρθρο 24(6) εφαρμόζει την ίδια αντιστροφή στο Δικαστήριο Εργατικών Διαφορών.

Q: Μπορεί μια σύμβαση ή πολιτική να παραιτηθεί από αυτά;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 21(4) ορίζει ότι τα δικαιώματα και τα μέσα έννομης προστασίας του Νόμου δεν μπορούν να αρθούν ή να περιοριστούν από συμφωνία, πολιτική, τύπο ή όρο απασχόλησης, περιλαμβανομένης συμφωνίας για διαιτησία πριν από την έγερση της διαφοράς.

Q: Εφαρμόζεται και στον δημόσιο τομέα;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 2 ορίζει την απασχόληση ώστε να καλύπτει σχέση διεπόμενη είτε από το ιδιωτικό είτε από το δημόσιο δίκαιο, σε οποιονδήποτε τομέα, και κατονομάζει τη Δημόσια Υπηρεσία, τη Δικαστική Υπηρεσία, τη Δημόσια Εκπαιδευτική Υπηρεσία, τις Αρχές Τοπικής Αυτοδιοικήσεως, νομικά πρόσωπα δημόσιου ή ιδιωτικού δικαίου, τις Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις και τις Δυνάμεις Ασφαλείας.

## Έγινε η εργασία, δεν ήρθαν τα χρήματα: τρεις αξιώσεις
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-pliromi-gia-ergasia-pou-egine
Πιστοποιημένο και απλήρωτο, μη πιστοποιημένο ή αμφισβητούμενο, και εργασία χωρίς συμφωνημένη τιμή. Τρεις θέσεις που αποδεικνύονται διαφορετικά.

Q: Ποια από τις τρεις αξιώσεις είναι η ισχυρότερη;
A: Η αξίωση για πιστοποιημένο και απλήρωτο ποσό. Είναι αξίωση χρέους και όχι διαφορά για την αξία της εργασίας, γιατί το ποσό δεν είναι πλέον υπό συζήτηση: το καθορίζει το πιστοποιητικό. Το πρακτικό αποτέλεσμα είναι ότι το βάρος μετατοπίζεται στον εργοδότη, ο οποίος πρέπει να στοιχειοθετήσει δικαίωμα παρακράτησης αντί να αμφισβητήσει γενικά την αξία. Τόκος τρέχει όπου η σύμβαση τον προβλέπει. Δυσαρέσκεια για κάτι άλλο στο έργο δεν αρκεί: χρειάζεται είτε δικαίωμα συμψηφισμού ή έκπτωσης υπό τη σύμβαση, ασκούμενο με τον τρόπο και μέσα στον χρόνο που εκείνη ορίζει, είτε ανταπαίτηση που ο εργοδότης είναι έτοιμος να δικογραφήσει.

Q: Διαφωνώ με το ποσό του πιστοποιητικού.
A: Η διαδρομή περνά από τον μηχανισμό της σύμβασης: αμφισβήτηση με τον τρόπο και μέσα στις προθεσμίες που ορίζει. Ζητήστε πρώτα την ανάλυση από τον πιστοποιούντα, δηλαδή τις ποσότητες που αναγνωρίστηκαν, τις τιμές που εφαρμόστηκαν, τις τροποποιήσεις που περιλήφθηκαν ή εξαιρέθηκαν, και την παρακράτηση. Απαντήστε γραπτώς, σημείο προς σημείο, πριν εκδοθεί το επόμενο πιστοποιητικό, διότι τα ενδιάμεσα πιστοποιητικά είναι προσωρινά και διορθώνονται στα επόμενα και στον τελικό λογαριασμό. Η σιωπή κοστίζει: όποιος δέχεται αδιαμαρτύρητα διαδοχικές υποτιμήσεις και ενίσταται στην τελευταία έχει δυσκολότερη υπόθεση από όση δικαιολογεί η αριθμητική. Η απευθείας αγωγή για την αξία, παρακάμπτοντας τον μηχανισμό, συνήθως επιβραδύνει.

Q: Έκανα εργασία χωρίς συμφωνημένη τιμή.
A: Η αξίωση είναι για εύλογη αμοιβή, quantum meruit, και είναι η δυσκολότερη από τις τρεις: απαιτεί απόδειξη και ότι η εργασία ζητήθηκε και ότι το ποσό είναι εύλογο. Η κατάσταση προκύπτει συνήθως από εργασία υπό επιστολή προθέσεων ενώ η σύμβαση ακόμη διαπραγματεύεται, από εργασία πέρα από αντικείμενο που ξεπεράστηκε, ή από διευθέτηση που ποτέ δεν κατέστη δεσμευτική. Τη στηρίζουν μετρήσεις, τιμοκατάλογοι και συγκρίσιμες εργασίες, μαζί με τα αρχεία εργατικών, υλικών και μηχανημάτων, τα σχέδια και τις προδιαγραφές, και όποιες τιμές είχαν συζητηθεί: παραμένουν καλή μαρτυρία αξίας ακόμη και αν ποτέ δεν συμφωνήθηκαν ως τίμημα.

Q: Τι κάνω πρώτο;
A: Ξεχωρίστε τα ποσά σε τρεις στήλες πριν γράψετε επιστολή: πιστοποιημένο και απλήρωτο, αμφισβητούμενο ως προς την αποτίμηση, και εργασία χωρίς συμφωνημένη τιμή. Το πιστοποιημένο και απλήρωτο μέρος συχνά ανοίγει τη συζήτηση από μόνο του, και το να μπλεχτεί με τα αμφισβητούμενα το καθυστερεί μαζί τους. Ελέγξτε παράλληλα δύο ημερομηνίες: πότε κατέστη απαιτητή η κάθε πληρωμή, για την εξαετία του άρθρου 7(1) του Νόμου 66(I)/2012, και ποιες ημερομηνίες αποδέσμευσης παρακράτησης έχουν ήδη περάσει.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν δεν συμφωνήθηκε ποτέ τιμή;
A: Τότε η αξίωση είναι για εύλογο ποσό για την εργασία που πράγματι έγινε, γνωστή γενικά ως quantum meruit. Γεννάται όταν η εργασία εκτελείται με επιστολή προθέσεων ενόσω η σύμβαση διαπραγματεύεται ακόμη, όταν εκτελείται πέραν του αντικειμένου σύμβασης που ξεπεράστηκε από τα γεγονότα, ή στο πλαίσιο διευθέτησης που δεν κατέστη ποτέ δεσμευτική. Η μαρτυρία που την κρίνει είναι η καταγραφή του τι έγινε, πότε και με ποιο κόστος.

Q: Ισχύει το ίδιο για επαγγελματική ανάθεση που διακόπηκε;
A: Ισχύει. Στην ΜΑΡΙΟΣ ΚΥΡΙΑΚΟΥ κ.α. v. Α/ΦΟΙ Μ & Κ ΜΙΧΑΗΛ, Πολιτική Έφεση Αρ. 203/2015, ημερομηνίας 1 Φεβρουαρίου 2024, αρχιτέκτονες είχαν ετοιμάσει τα σχέδια, εξασφαλίσει πολεοδομική άδεια και εκπονήσει τις υποστηρικτικές μελέτες για ανάπτυξη την οποία οι ιδιοκτήτες εγκατέλειψαν πριν από την αίτηση για άδεια οικοδομής, ενώ η αμοιβή τους είχε συμφωνηθεί ως ποσοστό επί του τελικού κόστους έργου που δεν κτίστηκε ποτέ. Το πρωτόδικο Δικαστήριο επιδίκασε ολόκληρη τη συμφωνημένη αμοιβή, με το σκεπτικό ότι απαίτηση που εδράζεται σε συμφωνία δεν αφήνει χώρο για quantum meruit. Το Εφετείο διαφώνησε και δεν απέρριψε την έφεση των ιδιοκτητών: έκρινε ότι η μαρτυρία για το στάδιο στο οποίο είχαν φθάσει οι εργασίες, στο 50 με 60 τοις εκατόν της ανάθεσης, έδινε τη βάση για τον υπολογισμό εύλογης αμοιβής. Παραμέρισε την πρωτόδικη επιδίκαση και την αντικατέστησε με €36.000 πλέον ΦΠΑ, αντί για €45.875,20 πλέον ΦΠΑ, ασκώντας την εξουσία του άρθρου 25(3) του περί Δικαστηρίων Νόμου 14/1960 να αποφασίσει το ίδιο το ζήτημα αντί να το αναπέμψει, και άφησε κάθε πλευρά να επωμιστεί τα δικά της έξοδα της έφεσης.

## Πώληση ακινήτου στην Κύπρο: οι υποχρεώσεις του πωλητή
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-polisi-akinitou-ypochreoseis-politi
Τι οφείλει ο πωλητής κατά τον Ν. 81(Ι)/2011: το πιστοποιητικό έρευνας των πέντε ημερών, το πρόστιμο των δέκα χιλιάδων ευρώ, και το ποινικό αδίκημα.

Q: Τι πρέπει να έχει έτοιμο ο πωλητής πριν από τη μεταβίβαση;
A: Η μεταβίβαση ολοκληρώνεται μόνο όταν εγγραφεί στο Επαρχιακό Κτηματολογικό Γραφείο. Πριν οριστεί η ημέρα εκείνη, ο πωλητής χρειάζεται καθαρή θέση στο μητρώο, αποδέσμευση κάθε υποθήκης, βεβαιώσεις από τη φορολογική αρχή και τον δήμο ή την κοινότητα ότι οι υποχρεώσεις τακτοποιήθηκαν, τακτοποίηση τυχόν ανεξόφλητων κοινοχρήστων, και αντιμετώπιση της βεβαίωσης του φόρου κεφαλαιουχικών κερδών.

Q: Μπορώ να πουλήσω ακίνητο που έχει υποθήκη;
A: Ναι, αλλά η μεταβίβαση δεν εγγράφεται ελεύθερη από την υποθήκη μέχρι να την αποδεσμεύσει ο δανειστής. Στη συνήθη περίπτωση η αποδέσμευση χρηματοδοτείται από το τίμημα, οπότε η σύμβαση πρέπει να λέει ακριβώς πώς: ποιο μέρος του τιμήματος πηγαίνει στον δανειστή, με ποια αποδεικτικά, και σε ποιο σημείο της σειράς. Όπου το ακίνητο είναι μονάδα σε ανάπτυξη υποθηκευμένη ως σύνολο, η παραίτηση της τράπεζας για τη συγκεκριμένη μονάδα πρέπει να ληφθεί πριν από την ημερομηνία μεταβίβασης.

Q: Τι μπορεί να σταματήσει μια μεταβίβαση στο Κτηματολόγιο;
A: Κάθε καταχώριση που στέκει εναντίον του ακινήτου: υποθήκη, memo εγγεγραμμένο από πιστωτή με απόφαση, απαγόρευση από παλαιά διαδικασία που ουδέποτε αποσύρθηκε τυπικά, ή σημείωση για μη εγκεκριμένες εργασίες, καθώς και ανεξόφλητοι φόροι και τέλη. Καθένα από αυτά θέλει μήνες και όχι ημέρες, και γι’ αυτό ο πωλητής παίρνει και διαβάζει πιστοποιητικό έρευνας για το δικό του ακίνητο στην αρχή της πώλησης.

Q: Τι συμβαίνει μόλις ο αγοραστής καταθέσει το πωλητήριο έγγραφο;
A: Μόλις κατατεθεί στο Τμήμα Κτηματολογίου και Χωρομετρίας δυνάμει του περί Πώλησης Ακινήτων (Ειδική Εκτέλεση) Νόμου του 2011, η ελευθερία του πωλητή να διαθέτει το ακίνητο ουσιαστικά παύει. Το κατατεθειμένο συμβόλαιο εξασφαλίζει την προτεραιότητα του αγοραστή και διατηρεί το δικαίωμά του να επιβάλει τη μεταβίβαση, και η θέση αυτή είναι πολύ δύσκολο να αναστραφεί.

Q: Πότε τακτοποιείται ο φόρος κεφαλαιουχικών κερδών;
A: Η βεβαίωση πρέπει να τακτοποιηθεί πριν ολοκληρωθεί η μεταβίβαση. Οι διαθέσιμες απαλλαγές και εκπτώσεις εξαρτώνται από το πώς και πότε αποκτήθηκε το ακίνητο και από τι δαπανήθηκε έκτοτε, οπότε τα έγγραφα που αποδεικνύουν το αρχικό τίμημα και το κόστος μεταγενέστερων εργασιών αξίζει να εντοπιστούν νωρίς. Είναι συχνά η διαφορά ανάμεσα σε ένα υπολογισμένο κέρδος και σε ένα πολύ μικρότερο.

## Πώς εκδίδεται ξεχωριστός τίτλος ιδιοκτησίας στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-pos-ekdidetai-titlos-idioktisias
Η αλυσίδα αδειών του Κεφ. 96 πίσω από τον ξεχωριστό τίτλο, το πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης του άρθρου 10 που μπορεί να ζητήσει και ο αγοραστής, και τι σημαίνει σημείωση παρατυπίας.

Q: Πότε εκδίδεται ο ξεχωριστός τίτλος ιδιοκτησίας;
A: Ο τίτλος δεν εκδίδεται κατόπιν αιτήματος. Είναι το τελευταίο βήμα μιας αλυσίδας αδειών του περί Ρυθμίσεως Οδών και Οικοδομών Νόμου, Κεφ. 96, και ο κρίσιμος κρίκος είναι το πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης. Η χρήσιμη ερώτηση επομένως δεν είναι πού βρίσκεται ο τίτλος, αλλά αν έχει εκδοθεί πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης και, αν όχι, τι εμποδίζει την έκδοσή του.

Q: Μπορεί ο αγοραστής να ζητήσει ο ίδιος το πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης;
A: Μπορεί, και εδώ αλλάζει η θέση του. Κατά το άρθρο 10(5) του Κεφ. 96, η αρμόδια αρχή εκδίδει πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης μετά από αίτηση του κατόχου της άδειας, ή οποιουδήποτε προσώπου έχει συμφέρον στην οικοδομή ή στον διαχωρισμό, ή και αυτεπάγγελτα, όταν ικανοποιηθεί ότι η εργασία ολοκληρώθηκε σύμφωνα με την άδεια. Ο αγοραστής που έχει πληρώσει και κατέθεσε το συμβόλαιό του έχει συμφέρον στην οικοδομή, και δεν εξαρτάται αποκλειστικά από τη διάθεση του επιχειρηματία ανάπτυξης να κινηθεί.

Q: Είναι νόμιμο να μένουμε στο ακίνητο πριν από το πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης;
A: Το άρθρο 10(1) είναι πιο αυστηρό από όσο περιμένουν οι περισσότεροι: κανένα πρόσωπο δεν κατέχει ούτε χρησιμοποιεί οικοδομή ή τμήμα οικοδομής, ούτε ενεργεί ώστε να την κατέχει ή να τη χρησιμοποιεί άλλος, μέχρι να εκδοθεί πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης, και αυτό ισχύει ανεξάρτητα από το αν χορηγήθηκε άδεια οικοδομής κατά το άρθρο 3. Η κατοχή νεόδμητης κατοικίας πριν από το πιστοποιητικό δεν είναι απλή εκκρεμότητα χαρτιών, και μέσα στην απαγόρευση βρίσκεται και ο ίδιος ο αγοραστής που παρέλαβε τα κλειδιά.

Q: Ποιες προθεσμίες προβλέπει ο νόμος για την αίτηση;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 10(2), ο κάτοχος της άδειας οφείλει, μέσα σε περίοδο που δεν υπερβαίνει τις εικοσιμία ημέρες από τη συμπλήρωση της εργασίας, να γνωστοποιήσει τη συμπλήρωση στην αρμόδια αρχή και να υποβάλει αίτηση για έκδοση πιστοποιητικού. Κατά το άρθρο 10(3), ο επιβλέπων μηχανικός οφείλει μέσα σε τριάντα ημέρες από τη συμπλήρωση της εργασίας, ή από τη συμπλήρωση μεγάλου ποσοστού της, ή από την έναρξη χρήσης χωρίς να έχουν συμπληρωθεί πλήρως οι εργασίες, να υποβάλει πιστοποιητικό στην αρμόδια αρχή. Όταν ακούγεται ότι ο τίτλος καθυστερεί χρόνια, το ερώτημα που αξίζει είναι αν υποβλήθηκε ποτέ η αίτηση των εικοσιμία ημερών.

Q: Ποιος κρίκος της αλυσίδας μετρά περισσότερο;
A: Το πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης. Βεβαιώνει ότι αυτό που κτίστηκε αντιστοιχεί σε αυτό που επιτράπηκε, και είναι ο άξονας ολόκληρης της ακολουθίας: χωρίς αυτό η εγγραφή της οικοδομής δεν προχωρά κανονικά, και ανάπτυξη που απέκλινε από τις άδειές της δεν θα το λάβει μέχρι να τακτοποιηθεί η απόκλιση.

Q: Μου λέει το διαφημιστικό έντυπο τι επιτρέπεται να κτιστεί;
A: Όχι. Η άδεια οικοδομής χορηγείται επί συγκεκριμένου συνόλου αρχιτεκτονικών και μηχανολογικών σχεδίων, και είναι τα σχέδια αυτά, και όχι το διαφημιστικό υλικό, που ορίζουν τι επιτρέπεται να κτιστεί.

Q: Τι κρίνει τι περιλαμβάνεται πράγματι στη μονάδα μου;
A: Η άδεια διαχωρισμού, εξίσου με τη σύμβαση. Όπου μια οικοδομή ή ένα τεμάχιο διαιρείται μεταξύ περισσότερων ιδιοκτητών, η άδεια αυτή καθορίζει τα όρια κάθε μονάδας και κατανέμει τους κοινόχρηστους χώρους, περιλαμβανομένων των χώρων στάθμευσης, των αποθηκών και των αυλών.

Q: Καλύπτει η άδεια οικοδομής ολόκληρο το κτήριο;
A: Όχι πάντοτε. Κατά ρητή επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 3, η άδεια μπορεί να αφορά αποκλειστικά συγκεκριμένο τμήμα οικοδομής, χωρίς να καλύπτει τα υπόλοιπα τμήματα για τα οποία δεν εκδόθηκε άδεια. Άδεια που επιδεικνύεται δεν σημαίνει επομένως άδεια για το σύνολο του κτηρίου. Σημειώνεται επίσης ότι η αλλαγή χρήσης είναι εξίσου αδειοδοτούμενη με την ανέγερση, οπότε το γραφείο που έγινε κατοικία χρειάζεται τη δική του άδεια.

Q: Πρέπει να περιμένει ολόκληρο το έργο για να εκδοθεί πιστοποιητικό;
A: Όχι κατ' ανάγκη. Κατά το άρθρο 10(6), η αρμόδια αρχή μπορεί να εκδώσει πιστοποιητικό έγκρισης για τμήμα της εργασίας, οπότε μια ολοκληρωμένη πτέρυγα δεν χρειάζεται να περιμένει μια ημιτελή.

## Πούλησαν το δάνειό μου: τι όφειλαν να κάνουν πρώτα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-poulisan-to-daneio-mou
Πώληση δανείων κατά τον Ν. 169(Ι)/2015: το δικαίωμα του δανειολήπτη να αγοράσει ο ίδιος τη διευκόλυνση σε σαράντα πέντε ημέρες, και ποιος άλλος μπορεί.

Q: Μπορεί η τράπεζα να πουλήσει το δάνειό μου χωρίς να μου το πει;
A: Όχι όταν πωλείται μέρος του χαρτοφυλακίου. Το άρθρο 18(1)(β) απαιτεί ειδοποίηση με επιστολή προς τον δανειολήπτη, τους εγγυητές και τους παρόχους εξασφάλισης. Στην πώληση ολόκληρου χαρτοφυλακίου, το άρθρο 18(1)(α) απαιτεί δημοσίευση στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα και σε τρεις ημερήσιες εφημερίδες, και η επιστολή είναι προαιρετική.

Q: Μπορώ να αγοράσω εγώ το δάνειό μου;
A: Ναι, και αυτό ακριβώς προβλέπει το άρθρο 18(1). Δανειολήπτες, εγγυητές και πάροχοι εξασφάλισης δύνανται να υποβάλουν πρόταση αγοράς της υπό πώληση διευκόλυνσης εντός σαράντα πέντε ημερών από τη δημοσίευση ή από την ημερομηνία αποστολής της επιστολής. Η πρόταση υποβάλλεται μία μόνο φορά.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν δεν κάνω τίποτα μέσα στις σαράντα πέντε ημέρες;
A: Το άρθρο 18(1)(β)(iii) τεκμαίρει ότι δεν επιθυμείτε να υποβάλετε πρόταση. Το δικαίωμα χάνεται με τη σιωπή, όχι με άρνηση.

Q: Πότε πρέπει να μάθω ότι το δάνειο μεταβιβάστηκε;
A: Εντός δεκαπέντε εργάσιμων ημερών από τη μεταβίβαση, με συστημένη επιστολή από τον εκχωρητή και τον αγοραστή μαζί, κατά το άρθρο 19(2). Η ειδοποίηση οφείλει να δίνει τα στοιχεία επικοινωνίας των υπευθύνων και τους νέους αριθμούς λογαριασμών.

Q: Έχω κατάθεση στην τράπεζα. Μπορώ να τη συμψηφίσω με το δάνειο;
A: Εξαρτάται από τα έγγραφα της μεταβίβασης. Το άρθρο 25(1) επιτρέπει να δημιουργείται ή να διατηρείται δικαίωμα συμψηφισμού με πιστωτικά υπόλοιπα στον εκχωρητή, και το άρθρο 25(2) απαιτεί τα έγγραφα να περιγράφουν επακριβώς το πεδίο εφαρμογής του.

## Η Πράξη για την Τεχνητή Νοημοσύνη: τι σας αφορά
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-praxi-technitis-noimosynis
Η Πράξη ρυθμίζει τη χρήση και όχι την τεχνολογία. Η θέση σας στην αλυσίδα, το άρθρο 25 που σας κάνει πάροχο, και πρόστιμα ως 7% του παγκόσμιου τζίρου.

Q: Πότε μας αφορά πράγματι η Πράξη;
A: Σταδιακά. Ο Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) 2024/1689 της 13ης Ιουνίου 2024 τέθηκε σε ισχύ την 1η Αυγούστου 2024. Οι απαγορευμένες πρακτικές και ο γραμματισμός στην ΤΝ εφαρμόζονται από τις 2 Φεβρουαρίου 2025· οι κανόνες για τα μοντέλα γενικού σκοπού, η διακυβέρνηση και οι κυρώσεις από τις 2 Αυγούστου 2025· και ο Κανονισμός γενικά από τις 2 Αυγούστου 2026. Οι διατάξεις υψηλού κινδύνου αναβλήθηκαν με τον Κανονισμό (ΕΕ) 2026/1744 στις 2 Δεκεμβρίου 2027 για το άρθρο 6(2) και το Παράρτημα ΙΙΙ, και στις 2 Αυγούστου 2028 για το άρθρο 6(1) και το Παράρτημα Ι.

Q: Οι κανόνες υψηλού κινδύνου αναβλήθηκαν. Μπορούμε να περιμένουμε;
A: Η αναβολή αφορά την προθεσμία συμμόρφωσης, όχι την ανάλυση. Επιχείρηση που θα είναι πάροχος ή φορέας εφαρμογής συστήματος υψηλού κινδύνου τον Δεκέμβριο του 2027 πρέπει να το γνωρίζει τώρα, επειδή η τεκμηρίωση που απαιτεί η Πράξη παράγεται κατά την ανάπτυξη και την προμήθεια και δεν ανασύρεται εκ των υστέρων.

Q: Ρυθμίζει η Πράξη την τεχνολογία ή τη χρήση;
A: Τη χρήση. Είναι οριζόντια, ορίζει τι λογίζεται σύστημα ΤΝ σε διάκριση από το συνηθισμένο λογισμικό, και διαβαθμίζει τις υποχρεώσεις κατά τον κίνδυνο της συγκεκριμένης χρήσης. Το ίδιο μοντέλο που συντάσσει διαφημιστικό κείμενο και που φιλτράρει αιτήσεις εργασίας δεν βρίσκεται στην ίδια κανονιστική θέση.

Q: Πότε γίνεται πάροχος αυτός που απλώς αγόρασε το σύστημα;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 25(1), διανομέας, εισαγωγέας, φορέας εφαρμογής ή άλλος τρίτος θεωρείται πάροχος συστήματος υψηλού κινδύνου, με τις υποχρεώσεις του άρθρου 16, όταν θέτει το όνομα ή το σήμα του σε τέτοιο σύστημα ήδη στην αγορά, όταν προβαίνει σε ουσιώδη τροποποίηση ώστε να παραμένει υψηλού κινδύνου, ή όταν τροποποιεί τον επιδιωκόμενο σκοπό συστήματος, περιλαμβανομένου συστήματος γενικού σκοπού, ώστε να καταστεί υψηλού κινδύνου. Ο αρχικός πάροχος απαλλάσσεται, αλλά οφείλει να συνεργάζεται και να δίνει τις τεχνικές πληροφορίες.

Q: Χρειάζεται κάθε φορέας εφαρμογής εκτίμηση θεμελιωδών δικαιωμάτων;
A: Όχι. Κατά το άρθρο 27, το καθήκον βαρύνει τους φορείς εφαρμογής που είναι οργανισμοί δημοσίου δικαίου ή ιδιωτικές οντότητες που παρέχουν δημόσιες υπηρεσίες, και τους φορείς εφαρμογής των συστημάτων πιστοληπτικής αξιολόγησης και τιμολόγησης ασφαλίσεων των σημείων 5(β) και 5(γ) του Παραρτήματος ΙΙΙ, και γίνεται πριν τεθεί το σύστημα σε χρήση. Οι υπόλοιποι οφείλουν και πάλι να τεκμηριώνουν την αξιολόγησή τους, επειδή η ανθρώπινη εποπτεία και η τήρηση αρχείων τους βαρύνουν.

Q: Τι μετρά ως πραγματική ανθρώπινη εποπτεία;
A: Άνθρωπος με την εξουσία, την πληροφορία και τον χρόνο να ανατρέψει το αποτέλεσμα. Εποπτεία που υπάρχει μόνο στο έγγραφο της πολιτικής, όπου ο ελεγκτής εγκρίνει κάθε αποτέλεσμα επειδή είναι τετρακόσια την ημέρα, δεν είναι εποπτεία. Καταγράψτε ποιος ελέγχει, με ποια πληροφορία, πόσο συχνά αποκλίνει, και τι συμβαίνει τότε.

Q: Τι βρίσκεται εκτός της Πράξης;
A: Το άρθρο 2(3) εξαιρεί συστήματα που διατίθενται, τίθενται σε λειτουργία ή χρησιμοποιούνται αποκλειστικά για στρατιωτικούς, αμυντικούς σκοπούς ή σκοπούς εθνικής ασφάλειας. Το άρθρο 2(6) εξαιρεί συστήματα ή μοντέλα, και το αποτέλεσμά τους, που αναπτύχθηκαν αποκλειστικά για επιστημονική έρευνα και ανάπτυξη. Το άρθρο 2(10) εξαιρεί τις υποχρεώσεις φυσικών προσώπων που χρησιμοποιούν συστήματα σε καθαρά προσωπική μη επαγγελματική δραστηριότητα.

Q: Πόσο φτάνουν τα πρόστιμα;
A: Το άρθρο 99 θέτει τρία ανώτατα όρια, καθένα ως το υψηλότερο μεταξύ σταθερού ποσού και ποσοστού. Για τις απαγορευμένες πρακτικές του άρθρου 5: μέχρι €35.000.000 ή 7% του παγκόσμιου ετήσιου κύκλου εργασιών. Για τις υποχρεώσεις του άρθρου 99(4), που περιλαμβάνουν το άρθρο 16 για τους παρόχους, το άρθρο 26 για τους φορείς εφαρμογής και το άρθρο 50 για τη διαφάνεια: μέχρι €15.000.000 ή 3%. Για ανακριβείς ή παραπλανητικές πληροφορίες σε αρχή: μέχρι €7.500.000 ή 1%. Χαμηλότερα όρια ισχύουν για ΜμΕ και νεοφυείς.

Q: Ποιος εποπτεύει στην Κύπρο;
A: Η Κύπρος έχει ορίσει τον Επίτροπο Επικοινωνιών ως κοινοποιούσα αρχή και αρχή εποπτείας της αγοράς, και ως εθνικό ενιαίο σημείο επαφής. Όπου η εφαρμογή περιλαμβάνει προσωπικά δεδομένα, ο Επίτροπος Προστασίας Δεδομένων Προσωπικού Χαρακτήρα παραμένει η εποπτική αρχή για την ανάλυση προστασίας δεδομένων, και οι δύο ασκήσεις τρέχουν μαζί και όχι διαδοχικά.

Q: Από πού ξεκινάμε;
A: Από την απογραφή. Για κάθε σύστημα: τι είναι, ποιος το προμηθεύει, ποια απόφαση τροφοδοτεί ή λαμβάνει, αν άνθρωπος ελέγχει το αποτέλεσμα πριν αυτό παραγάγει συνέπεια, ποια δεδομένα εισέρχονται, και ποιος το κατέχει μέσα στην επιχείρηση. Η άσκηση αποκαλύπτει συστηματικά συστήματα που κανείς δεν ενέκρινε, και είναι το έγγραφο που θα ζητήσει πρώτο ένας ρυθμιστής.

## Προέλευση κεφαλαίων: γιατί κρατούν τα χρήματα στην τράπεζα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-proelefsi-kefalaion
Ο έλεγχος συμμόρφωσης ζητά τη διαδρομή των χρημάτων, όχι μόνο ότι τα έχετε. Τι ετοιμάζετε πριν φύγει το έμβασμα, και τι πρέπει να λέει η σύμβαση.

Q: Γιατί κρατούν τα χρήματά μου;
A: Η πληρωμή μπήκε σε έλεγχο συμμόρφωσης. Η τράπεζα πρέπει να τεκμηριώσει προς τον δικό της επόπτη από πού ήρθαν τα χρήματα, και οι έλεγχοι αυτοί βασίζονται σε έγγραφα και είναι αργοί εκ σχεδιασμού.

Q: Τι ακριβώς ζητούν;
A: Τη διαδρομή των χρημάτων: πηγή, μεταφορά και λόγο. Έγγραφα για την προέλευση του ποσού, τραπεζικές καταστάσεις που δείχνουν τη μετακίνηση, και το έγγραφο που εξηγεί γιατί φεύγει τώρα.

Q: Μπορεί να στείλει συγγενής μου τα χρήματα;
A: Μπορεί, αλλά το έμβασμα από τρίτο προσθέτει ολόκληρο δεύτερο έλεγχο, για την προέλευση των δικών του χρημάτων. Όπου γίνεται, στείλτε από λογαριασμό στο δικό σας όνομα.

Q: Τι γίνεται με την ημερομηνία ολοκλήρωσης;
A: Επειδή η διάρκεια του ελέγχου δεν είναι προβλέψιμη, η σύμβαση πρέπει να προβλέπει τι γίνεται αν τα χρήματα καθυστερήσουν σε έλεγχο συμμόρφωσης, ώστε να μην ευθύνεστε για κάτι που δεν ελέγχετε.

Q: Επιταχύνει τη διαδικασία η χρήση κύπριου δικηγόρου;
A: Αφαιρεί τριβές, δεν παρέχει προνόμια. Ο φάκελος συγκροτείται στη μορφή που περιμένει η τράπεζα, οι μεταφράσεις ετοιμάζονται πριν χρειαστούν, και η αλληλογραφία διεξάγεται από ένα κανάλι.

Q: Μπορώ να ολοκληρώσω την αγορά ενόσω τα κεφάλαια ελέγχονται ακόμη;
A: Αυτό εξαρτάται από τη σύμβασή σας και όχι από την τράπεζα. Ελέγξτε τις προθεσμίες πληρωμής και τυχόν πρόνοιες για τόκο ή τερματισμό πριν στηριχθείτε στο ότι ο πωλητής θα περιμένει.

## Δεσμεύει η Προφορική Συμφωνία στην Κύπρο; Το ΚΕΦ. 149 Απαντά
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-proforiki-symfonia-kypros
Το άρθρο 10 του ΚΕΦ. 149 επιτρέπει προφορικές συμβάσεις. Οι παγίδες: μίσθωση άνω του έτους θέλει έγγραφο και δύο μάρτυρες, και οι ρήτρες μη ανταγωνισμού είναι άκυρες.

Q: Τα συμφωνήσαμε όλα στο τηλέφωνο. Υπάρχει σύμβαση;
A: Καταρχήν ναι: το άρθρο 10(1) του ΚΕΦ. 149 επιτρέπει σύμβαση προφορική ή συναγόμενη από συμπεριφορά, εφόσον υπήρξαν ελεύθερη συναίνεση, ικανότητα, αντιπαροχή και νόμιμος σκοπός. Η μάχη είναι η απόδειξη, όχι το κύρος: τι ακριβώς συμφωνήθηκε, και τι έκαναν έπειτα τα μέρη. Στείλτε τα γύρω μηνύματα και το αρχείο πληρωμών, γιατί εκεί κρίνονται οι υποθέσεις αυτές.

Q: Ο ενοικιαστής μας έχει διετή μίσθωση που δεν γράψαμε ποτέ. Την επιβάλλουμε;
A: Όχι ως διετή μίσθωση. Το άρθρο 77(1) καθιστά μίσθωση ακινήτου άνω του έτους μη έγκυρη και ανεκτέλεστη αν δεν είναι γραπτή, υπογεγραμμένη στο τέλος από τους βαρυνόμενους, με δύο τουλάχιστον παρόντες μάρτυρες να προσυπογράφουν. Τι θέση απομένει, και τι γίνεται με την κατοχή και τα ενοίκια που πράγματι πληρώθηκαν, εξαρτάται από τα γεγονότα: περιγράψτε τα πριν βγάλετε συμπέρασμα προς οποιαδήποτε κατεύθυνση.

Q: Η σύμβαση εργασίας μου έχει διετή ρήτρα μη ανταγωνισμού. Με δεσμεύει;
A: Το άρθρο 27(1) του ΚΕΦ. 149 ακυρώνει συμφωνίες περιοριστικές της άσκησης νόμιμου επαγγέλματος, εμπορίου ή επιχείρησης κατά το μέτρο του περιορισμού, και οι εξαιρέσεις του άρθρου 27(2) αφορούν την πώληση εμπορικής εύνοιας και τους αποχωρούντες συνεταίρους, όχι τη συνήθη εργοδότηση. Τι μπορεί να προστατεύσει ο πρώην εργοδότης από άλλους δρόμους, με πρώτη την εμπιστευτικότητα, είναι χωριστό ερώτημα. Πάρτε συμβουλή για τη συγκεκριμένη ρήτρα πριν είτε την αγνοήσετε είτε την υπακούσετε.

Q: Η άλλη πλευρά είπε ψέματα για να πάρει την υπογραφή μου. Είναι νεκρή η σύμβαση;
A: Είναι ακυρώσιμη κατ' εκλογή σας κατά το άρθρο 19, όχι αυτομάτως νεκρή, και η εκλογή έχει άκρες: για ψευδή παράσταση, και για σιωπή που συνιστά απάτη, η σύμβαση στέκει αν μπορούσατε να ανακαλύψετε την αλήθεια με συνήθη επιμέλεια. Υπάρχει και επιλογή που αξίζει να ξέρετε, στο άρθρο 19(2): αντί να ακυρώσετε, μπορείτε να εμμείνετε στην εκπλήρωση και να αποκατασταθείτε στη θέση που θα είχατε αν οι παραστάσεις ήταν αληθείς. Ποιος δρόμος σας συμφέρει είναι ζήτημα στρατηγικής: φέρτε το χρονολόγιο πριν εκλέξετε.

Q: Μου έγινε υπόσχεση χωρίς αντάλλαγμα. Μπορώ να την επιβάλω;
A: Συνήθως όχι: το άρθρο 25 ακυρώνει συμφωνίες χωρίς αντιπαροχή. Οι εξαιρέσεις είναι ακριβείς: γραπτή υπογεγραμμένη υπόσχεση μεταξύ στενών συγγενών λόγω φυσικής αγάπης και στοργής, υπόσχεση αποζημίωσης προσώπου που ήδη έπραξε κάτι εκούσια για τον υποσχόμενο, και γραπτή υπογεγραμμένη υπόσχεση καταβολής χρέους που η παραγραφή είχε φράξει, η οποία το αναβιώνει. Αν η υπόσχεση που κρατάτε χωρά σε ένα από τα σχήματα αυτά, μπορεί τελικά να είναι σύμβαση.

Q: Η σύμβασή μας λέει ότι οι διαφορές πάνε μόνο σε διαιτησία. Επιτρέπεται;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 28 ακυρώνει όρους που φράζουν τα δικαστήρια ή συντομεύουν τον χρόνο επιβολής δικαιωμάτων, αλλά το εδάφιο (2) διατηρεί ρητά τη συμφωνία παραπομπής διαφορών σε διαιτησία και ανάκτησης μόνο του επιδικαζόμενου ποσού. Το αν η διαιτησία ή το δικαστήριο σας εξυπηρετεί καλύτερα σε συγκεκριμένη διαφορά είναι δικό του ερώτημα, και το καλύπτει ο οδηγός μας για τη διαιτησία ή το δικαστήριο.

## Τα πρόσωπα του έργου και τα δύο καπέλα του μηχανικού
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-prosopa-kataskevastikou-ergou
Ποια σύμβαση κρατά ο καθένας, τι ανέλαβε, και αν ενεργούσε για τον εργοδότη ή ασκούσε ανεξάρτητη λειτουργία. Τρία σημεία που κρίνουν σε ποιον στρέφεστε.

Q: Γιατί έχει σημασία ποια σύμβαση κατέχει το κάθε μέρος;
A: Γιατί αυτό, και όχι ο τίτλος της θέσης, κρίνει ποιος λογοδοτεί όταν κάτι αποτύχει. Όταν προκύψει πρόβλημα, σημασία έχει ποια σύμβαση κατέχει ο καθένας, τι ανέλαβε μέσα σε αυτήν, και αν ενεργούσε για τον εργοδότη ή ασκούσε ανεξάρτητη λειτουργία τη στιγμή που το πράγμα πήγε στραβά.

Q: Μπορεί ο εργοδότης να στραφεί απευθείας κατά υπεργολάβου;
A: Κατά κανόνα όχι. Οι υπεργολάβοι και οι προμηθευτές συμβάλλονται με τον εργολάβο και όχι με τον εργοδότη, οπότε ο εργοδότης δεν έχει ευθεία αξίωση εναντίον τους, όσο καθαρά κι αν προκάλεσε το πρόβλημα μια ειδική εργασία. Όπου ο εργοδότης θέλει ευθεία διαδρομή, πρέπει να δημιουργηθεί ρητά, με παρεπόμενη εγγύηση, με απευθείας ανάθεση, με εγγύηση κατασκευαστή ή με εγγύηση μητρικής εταιρείας. Αξίζει να τακτοποιηθεί εξαρχής, γιατί η στιγμή που ο εργοδότης τη χρειάζεται είναι η στιγμή που κανείς δεν θα τη δώσει.

Q: Ποιος ευθύνεται για τον σχεδιασμό;
A: Εξαρτάται από τη διαδρομή ανάθεσης. Σε παραδοσιακό έργο ο εργολάβος αναλαμβάνει να εκτελέσει και να αποπερατώσει τις εργασίες που περιγράφονται στα συμβατικά έγγραφα, μέχρι την ημερομηνία αποπεράτωσης και στο προδιαγεγραμμένο επίπεδο, και δεν ευθύνεται για τον σχεδιασμό αλλά μόνο για την κατασκευή όσων του δόθηκαν. Σε σύμβαση μελέτης και κατασκευής αναλαμβάνει και τα δύο. Και στις δύο περιπτώσεις ο εργολάβος ευθύνεται έναντι του εργοδότη για το σύνολο των εργασιών, περιλαμβανομένων όσων εκτέλεσαν οι υπεργολάβοι του. Αυτό ακριβώς είναι το νόημα της δομής: ο εργοδότης έχει ένα μέρος να θεωρήσει υπεύθυνο, και ο εργολάβος μεταφέρει τον κίνδυνο στη δική του αλυσίδα.

Q: Ο αρχιτέκτονας ενεργεί για τον εργοδότη;
A: Εξαρτάται από τη στιγμή. Ως προς τον σχεδιασμό έχει σύμβαση με τον εργοδότη και ενεργεί γι' αυτόν. Όταν πιστοποιεί πληρωμές, αποφασίζει αιτήματα παράτασης ή κρίνει τη συμμόρφωση εργασίας, ασκεί λειτουργία που του αναθέτει η οικοδομική σύμβαση, στην οποία δεν είναι συμβαλλόμενο μέρος. Πρόκειται για δύο διαφορετικές λειτουργίες υπό δύο διαφορετικά έγγραφα, και τα δύο σύνολα εγγράφων λένε διαφορετικά πράγματα για το τι απαιτείται, οπότε διαβάζονται και τα δύο αντί να θεωρείται ότι το ένα διέπει το άλλο.

Q: Ευθύνεται ο εργοδότης για καθυστερήσεις των συμβούλων του;
A: Ο εργοδότης οφείλει να παρέχει πληροφορίες, οδηγίες και αποφάσεις όταν τις απαιτεί η σύμβαση ή το χρονοδιάγραμμα, και η απόφαση που δεν δόθηκε στην ώρα της είναι η αιτία μεγάλου μέρους των αιτημάτων παράτασης χρόνου.

Q: Ευθύνεται ο εργολάβος για τους υπεργολάβους του;
A: Απέναντι στον εργοδότη, ναι: ο εργολάβος ελέγχει τα μέσα και τη μέθοδο εκτός αν η σύμβαση λέει διαφορετικά, και φέρει τον κίνδυνο των υπεργολάβων του.

Q: Τι διαφορετικό φέρει ο επιβλέπων μηχανικός;
A: Υποχρεώσεις που πηγάζουν από τη νομοθεσία και όχι μόνο από τη σύμβαση, και οι οποίες δεν εξαφανίζονται επειδή κάποιος άλλος ανέλαβε τη δουλειά στην πράξη.

Q: Πώς δημιουργεί ο εργοδότης ευθύνη για τον εαυτό του;
A: Μέσα από την υποχρέωση που παραβλέπεται ευκολότερα: την παροχή πληροφοριών, οδηγιών και αποφάσεων όταν τις απαιτεί η σύμβαση ή το χρονοδιάγραμμα. Η καθυστερημένη πληροφόρηση, η καθυστερημένη πρόσβαση και οι καθυστερημένες αποφάσεις είναι οι κλασικοί λόγοι για τους οποίους ο εργολάβος αξιώνει παράταση χρόνου και έξοδα παράτασης, και βρίσκονται εξ ολοκλήρου υπό τον έλεγχο του εργοδότη.

Q: Ποιος μπορεί να ενάγει τον μηχανικό αν η κατασκευή αποδειχθεί ανεπαρκής;
A: Εξαρτάται από τον τρόπο ανάθεσης. Ο πολιτικός μηχανικός ή ο μηχανικός δομικών έργων ευθύνεται για τον δομικό σχεδιασμό και για τα τεχνικά στοιχεία που εμπίπτουν στο αντικείμενό του, και μπορεί να διοριστεί απευθείας από τον εργοδότη ή να αναληφθεί μέσω άλλου συμβούλου. Η διάκριση κρίνει ποιος κατέχει τη σύμβαση και επομένως ποιος μπορεί να εγείρει την αξίωση.

## Πότε ευθύνεται προσωπικά ο διευθυντής εταιρείας
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-prosopiki-efthini-dieuthinti
Ο κανόνας της χωριστής νομικής προσωπικότητας και οι εξαιρέσεις του: προσωπικές εγγυήσεις, αφερεγγυότητα, φόροι και εισφορές, καθήκοντα προς την εταιρεία.

Q: Πότε ακριβώς πληρώνει ο σύμβουλος τα χρέη της εταιρείας;
A: Το άρθρο 311(1) του ΚΕΦ. 113 δίνει τον βασικό κανόνα. Αν κατά την πορεία της εκκαθάρισης φανεί ότι εργασία της εταιρείας διεξήχθη με πρόθεση καταδολίευσης των πιστωτών της ή για οποιονδήποτε δόλιο σκοπό, το Δικαστήριο, μετά από αίτηση του επίσημου παραλήπτη, του εκκαθαριστή, πιστωτή ή συνεισφορέα, δύναται να δηλώσει ότι όσοι εσκεμμένα έλαβαν μέρος είναι προσωπικά υπεύθυνοι, χωρίς οποιοδήποτε περιορισμό ευθύνης, για όλα ή οποιαδήποτε χρέη της εταιρείας το Δικαστήριο διατάξει. Το κρίσιμο είναι το «εσκεμμένα»: δεν αρκεί η αποτυχία, χρειάζεται δόλος.

Q: Και αν δεν υπάρχει δόλος αλλά κακή διαχείριση;
A: Τότε εφαρμόζεται το άρθρο 312(1). Αν κατά την εκκαθάριση φανεί ότι ιδρυτής, προηγούμενος ή υφιστάμενος σύμβουλος, διαχειριστής, εκκαθαριστής ή αξιωματούχος κατακράτησε ή κατέχρησε χρήματα ή περιουσία της εταιρείας, ή είναι ένοχος παράβασης ή αθέτησης εμπιστεύματος σχετικά με αυτήν, το Δικαστήριο δύναται να εξετάσει τη διαγωγή του και να τον εξαναγκάσει να επιστρέψει ή να αποκαταστήσει. Είναι διαφορετική βάση από το άρθρο 311 και δεν απαιτεί πρόθεση καταδολίευσης.

Q: Τι κινδυνεύω αν δεν συνεργαστώ με τον εκκαθαριστή;
A: Ποινική ευθύνη. Το άρθρο 307(1) καθιστά αδίκημα για πρώην ή υφιστάμενο αξιωματούχο να μην αποκαλύψει πλήρως και αληθινά στον εκκαθαριστή ολόκληρη την περιουσία της εταιρείας και το πώς, σε ποιον, έναντι ποιας αντιπαροχής και πότε διατέθηκε οποιοδήποτε μέρος της, εκτός όσων διατέθηκαν κατά τη συνήθη πορεία των εργασιών, ή να μην παραδώσει στον εκκαθαριστή ό,τι του ανήκει. Το άρθρο 308(1) φτάνει πιο μακριά: καταστροφή, αλλοίωση ή παραποίηση βιβλίων και εγγράφων, ή ψευδής ή δόλια καταχώριση, με πρόθεση καταδολίευσης, φέρει φυλάκιση μέχρι δύο έτη.

Q: Η εταιρεία έκλεισε με χρέη. Μπορούν να έρθουν σε μένα;
A: Καταρχήν όχι, εκτός αν υπάρχει προσωπική εγγύηση, προσωπική υπαιτιότητα για συγκεκριμένες κατηγορίες οφειλών όπως φόροι και εισφορές, ή συμπεριφορά κοντά στην αφερεγγυότητα που ανοίγει προσωπική ευθύνη. Η απάντηση κρίνεται στα έγγραφα και στα γεγονότα, και αξίζει συγκεκριμένη εκτίμηση πριν από οποιαδήποτε υπόσχεση ή πληρωμή.

Q: Υπέγραψα εγγύηση πριν από χρόνια για δάνειο που έχει αναδιαρθρωθεί. Ισχύει ακόμη;
A: Εξαρτάται από τους όρους της εγγύησης και από το τι έγινε στην αναδιάρθρωση. Είναι από τα πρώτα έγγραφα που πρέπει να ελεγχθούν, και από τα συνηθέστερα σημεία όπου οι εγγυητές έχουν πραγματικά επιχειρήματα.

Q: Είμαι διευθυντής «στα χαρτιά» και δεν αποφασίζω τίποτα. Προστατεύομαι;
A: Όχι όσο νομίζετε. Τα καθήκοντα συνοδεύουν την ιδιότητα, όχι τον βαθμό ανάμιξης, και η αδράνεια δεν είναι άμυνα όταν οφείλατε να επιβλέπετε. Το «ονομαστικός διευθυντής» είναι περιγραφή κινδύνου, όχι ασυλία.

## Προσωπική Εγγύηση στην Κύπρο: Τι Οφείλει ο Εγγυητής
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-prosopiki-eggyisi-kypros
Η εγγύηση κατά το ΚΕΦ. 149: ευθύνη στην έκταση του πρωτοφειλέτη, ανάκληση συνεχούς εγγύησης, οι μεταβολές και οι χαμένες ασφάλειες που απαλλάσσουν, και η υποκατάσταση.

Q: Η τράπεζα αναδιάρθρωσε το δάνειο χωρίς να με ενημερώσει. Δεσμεύομαι ακόμη;
A: Ενδεχομένως όχι, ως προς όσα ακολούθησαν. Κατά το άρθρο 91 του ΚΕΦ. 149, κάθε μεταβολή των όρων μεταξύ οφειλέτη και πιστωτή χωρίς τη συναίνεση του εγγυητή απαλλάσσει τον εγγυητή για τις μεταγενέστερες της μεταβολής συναλλαγές. Στείλτε μας την εγγύηση και ό,τι είναι γνωστό για την αναδιάρθρωση: οι ημερομηνίες κρίνουν πόσο από την απαίτηση επιζεί.

Q: Ο πιστωτής έδωσε στον οφειλέτη παράταση. Με επηρεάζει;
A: Αν ο πιστωτής συμβλήθηκε με τον οφειλέτη να δώσει παράταση, ή να μην τον εναγάγει, ή συμβιβάστηκε, το άρθρο 93 σας απαλλάσσει εκτός αν συγκατατεθήκατε. Δύο γειτονικοί κανόνες κόβουν αντίθετα: συμφωνία με τρίτο πρόσωπο αντί με τον οφειλέτη δεν απαλλάσσει (άρθρο 94), και η απλή αδράνεια του πιστωτή επί χρόνια δεν είναι απαλλαγή (άρθρο 95). Σε ποια πλευρά των γραμμών αυτών πέφτουν τα γεγονότα σας είναι ακριβώς αυτό που ελέγχουμε.

Q: Η τράπεζα εξάλειψε την υποθήκη που είχε από τον οφειλέτη. Οφείλω ακόμη τα πάντα;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 99 δικαιούσασταν το όφελος κάθε ασφάλειας που ο πιστωτής είχε όταν δόθηκε η εγγύησή σας, είτε τη γνωρίζατε είτε όχι, και αν ο πιστωτής την έχασε ή αποξενώθηκε από αυτήν χωρίς τη συναίνεσή σας, απαλλάσσεστε κατά την έκταση της αξίας της. Ασφάλεια που αποδεσμεύθηκε ή απομειώθηκε δεν είναι λεπτομέρεια: είναι υπεράσπιση που μετριέται με την αξία της.

Q: Μπορώ να απεγκλωβιστώ από εγγύηση που υπέγραψα πριν από χρόνια;
A: Για το μέλλον, συχνά ναι: η συνεχής εγγύηση ανακαλείται ως προς τις μελλοντικές συναλλαγές οποτεδήποτε, με ειδοποίηση προς τον πιστωτή κατά το άρθρο 88. Ό,τι έχει ήδη συσσωρευθεί μένει. Το αν και το συσσωρευμένο προσβάλλεται εξαρτάται από τα πιο πάνω άρθρα: μεταβολές, παρατάσεις, χαμένες ασφάλειες, και τι σας είπαν και τι δεν σας είπαν κατά την υπογραφή, κατά τα άρθρα 100 και 101.

Q: Κανείς δεν μου είπε ότι ο λογαριασμός ήταν ήδη σε καθυστέρηση όταν υπέγραψα.
A: Αυτή είναι η περίπτωση των άρθρων 100 και 101: εγγύηση που εξασφαλίστηκε με ψευδή παράσταση του πιστωτή για ουσιαστικό μέρος της συναλλαγής, ή με σιωπή του ως προς ουσιαστικό περιστατικό, δεν είναι έγκυρη. Το τι ήταν ουσιώδες, και τι αποκρύφτηκε, είναι ζήτημα μαρτυρίας: διαφυλάξτε καθετί από τον χρόνο της υπογραφής και πείτε μας την αλληλουχία όσο είναι νωπή.

Q: Πλήρωσα ως εγγυητής. Στρέφομαι κατά του οφειλέτη ή των άλλων εγγυητών;
A: Και κατά των δύο. Με την πληρωμή υποκαθίστασθε στα δικαιώματα του πιστωτή έναντι του οφειλέτη κατά το άρθρο 98, μαζί με τις ασφάλειες. Και οι συνεγγυητές ευθύνονται μεταξύ τους εξίσου κατά τα άρθρα 104 και 105, εντός των ορίων του καθενός όπου τα ποσά διαφέρουν. Η απαίτηση είναι συμβατική, οπότε το ρολόι είναι τα έξι χρόνια του άρθρου 7(1) του Ν. 66(Ι)/2012.

Q: Ο θάνατος του εγγυητή τερματίζει την εγγύηση;
A: Για τις μελλοντικές συναλλαγές συνεχούς εγγύησης, ναι, εκτός αν η σύμβαση ορίζει άλλως: κατά το άρθρο 89 ο θάνατος ενεργεί ως ανάκληση για το μέλλον. Ό,τι οφειλόταν κατά τον θάνατο παραμένει υποχρέωση της κληρονομιάς. Εκτελεστής που διαχειρίζεται κληρονομιά με παλιά εγγύηση πρέπει να διαπιστώσει το υπόλοιπο του λογαριασμού κατά την ημερομηνία θανάτου, γιατί εκεί χαράσσεται η γραμμή.

## Το προσωπικό όταν πωλείται η επιχείρηση στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-prosopiko-se-metavivasi-epicheirisis
Ο Ν. 104(Ι)/2000 μεταφέρει τις συμβάσεις εργασίας από μόνος του. Ο αγοραστής δεν επιλέγει ποιοι έρχονται, και η πώληση δεν είναι λόγος απόλυσης.

Q: Μπορώ να επιλέξω ποιους θα κρατήσω;
A: Όχι. Ο Ν. 104(Ι)/2000 μεταφέρει τις σχέσεις εργασίας αυτοδικαίως, και η συμφωνία μεταξύ αγοραστή και πωλητή δεν μπορεί να το ανατρέψει.

Q: Ισχύει και σε πώληση μετοχών;
A: Το ζήτημα τίθεται κυρίως στην πώληση περιουσιακών στοιχείων. Στην πώληση μετοχών ο εργοδότης δεν αλλάζει, οπότε δεν τίθεται.

Q: Είναι η πώληση λόγος απόλυσης;
A: Όχι από μόνη της. Απόλυση μετά από μεταβίβαση πρέπει να στηρίζεται σε λόγο που θα στεκόταν ούτως ή άλλως, και ο χρόνος της θα εξεταστεί.

Q: Τι κληρονομεί ο αγοραστής;
A: Τις συμβάσεις όπως είναι, με την προϋπηρεσία, τους όρους και τις εκκρεμότητες που τις συνοδεύουν. Ρήτρα που αφήνει το προσωπικό στον πωλητή ρυθμίζει μόνο τη σχέση των δύο μερών.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν ο αγοραστής προσφέρει χειρότερους όρους;
A: Το άρθρο 5(2) προβλέπει ότι, όταν η σύμβαση τερματίζεται επειδή η μεταβίβαση συνεπάγεται ουσιώδη μεταβολή των όρων εργασίας σε βάρος του εργοδοτουμένου, ο εργοδότης θεωρείται υπεύθυνος για τον τερματισμό.

Q: Για πόσο διατηρούνται οι όροι συλλογικής σύμβασης;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 4(2), ο αγοραστής τους διατηρεί στην ίδια έκταση μέχρι να τερματιστεί ή να λήξει η συλλογική σύμβαση ή να τεθεί σε ισχύ άλλη, με ελάχιστη περίοδο ενός έτους.

Q: Εφαρμόζεται ο Νόμος όταν η εταιρεία είναι αφερέγγυα;
A: Το άρθρο 6 δεν εφαρμόζει τα άρθρα 4 και 5 όταν ο μεταβιβάζων υπόκειται σε διαδικασία πτώχευσης, εκκαθάρισης ή ανάλογη διαδικασία που κινήθηκε με σκοπό την εκκαθάριση των περιουσιακών του στοιχείων υπό εποπτεία. Το άρθρο 9(1) καθιστά αδίκημα την καταχρηστική προσφυγή σε διαδικασία αφερεγγυότητας με σκοπό τη στέρηση των δικαιωμάτων των εργοδοτουμένων.

## Προστασία της Μητρότητας στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-prostasia-mitrotitas
Είκοσι δύο εβδομάδες άδεια, προστασία από απόλυση μέχρι πέντε μήνες μετά το πέρας της, και το πιστοποιητικό που ανακαλεί απόλυση ήδη δοθείσα, κατά τον Ν. 100(Ι)/1997.

Q: Πόσο διαρκεί η άδεια μητρότητας στην Κύπρο;
A: Είκοσι δύο συναπτές εβδομάδες κατά το άρθρο 3(2) του Ν. 100(Ι)/1997, και είκοσι έξι συναπτές εβδομάδες σε τρίτο και μεταγενέστερους τοκετούς. Οι έντεκα από τις εβδομάδες λαμβάνονται υποχρεωτικά στην περίοδο που αρχίζει δύο εβδομάδες πριν από την εβδομάδα του αναμενόμενου τοκετού.

Q: Απολύθηκα και μόνο μετά ενημέρωσα τον εργοδότη για την εγκυμοσύνη.
A: Το άρθρο 4(3) μπορεί να την αναιρέσει. Ο τερματισμός, ή η προειδοποίηση τερματισμού, ανακαλείται ανεξάρτητα από το αν ο εργοδότης γνώριζε την εγκυμοσύνη, εφόσον του τη γνωστοποιήσετε με πιστοποιητικό εγγεγραμμένου ιατρού εντός πέντε εργάσιμων ημερών από την ημέρα που λαμβάνετε γνώση της απόλυσης ή της πρόθεσης. Η προθεσμία είναι σύντομη και τρέχει από τη γνώση, οπότε το πιστοποιητικό εξασφαλίζεται αμέσως.

Q: Για πόσο προστατεύομαι μετά το πέρας της άδειας;
A: Πέντε μήνες. Το άρθρο 4(1)(α) προστατεύει τη μισθωτή που ενημέρωσε γραπτώς τον εργοδότη για την εγκυμοσύνη, από την αρχή της εγκυμοσύνης μέχρι και πέντε μήνες μετά το πέρας της άδειας μητρότητας, με την επιφύλαξη των εξαιρέσεων του άρθρου 4Β.

Q: Ο εργοδότης προσλαμβάνει μόνιμο άτομο ενόσω είμαι σε άδεια.
A: Εμπίπτει στην απαγόρευση. Το άρθρο 4(1)(β) απαγορεύει στον εργοδότη, κατά την προστατευόμενη περίοδο, όχι μόνο να προειδοποιεί ή να τερματίζει, αλλά και να προβαίνει σε ενέργειες με στόχο την οριστική αντικατάσταση της μισθωτής. Η κάλυψη της περιόδου της άδειας είναι άλλο πράγμα από τον μόνιμο διάδοχο.

Q: Μπορώ να απολυθώ για πραγματικό πλεονασμό ενώ είμαι έγκυος;
A: Μόνο εντός των εξαιρέσεων. Το άρθρο 4Β(1) δεν εφαρμόζει την προστασία όταν η μισθωτή είναι ένοχη σοβαρού παραπτώματος που δικαιολογεί τη ρήξη της σχέσης, όταν η επιχείρηση έπαυσε να λειτουργεί, και όταν έληξε η περίοδος σύμβασης ορισμένου χρόνου, εκτός αν η μη ανανέωση συνδέεται με την εγκυμοσύνη, τον τοκετό, τη γαλουχία ή την άδεια. Το άρθρο 4Β(2) απαιτεί τότε ο εργοδότης να γνωστοποιήσει γραπτώς τους λόγους και να τους αιτιολογήσει δεόντως.

Q: Η ώρα του θηλασμού πληρώνεται;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 5(2) ορίζει ότι η ώρα, είτε ως διακοπή εργασίας είτε ως βραδεία προσέλευση είτε ως πρόωρη αποχώρηση, θεωρείται και αμείβεται ως χρόνος εργασίας. Το δικαίωμα διαρκεί δώδεκα μήνες από τον τοκετό κατά το άρθρο 5(1), ενώ οι προγεννητικές εξετάσεις καλύπτονται χωριστά, χωρίς απώλεια αποδοχών, από το άρθρο 5Α.

Q: Εργάζομαι λίγους μήνες, και με μερική απασχόληση. Καλύπτομαι;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 9Α(1) δεν εφαρμόζει καμία διάταξη που θέτει ελάχιστο διάστημα απασχόλησης ή ελάχιστο αριθμό ωρών ως προϋπόθεση της ευθύνης ή του δικαιώματος σε αποζημίωση, ούτε διάταξη που θέτει ανώτατο όριο αποζημίωσης. Το άρθρο 9Α(2) καθιστά άκυρη κάθε αντίθετη συμφωνία.

## Πρόσβαση σε πληροφορίες δημόσιας αρχής: τριάντα ημέρες
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-prosvasi-se-plirofories
Κάθε πρόσωπο ζητά γραπτώς, χωρίς να αποδεικνύει συμφέρον, κατά τον Ν. 184(Ι)/2017. Η αρχή έχει τριάντα ημέρες, και η απόφαση του Επιτρόπου Πληροφόρησης τη δεσμεύει.

Q: Πρέπει να αποδείξω συμφέρον;
A: Όχι. Κατά τον Ν. 184(Ι)/2017 ο φάκελος μπορεί να ζητηθεί απευθείας, από οποιονδήποτε, χωρίς να αποδεικνύεται συμφέρον.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχει η αρχή;
A: Τριάντα ημέρες. Το άρθρο 8(1) δίνει δύο χωριστά δικαιώματα: να πληροφορηθείτε γραπτώς αν η αρχή κατέχει την πληροφορία, και να σας κοινοποιηθεί.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν αρνηθεί ή σιωπήσει;
A: Το παράπονο πάει στον Επίτροπο Πληροφόρησης, και η απόφασή του δεσμεύει την αρχή. Δεν καταλήγει σε σύσταση, και γι' αυτό η διαδρομή είναι αποτελεσματική.

Q: Υπάρχει κάτι που δεν αποκαλύπτεται ποτέ;
A: Πέντε κατηγορίες είναι απόλυτες εξαιρέσεις κατά το άρθρο 19(1): πληροφορίες προσβάσιμες με άλλη οδό, πληροφορίες που αφορούν ή προέρχονται από τα σώματα ασφαλείας, δικαστικά αρχεία, κοινοβουλευτικές πληροφορίες, και πληροφορίες που δόθηκαν υπό εχεμύθεια. Καθετί άλλο είναι μη απόλυτη εξαίρεση, που σημαίνει ότι η αποκάλυψη μπορεί και πάλι να απαιτηθεί.

Q: Πώς γράφεται ένα αίτημα που πετυχαίνει;
A: Συγκεκριμένα: ονομάζοντας έγγραφα, περιόδους και θέματα, αντί να ζητά όλα όσα αφορούν την υπόθεση.

## Προσβολή διαθήκης: δύο διαφορετικά παράπονα, δύο διαδρομές
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-prosvoli-diathikis
Το κύρος της διαθήκης και η νόμιμη μοίρα είναι δύο διαφορετικά πράγματα. Οι τύποι του Κεφ. 195, η ικανότητα του διαθέτη, η ανεπίτρεπτη επιρροή.

Q: Ποια είναι τα δύο διαφορετικά παράπονα;
A: Ότι η διαθήκη δεν είναι έγκυρη, δηλαδή δεν συντάχθηκε σωστά ή ο διαθέτης δεν είχε ικανότητα ή πιέστηκε· ή ότι είναι έγκυρη αλλά δίνει λιγότερα από όσα επιφυλάσσει ο νόμος. Το πρώτο επιτίθεται στο έγγραφο, το δεύτερο δεν χρειάζεται να το κάνει.

Q: Τι τύπους απαιτεί ο νόμος για τη διαθήκη;
A: Κατά το Κεφ. 195, γραπτή διαθήκη, υπογεγραμμένη στο τέλος της από τον διαθέτη, με την υπογραφή να γίνεται ή να αναγνωρίζεται ενώπιον δύο ή περισσότερων μαρτύρων παρόντων ταυτόχρονα, οι οποίοι βεβαιώνουν και υπογράφουν παρουσία του διαθέτη και μεταξύ τους, με κάθε φύλλο υπογεγραμμένο ή μονογραμμένο.

Q: Πότε κρίνεται η ικανότητα του διαθέτη;
A: Κατά τη στιγμή της σύνταξης. Γι' αυτό τα ιατρικά αρχεία εκείνης της περιόδου έχουν μεγαλύτερη βαρύτητα από μαρτυρίες που δίνονται χρόνια αργότερα.

Q: Αρκεί η οικογενειακή πίεση για ανεπίτρεπτη επιρροή;
A: Όχι. Ανεπίτρεπτη επιρροή σημαίνει πίεση που κατέβαλε τη θέληση του διαθέτη, όχι απλή πειθώ ούτε οικογενειακή εγγύτητα.

Q: Άργησα αν έχει ήδη γίνει διανομή;
A: Δυσκολεύει σημαντικά. Πριν από τη διανομή το ερώτημα είναι τι λέει η διαθήκη· μετά, γίνεται από ποιον ανακτάται τι, που είναι δυσκολότερο, ακριβότερο και συχνά ατελές.

## Προσφυγή κατά διοικητικής απόφασης: οι 75 ημέρες
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-prosvoli-dioikitikis-apofasis
Τι μετρά ως εκτελεστή πράξη, από πότε τρέχουν οι 75 ημέρες του Άρθρου 146(3), και γιατί η νέα αίτηση στην ίδια αρχή δεν αναβιώνει την προθεσμία.

Q: Ποια είναι η προθεσμία;
A: Εβδομήντα πέντε ημέρες κατά το Άρθρο 146(3) του Συντάγματος, από τη δημοσίευση της απόφασης ή, όπου δεν δημοσιεύεται, από την ημέρα που περιήλθε σε γνώση του προσφεύγοντος.

Q: Τι μετρά ως απόφαση;
A: Εκτελεστή διοικητική πράξη που παράγει έννομα αποτελέσματα: αρνήσεις, ανακλήσεις, όροι σε άδεια, πειθαρχικές αποφάσεις, αποτελέσματα προσφορών. Όχι προπαρασκευαστικό βήμα, εσωτερική γνωμάτευση ή καθαρά ενημερωτική επιστολή.

Q: Έχασα την προθεσμία. Μπορώ να ξαναζητήσω από την αρχή;
A: Η απάντηση σε νέα αίτηση για το ίδιο ζήτημα συνήθως κρίνεται βεβαιωτική της αρχικής απόφασης και όχι νέα απόφαση, οπότε δεν αναβιώνει την προθεσμία.

Q: Πώς χτίζονται οι λόγοι της προσφυγής;
A: Από τον φάκελο: τι έλαβε υπόψη η αρχή και με ποια αιτιολογία. Ο φάκελος συχνά ζητείται με αίτημα πρόσβασης σε πληροφορίες πριν από την καταχώριση.

## Η DSA στην Κύπρο: τι ζητά ο Ν. 122(Ι)/2025
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-psifiakes-ypiresies-kypros
Ο Ν. 122(Ι)/2025 ορίζει Συντονιστή Ψηφιακών Υπηρεσιών, καθιστά υποχρεωτικό το Μητρώο Παρόχων, και θέτει ποινή έως 5% του ημερήσιου παγκόσμιου κύκλου εργασιών.

Q: Ποιος είναι ο Συντονιστής Ψηφιακών Υπηρεσιών στην Κύπρο;
A: Το άρθρο 4(1) του Ν. 122(Ι)/2025 ορίζει την Αρχή Ραδιοτηλεόρασης και Ψηφιακών Υπηρεσιών, που ιδρύθηκε δυνάμει του άρθρου 3 του περί Ραδιοφωνικών και Τηλεοπτικών Οργανισμών Νόμου, ως Συντονιστή Ψηφιακών Υπηρεσιών κατ' εφαρμογήν της παραγράφου 2 του άρθρου 49 του Κανονισμού (ΕΕ) 2022/2065. Το άρθρο 4(2) την υποχρεώνει να ενεργεί με αμεροληψία, διαφάνεια και απόλυτη ανεξαρτησία, χωρίς να ζητά ή να λαμβάνει οδηγίες από δημόσια αρχή ή ιδιωτικό φορέα.

Q: Εφαρμόζεται ο Νόμος στη δική μου επιχείρηση;
A: Το άρθρο 3 έχει τέσσερα σκέλη: πάροχοι εγκατεστημένοι στη Δημοκρατία· πάροχοι των οποίων οι νόμιμοι εκπρόσωποι διαμένουν ή είναι εγκατεστημένοι εδώ· πάροχοι με ουσιώδη σύνδεση με τη Δημοκρατία· και πάροχοι που παρέχουν ενδιάμεσες υπηρεσίες στη Δημοκρατία χωρίς να έχουν ουσιώδη σύνδεση με αυτήν. Το τελευταίο σκέλος πιάνει πλατφόρμες χωρίς καμία φυσική παρουσία εδώ.

Q: Υπάρχει μητρώο, και πρέπει να είμαι σε αυτό;
A: Και στα δύο ναι. Το άρθρο 13(1) υποχρέωσε τον Συντονιστή, εντός δώδεκα μηνών από την έναρξη ισχύος, να δημιουργήσει και να τηρεί ηλεκτρονικό Μητρώο Παρόχων Ενδιάμεσων Υπηρεσιών στην ιστοσελίδα του. Ο Νόμος δημοσιεύτηκε στις 11 Ιουλίου 2025 χωρίς χωριστή διάταξη έναρξης ισχύος, οπότε η περίοδος έληξε στις 11 Ιουλίου 2026. Το άρθρο 13(2) καθιστά την εγγραφή υποχρεωτική εντός τριών μηνών από τη λειτουργία του Μητρώου ή πριν από την έναρξη παροχής υπηρεσιών στη Δημοκρατία.

Q: Τι πρέπει να δηλωθεί στο μητρώο;
A: Το άρθρο 13(3)(α) ορίζει ελάχιστο περιεχόμενο: αριθμό μητρώου και ημερομηνία εγγραφής· όνομα φυσικού ή επωνυμία νομικού προσώπου· διεύθυνση κατοικίας ή έδρα και εγγεγραμμένο γραφείο· και στοιχεία σημείου επαφής στη Δημοκρατία για την επικοινωνία με τον Συντονιστή, τις αρμόδιες αρχές εδώ και σε άλλα κράτη μέλη, την Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή και το Ευρωπαϊκό Συμβούλιο Ψηφιακών Υπηρεσιών.

Q: Τι πρέπει να πληροί μια εντολή απόσυρσης;
A: Το άρθρο 12(1) υποχρεώνει τις αρμόδιες αρχές να διασφαλίζουν ότι οι εντολές ανάληψης δράσης κατά παράνομου περιεχομένου πληρούν τις προϋποθέσεις του άρθρου 9 του Κανονισμού (ΕΕ) 2022/2065, και το άρθρο 12(2) υποχρεώνει τον Συντονιστή να ακολουθεί τη διαδικασία και τις προθεσμίες του. Το άρθρο 12(3) κάνει το ίδιο για εντολές παροχής πληροφοριών για συγκεκριμένους αποδέκτες, έναντι του άρθρου 10 του Κανονισμού.

Q: Πώς καθορίζονται τα διοικητικά πρόστιμα;
A: Το άρθρο 19(1) υποχρεώνει τον Συντονιστή ή την αρμόδια αρχή να επιβάλει διοικητικό πρόστιμο κατ' εφαρμογήν των στοιχείων (γ) και (δ) της παραγράφου 2 του άρθρου 51 του Κανονισμού. Το άρθρο 19(2) εφαρμόζει τα άρθρα 51 και 52 και απαριθμεί τους παράγοντες: φύση, βαρύτητα και διάρκεια της παράβασης· δόλος ή αμέλεια· συστηματική ή επαναλαμβανόμενη μη συμμόρφωση· είδος, μέγεθος και φύση της υπηρεσίας και οικονομική ικανότητα· δραστηριοποίηση σε περισσότερα κράτη μέλη· και βαθμός συνεργασίας.

Q: Είναι και ποινικό αδίκημα;
A: Ναι. Το άρθρο 20(1) καθιστά αδίκημα την πράξη ή παράλειψη κατά παράβαση οποιασδήποτε διάταξης του Κανονισμού (ΕΕ) 2022/2065, με ποινή φυλάκισης μέχρι ένα έτος ή χρηματική ποινή μέχρι €10.000, ή και τα δύο, άνευ επηρεασμού του περί της Εφαρμογής των Κοινοτικών Κανονισμών και Κοινοτικών Αποφάσεων Νόμου.

Q: Ποιο είναι το ημερήσιο ανώτατο όριο;
A: Το άρθρο 20(2) είναι η διάταξη που πρέπει να διαβαστεί πριν θεωρήσει κανείς ότι οι €10.000 είναι η έκθεση. Όταν επιβάλλεται χρηματική ποινή κατά το εδάφιο (1), δεν υπερβαίνει το πέντε τοις εκατό του μέσου ημερήσιου παγκόσμιου κύκλου εργασιών ή εισοδήματος του παρόχου κατά το προηγούμενο οικονομικό έτος, ανά ημέρα, υπολογιζόμενη από την ημερομηνία που ορίζει η απόφαση.

Q: Μπορεί το δικαστήριο να διατάξει κάτι πέρα από πρόστιμο;
A: Το άρθρο 20(3) δίνει στο δικαστήριο που εκδικάζει αδίκημα του Νόμου εξουσία να εκδίδει οποιοδήποτε ενδιάμεσο ή τελικό διάταγμα, απαγορευτικό, αποτρεπτικό, προστακτικό ή ανασταλτικό, με σκοπό τον τερματισμό ή την αναστολή ή τη μη επανάληψη της πράξης ή της παράλειψης που συνιστά το αδίκημα.

Q: Ισχύουν αμέσως οι αποφάσεις του Συντονιστή;
A: Το άρθρο 14(1) ορίζει ότι οι αποφάσεις του Συντονιστή είναι άμεσα εκτελεστέες και ότι η εφαρμογή τους δεν απαιτεί έγκριση οποιουδήποτε κρατικού ή άλλου φορέα. Το άρθρο 14(2) δίνει προσφυγή ενώπιον του Διοικητικού Δικαστηρίου κατά το Άρθρο 146 του Συντάγματος, με προθεσμία που τρέχει από τότε που η απόφαση περιήλθε σε εσάς.

Q: Θα πληρώνω ετήσιο τέλος;
A: Το άρθρο 17(1)(α) επιτρέπει στον Συντονιστή να επιβάλλει ετήσιο τέλος σε πρόσωπα εντός του πεδίου εφαρμογής, και το άρθρο 17(1)(β) το περιορίζει σε ό,τι είναι αναγκαίο και αναλογικό. Το άρθρο 17(2) του επιτρέπει να μην το επιβάλει σε πρόσωπα κάτω από ορισμένο κατώτατο όριο κύκλου εργασιών ή μεριδίου αγοράς, πολύ περιορισμένης γεωγραφικής εμβέλειας, ή που παρέχουν συγκεκριμένες κατηγορίες υπηρεσιών. Τα όρια δεν βρίσκονται μέσα στον Νόμο.

Q: Από πού χρηματοδοτείται ο Συντονιστής;
A: Το άρθρο 16(1) ορίζει ότι τα έσοδα για τη λειτουργία του προέρχονται από τα διοικητικά πρόστιμα και τα τέλη που επιβάλλονται δυνάμει του Νόμου. Το άρθρο 16(2) υποχρεώνει τη Δημοκρατία να μεριμνά ώστε ο Συντονιστής και οι αρμόδιες αρχές να διαθέτουν επαρκείς τεχνικούς, χρηματοδοτικούς και ανθρώπινους πόρους για την εποπτεία των παρόχων που εμπίπτουν στην αρμοδιότητά τους, όπως απαιτεί το άρθρο 50 του Κανονισμού.

## Σημείο φόρτισης σε κοινόκτητη οικοδομή: το Κεφ. 224
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-simeia-fortisis-koinoktiti-oikodomi
Το άρθρο 38Δ επιτρέπει μετατροπές στη μονάδα με τρεις προϋποθέσεις, και μια όδευση από κοινόκτητο χώρο τις παραβιάζει. Η απόφαση που δεσμεύει τους επόμενους.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν ο φορτιστής συνδεθεί στην κοινόχρηστη παροχή;
A: Τότε το κόστος του ρεύματος πέφτει σε όλους τους ιδιοκτήτες μέσω των κοινοχρήστων, και αυτό είναι το σημείο στο οποίο μια εγκατάσταση που κανείς δεν πρόσεξε γίνεται διαφορά. Ο φορτιστής χρειάζεται δικό του μετρητή ή δική του καταμέτρηση, με συμφωνημένο τρόπο χρέωσης, ώστε να πληρώνει το ρεύμα εκείνος που το καταναλώνει. Όπου αυτό δεν έγινε εξαρχής, τακτοποιείται με απόφαση της γενικής συνέλευσης και όχι με προφορική συνεννόηση.

Q: Τι απαιτούν οι κανόνες σε νέα κτήρια;
A: Οι απαιτήσεις για σημεία επαναφόρτισης και προκαλωδίωση σε νέα και ριζικά ανακαινιζόμενα κτήρια πηγάζουν από τους ενωσιακούς κανόνες για την ενεργειακή απόδοση των κτηρίων, οι οποίοι αναδιατυπώθηκαν με την Οδηγία (ΕΕ) 2024/1275. Οι υποχρεώσεις διαφέρουν ανάμεσα σε κτήρια κατοικίας και σε άλλα κτήρια και ανάλογα με τον αριθμό των θέσεων στάθμευσης. Το χρήσιμο βήμα είναι να διαπιστωθεί ποια εκδοχή ισχύει για τη συγκεκριμένη άδεια πριν παγιωθεί ο σχεδιασμός.

Q: Μπορώ να εγκαταστήσω φορτιστή μόνος μου στη θέση στάθμευσής μου;
A: Σπανίως. Το άρθρο 38Δ του Κεφ. 224 επιτρέπει στον κύριο μονάδας μετατροπές, προσθήκες ή επιδιορθώσεις στη μονάδα του με τρεις προϋποθέσεις: να μην παραβλάπτουν τα δικαιώματα άλλου κυρίου, να μην επηρεάζουν την κοινόκτητη ιδιοκτησία, τη λειτουργικότητα ή την κάρπωσή της, και να μην επηρεάζουν φέροντες ή εξωτερικούς τοίχους ή τον σκελετό. Ο φορτιστής τροφοδοτείται σχεδόν πάντοτε από στήλη, μετρητή ή οδεύσεις του κοινόκτητου σκελετού, και συχνά στερεώνεται σε εξωτερικό τοίχο, οπότε βγαίνει από το άρθρο 38Δ.

Q: Τι ακριβώς είναι η θέση στάθμευσης;
A: Πριν από το καλώδιο έρχεται το ερώτημα ποιος κατέχει τι. Η θέση μπορεί να είναι εγγεγραμμένη ως μέρος της μονάδας, να κατέχεται δυνάμει του συμβολαίου πώλησης ως παραχωρημένη θέση χωρίς χωριστό τίτλο, ή να αποτελεί μέρος της κοινόκτητης ιδιοκτησίας με αποκλειστικό δικαίωμα χρήσης προσαρτημένο σε μονάδα. Οι τρεις καταστάσεις είναι δυσδιάκριτες όταν στέκεστε στο υπόγειο και δίνουν εντελώς διαφορετικές απαντήσεις.

Q: Γιατί είναι διαφορά ιδιοκτησίας και όχι ενέργειας;
A: Γιατί το σημείο φόρτισης μοιάζει με συσκευή και αντιμετωπίζεται σαν συσκευή, ενώ είναι μόνιμη ηλεκτρική εγκατάσταση σε κτήριο που ανήκει σε κάποιον και τροφοδοτείται από παροχή στο όνομα κάποιου. Σχεδόν κάθε τέτοια διαφορά που φτάνει στο γραφείο είναι διαφορά ιδιοκτησίας ή σύμβασης, και σχεδόν όλες θα είχαν λυθεί γραπτώς πριν παραγγελθεί ο εξοπλισμός.

Q: Τι πρέπει να ρυθμιστεί πριν αρχίσουν οι εργασίες;
A: Ποιος συναινεί, με ποιον τύπο και με ποια πλειοψηφία· η ηλεκτρική επάρκεια της οικοδομής, που σχεδιάστηκε για το κτήριο όπως ήταν· η μέτρηση, ώστε η κατανάλωση να χρεώνεται στον χρήστη και όχι στα κοινόχρηστα· η αποκατάσταση όταν η μονάδα πωληθεί· και η συντήρηση και η ασφάλιση, περιλαμβανομένου του αν έχει ενημερωθεί το ασφαλιστήριο της οικοδομής.

## Η συμφωνία κράτησης αγοράζει χρόνο, όχι ασφάλεια
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-symfonies-kratisis
Η κράτηση δεν δίνει δικαίωμα επί του ακινήτου και δεν κατατίθεται. Τι πρέπει να λέει για να επιστρέφεται, και γιατί τα τυποποιημένα έντυπα κρατούν τα χρήματα.

Q: Ποιος πρέπει να κρατά την προκαταβολή κράτησης;
A: Προκαταβολή που κρατά ο πωλητής ή ο κτηματομεσίτης είναι χρήμα ξοδεμένο. Προκαταβολή που κρατείται σε λογαριασμό πελατών δικηγόρου, έναντι καθορισμένων όρων αποδέσμευσης, είναι χρήμα ανακτήσιμο. Η διαφορά δεν κοστίζει τίποτε να συμφωνηθεί στην αρχή και είναι σχεδόν αδύνατο να διορθωθεί μετά.

Q: Πόσο πρέπει να διαρκεί η περίοδος αποκλειστικότητας;
A: Η συμφωνία πρέπει να ορίζει ημερομηνία έναρξης και ημερομηνία λήξης: η «εύλογη περίοδος» δεν είναι διάρκεια. Ορίστε την περίοδο με βάση την εργασία που πρέπει να γίνει μέσα σε αυτήν, δηλαδή την έρευνα στο Κτηματολόγιο, τη θέση των αδειών και της πολεοδομίας, την κατάσταση του τίτλου, και τη διαπραγμάτευση της ίδιας της σύμβασης πώλησης. Τέσσερις εβδομάδες είναι στενές όπου δεν υπάρχει χωριστός τίτλος ιδιοκτησίας.

Q: Τι μπορώ να ανακτήσω αν ο πωλητής αθετήσει τη συμφωνία κράτησης;
A: Η ειδική εκτέλεση είναι θεωρητικά διαθέσιμη αλλά σπάνια χρήσιμη στην πράξη, γιατί μέχρι να κινηθεί διαδικασία η περίοδος αποκλειστικότητας θα έχει λήξει. Η ρεαλιστική θεραπεία είναι αποζημίωση μετρημένη στις μάταιες δαπάνες του αγοραστή: δικηγορικά έξοδα, κόστος επιθεώρησης και ερευνών, και το κόστος του χαμένου χρόνου. Δεν εκτείνεται στο κέρδος που ο αγοραστής προσδοκούσε από αγορά που δεν ολοκληρώθηκε ποτέ.

Q: Μου δίνει η κράτηση δικαίωμα στο ακίνητο;
A: Όχι. Δεν είναι σύμβαση πώλησης και δεν κατατίθεται στο Κτηματολόγιο. Μόνο η κατατεθειμένη σύμβαση πώλησης δίνει προτεραιότητα έναντι μεταγενέστερων υποθηκών, πωλήσεων και άλλων συναλλαγών.

Q: Επιστρέφονται τα χρήματα της κράτησης;
A: Μόνο αν το λέει το έντυπο. Δεν υπάρχει νομοθετικό καθεστώς: η κράτηση λειτουργεί ως συνήθης σύμβαση κατά το Κεφ. 149 και δεσμεύει με ό,τι λέει στην όψη της, και τα τυποποιημένα έντυπα είναι συνήθως γραμμένα ώστε να κρατούν τα χρήματα.

Q: Τι πρέπει να λέει για να με προστατεύει;
A: Ότι επιστρέφεται αν ο έλεγχος αποκαλύψει πρόβλημα ή αν δεν συμφωνηθούν οι ουσιώδεις όροι· ποια ακριβώς μονάδα κρατείται με αριθμό, έκταση και θέση· για πόσο χρόνο, αρκετό για πραγματικό έλεγχο· και σε ποια τιμή και με ποιους ουσιώδεις όρους.

Q: Ο πωλητής πιέζει να υπογράψω σήμερα.
A: Η κατασκευασμένη πίεση χρόνου είναι το παλαιότερο εργαλείο στη συναλλαγή. Η κράτηση χρησιμεύει ακριβώς για να αγοράσει τον χρόνο του ελέγχου· αν το έντυπο κάνει κάτι περισσότερο, το κάνει υπέρ του πωλητή.

## Συνιδιόκτητη γη: διαχωρισμός, πλειστηριασμός, προτίμηση
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-symkyriotita-gis-diaxorismos-protimisi
Θεραπείες συγκυριότητας κατά το Κεφ. 224: διαχωρισμός με αίτηση ενός συγκυρίου, πλειστηριασμός όπου είναι αδύνατος, και το δικαίωμα προτίμησης.

Q: Μπορεί ένας συγκύριος να επιβάλει διαχωρισμό;
A: Ναι. Κατά το άρθρο 29(1) του Κεφ. 224 ο Διευθυντής δύναται να φροντίσει για διαχωρισμό ιδιοκτησίας που κατέχεται σε εξ αδιαιρέτου μερίδες με αίτηση οποιουδήποτε από τους συγκυρίους, και να εγγράψει τα τεμάχια. Δεν απαιτείται πλειοψηφία.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν το ακίνητο δεν διαχωρίζεται;
A: Εφαρμόζεται το άρθρο 28(1). Οποιοσδήποτε συγκύριος παίρνει πιστοποιητικό ότι ο διαχωρισμός είναι αδύνατος λόγω του άρθρου 27, το επιδίδει με ειδοποίηση ότι αν δεν συμφωνηθεί εντός τριάντα ημερών διευθέτηση, θα ζητηθεί πώληση, και ο Διευθυντής μπορεί να εκπλειστηριάσει και να διανείμει το προϊόν.

Q: Σταματά τη διαδικασία ο συγκύριος που είναι στο εξωτερικό;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 28(1) επιτρέπει στον Διευθυντή να προχωρήσει ανεξάρτητα από την απουσία οποιουδήποτε συγκυρίου από την Κύπρο, και όπου η επίδοση είναι ανέφικτη η επιφύλαξη επιτρέπει δημοσίευση, με την ημερομηνία δημοσίευσης να λογίζεται ως επίδοση.

Q: Μπορώ να πουλήσω τη μερίδα μου σε ξένο;
A: Μόνο αφού οι άλλοι συγκύριοι έχουν τη σειρά τους. Κατά το άρθρο 25(1) η μεταβίβαση δεν εγγράφεται εκτός αν, εντός εξήντα ημερών από τη δήλωση πώλησης, είτε ο πωλητής ικανοποιήσει τον Διευθυντή ότι οι άλλοι δεν επιθυμούν να αγοράσουν στην τιμή αυτή, είτε ο αγοραστής δημοσιεύσει ή επιδώσει ειδοποίηση και κανένας συγκύριος δεν πάρει τη μερίδα.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχω για να αγοράσω τη μερίδα του συγκυρίου μου;
A: Τριάντα ημέρες από τη δημοσίευση ή την επίδοση, καταθέτοντας στο Επαρχιακό Κτηματολογικό Γραφείο την τιμή στην οποία πωλείται η μερίδα μαζί με το τέλος εγγραφής, κατά το άρθρο 25(2). Το ποσό καταβάλλεται στον σκοπούμενο αγοραστή.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν θέλουν να αγοράσουν περισσότεροι συγκύριοι;
A: Η επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 25(2) μοιράζει τη μερίδα μεταξύ όσων είναι πρόθυμοι κατά την αναλογία που έχουν οι μερίδες τους μεταξύ τους, με τον Διευθυντή να κάνει τις αναπροσαρμογές και τις επιστροφές.

## Συμβάσεις Ορισμένου Χρόνου: ο Κανόνας των 30 Μηνών
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-symvaseis-orismenou-chronou-30-mines
Το άρθρο 7 του Ν. 98(Ι)/2003 θεωρεί τη σύμβαση ορισμένου χρόνου αορίστου μετά από τριάντα μήνες, εκτός αν ο εργοδότης αποδείξει αντικειμενικό λόγο.

Q: Πότε γίνεται αορίστου χρόνου μια σύμβαση ορισμένου χρόνου;
A: Το άρθρο 7(1) του Ν. 98(Ι)/2003 το κάνει με θεώρηση και όχι με μετατροπή. Όπου ο εργοδότης απασχολεί πρόσωπο με σύμβαση ορισμένου χρόνου, είτε κατόπιν ανανέωσης είτε άλλως, και το πρόσωπο αυτό είχε προηγουμένως απασχοληθεί για συνολική περίοδο τριάντα μηνών ή περισσότερο με τέτοιες συμβάσεις, ανεξαρτήτως σειράς, η σύμβαση θεωρείται για όλους τους σκοπούς αορίστου διάρκειας και κάθε πρόνοια που περιορίζει τη διάρκειά της δεν ισχύει. Εξαίρεση είναι να αποδείξει ο εργοδότης αντικειμενικούς λόγους.

Q: Τι μετρά ως αντικειμενικός λόγος;
A: Το άρθρο 7(2) λέει ότι αντικειμενικοί λόγοι υφίστανται ιδιαίτερα όταν οι ανάγκες της επιχείρησης για την εκτέλεση εργασίας είναι προσωρινές· όταν ο εργοδοτούμενος αναπληρώνει άλλον· όταν η ιδιαιτερότητα της εργασίας, η φύση των καθηκόντων και ο χαρακτήρας της απασχόλησης ειδικών τομέων ή κατηγοριών το δικαιολογούν· όταν ο εργοδοτούμενος εργοδοτείται υπό δοκιμασία· όταν η εργοδότηση γίνεται κατ' εφαρμογή δικαστικής απόφασης· και όταν η εργασία απαιτεί άρτια φυσική και ψυχική κατάσταση και ακμαίες σωματικές δυνάμεις.

Q: Ποιος αποδεικνύει τι;
A: Ο εργοδότης. Το άρθρο 7(1) διατυπώνει πρώτα τη θεώρηση και την υποβάλλει στην απόδειξη αντικειμενικών λόγων από τον εργοδότη, οπότε μόλις στοιχειοθετηθούν οι τριάντα μήνες το βάρος είναι δικό του να ανατρέψει τη συνέπεια, και όχι του εργοδοτούμενου να την κερδίσει.

Q: Μπορεί ο εργοδοτούμενος ορισμένου χρόνου να αμείβεται διαφορετικά;
A: Όχι μόνο επειδή είναι ορισμένου χρόνου. Το άρθρο 5(1) ορίζει ότι, ως προς τους όρους και τις συνθήκες απασχόλησης, δεν πρέπει να αντιμετωπίζεται δυσμενώς σε σχέση με αντίστοιχο αορίστου χρόνου μόνο για τον λόγο αυτό, εκτός αν το δικαιολογούν αντικειμενικοί λόγοι, και το άρθρο 5(2) εφαρμόζει την αναλογικότητα. Το άρθρο 5(3) απαιτεί ίδια περίοδο προϋπηρεσίας και για τους δύο, εκτός αν αντικειμενικοί λόγοι δικαιολογούν διαφορά. Όπου δεν υπάρχει αντίστοιχος μόνιμος, το άρθρο 6 στρέφει τη σύγκριση στη συλλογική σύμβαση ή, ελλείψει αυτής, στη νομοθεσία και την πρακτική.

Q: Ποιο δικαστήριο εκδικάζει τέτοια διαφορά;
A: Το άρθρο 10 ορίζει το Δικαστήριο Εργατικών Διαφορών αρμόδιο για κάθε διαφορά αστικής φύσεως που προκύπτει από την εφαρμογή του Νόμου. Το άρθρο 11 προσθέτει ποινική κύρωση για τον εργοδότη που τον παραβαίνει, με πρόστιμο που το ενοποιημένο κείμενο εξακολουθεί να εκφράζει σε λίρες Κύπρου και όχι σε ευρώ.

## Συνεταιρισμοί και Εμπορικές Επωνυμίες: ΚΕΦ. 116
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-synetairismoi-emporikes-eponymies
Το άρθρο 62 του ΚΕΦ. 116 εμποδίζει τον μη εγγεγραμμένο οίκο να ενάγει επί των συμβάσεών του, με ένα μήνα για εγγραφή και επτά ημέρες για κάθε αλλαγή.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν ο συνεταιρισμός δεν εγγράφηκε ποτέ;
A: Το άρθρο 62 του ΚΕΦ. 116 αφαιρεί τη δυνατότητα να ενάγει επί των εργασιών. Όπου οίκος, ή φυσικό ή νομικό πρόσωπο, που απαιτείται να υποβάλει δήλωση στοιχείων, ή δήλωση αλλαγής κατά το άρθρο 54(1), παρέλειψε να το πράξει, τα δικαιώματά του βάσει ή εκ οποιασδήποτε σύμβασης σχετικά με τις εργασίες αυτές δεν μπορούν, ενόσω η παράλειψη διαρκεί, να επιβληθούν με αγωγή ή άλλη νόμιμη διαδικασία, με την επωνυμία του οίκου, την εμπορική επωνυμία ή διαφορετικά.

Q: Θεραπεύεται;
A: Ναι, με αίτηση. Η πρώτη επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 62 επιτρέπει σε εκείνον που παρέλειψε να αποταθεί στο Δικαστήριο για θεραπεία, και το Δικαστήριο μπορεί να την παράσχει, γενικά ή για συγκεκριμένες συμβάσεις, αν ικανοποιηθεί ότι η παράλειψη ήταν τυχαία, ή οφειλόταν σε απροσεξία ή σε άλλον επαρκή λόγο, ή ότι είναι δίκαιο και σύμφωνο με την επιείκεια. Τα έξοδα πληρώνονται από εκείνον που παρέλειψε εκτός αντίθετης διαταγής, μπορούν να τεθούν και άλλοι όροι, και η θεραπεία δεν παρέχεται εκτός αν ειδοποίηση της αίτησης επιδοθεί και δημοσιευτεί όπως διατάξει το Δικαστήριο.

Q: Πόσος χρόνος υπάρχει για εγγραφή, και για δήλωση αλλαγής;
A: Το άρθρο 51(1) απαιτεί εγγραφή εντός ενός μηνός από την ίδρυση, με δήλωση στον καθορισμένο τύπο υπογεγραμμένη από όλους τους συνεταίρους. Απαριθμεί οκτώ στοιχεία: την επωνυμία του οίκου· τη γενική φύση και τον κύριο τόπο των εργασιών· το όνομα, την υπηκοότητα και τη συνήθη διαμονή κάθε φυσικού προσώπου συνεταίρου και την επωνυμία και το εγγεγραμμένο ή κύριο γραφείο κάθε νομικού προσώπου συνεταίρου· τη χρονική περίοδο σύστασης και την ημερομηνία έναρξης· δήλωση, όπου συντρέχει, ότι είναι ετερόρρυθμος· τις μετοχές και το κεφάλαιο κάθε ετερόρρυθμου συνεταίρου και τον τρόπο καταβολής· και τα ονόματα των ομορρύθμων συνεταίρων που είναι εξουσιοδοτημένοι να υπογράφουν. Το άρθρο 54(1) απαιτεί δήλωση κάθε αλλαγής εντός επτά ημερών, και το άρθρο 54(2) θεωρεί τη διάλυση αλλαγή, εκτός από εκείνη του άρθρου 34(1)(α) ή (β).

Q: Ποιος ευθύνεται όταν μπαίνει ή φεύγει συνέταιρος;
A: Το άρθρο 20(1) ορίζει ότι ο νέος συνέταιρος δεν καθίσταται εκ του γεγονότος αυτού υπεύθυνος για οτιδήποτε έγινε πριν γίνει συνέταιρος. Το άρθρο 20(2) ορίζει ότι ο αποχωρών δεν παύει εξαιτίας της αποχώρησης να ευθύνεται για χρέη που δημιουργήθηκαν πριν από αυτήν. Το άρθρο 20(3) επιτρέπει την απαλλαγή του από υφιστάμενες υποχρεώσεις με συμφωνία μεταξύ αυτού, των μελών του οίκου όπως νεοσυστάθηκε, και των πιστωτών.

Q: Εκτελείται απόφαση εναντίον συνεταίρου επί της περιουσίας του οίκου;
A: Όχι απευθείας. Το άρθρο 25(1) ορίζει ότι ένταλμα εκτέλεσης δεν εκδίδεται εναντίον περιουσίας του συνεταιρισμού εκτός βάσει απόφασης εναντίον του οίκου. Το άρθρο 25(2) δίνει στον προσωπικό εξ αποφάσεως πιστωτή συνεταίρου άλλη οδό: με αίτηση διά κλήσεως, το Δικαστήριο μπορεί να εκδώσει διάταγμα που επιβαρύνει το συμφέρον του συνεταίρου επί της περιουσίας και των κερδών με την καταβολή του χρέους και τόκου, και να διορίσει παραλήπτη του μεριδίου του επί των κερδών.

## Τεχνητή νοημοσύνη και ευθύνη: ποιος απαντά όταν αστοχήσει
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-techniti-noimosyni-efthyni
Ποιος επωμίζεται τη ζημιά όταν ένα σύστημα τεχνητής νοημοσύνης σφάλλει: η αλυσίδα των συμβάσεων, η αμέλεια και η ευθύνη για ελαττωματικά προϊόντα στην Κύπρο.

Q: Ποιος ευθύνεται όταν ένα σύστημα τεχνητής νοημοσύνης βγάλει αποτέλεσμα που κοστίζει;
A: Πρόσωπο ή εταιρεία, ποτέ το μοντέλο. Κατά σειρά: η επιχείρηση που ανέπτυξε το σύστημα, εκείνη που το προμήθευσε, ή εκείνη που το κατασκεύασε. Ποια από τις τρεις και για πόσο το κρίνει πρώτα η αλυσίδα των συμβάσεων, και έπειτα το κοινό δίκαιο της αμέλειας και η ευθύνη για ελαττωματικά προϊόντα.

Q: Ποιες συμβατικές ρήτρες κρίνουν πραγματικά την έκβαση;
A: Οι εγγυήσεις για την απόδοση και την ακρίβεια, οι εξαιρέσεις και τα ανώτατα όρια ευθύνης, οι αποζημιωτικές ρήτρες για απαιτήσεις τρίτων, η κατανομή της ευθύνης για τα δεδομένα εκπαίδευσης και για τη διανοητική ιδιοκτησία στο αποτέλεσμα, και οι ρήτρες ελέγχου μεταβολών.

Q: Γιατί έχει τόση σημασία ο έλεγχος μεταβολών;
A: Επειδή ένα μοντέλο που ενημερώθηκε χωρίς ειδοποίηση δεν είναι το σύστημα που δοκιμάσατε. Αν έχετε αξιολογήσει και τεκμηριώσει την ανάπτυξη, η σιωπηρή ενημέρωση καθιστά την αξιολόγησή σας αναληθή, και είναι η αξιολόγηση που θα δείξετε αν κάτι πάει στραβά. Ζητήστε ειδοποίηση για ουσιώδεις μεταβολές και δικαίωμα δοκιμής πριν τεθούν σε ισχύ.

Q: Χρησιμοποιούμε καταναλωτικό εργαλείο για τη δουλειά. Έχει σημασία;
A: Έχει. Οι μαζικές υπηρεσίες παρέχονται με όρους αποδοχής με ένα κλικ, γραμμένους για άλλη σχέση. Η επιχείρηση που τους αποδέχθηκε έχει κατά πάσα πιθανότητα παραιτηθεί από τη θέση της ως προς την εμπιστευτικότητα, την ευθύνη και τη χρήση όσων εισάγει στο σύστημα.

Q: Ισχύει στην Κύπρο η νέα Οδηγία για τα ελαττωματικά προϊόντα;
A: Όχι ακόμη. Η Οδηγία (ΕΕ) 2024/2853 έπρεπε να μεταφερθεί μέχρι τις 9 Δεκεμβρίου 2026, και οι πίνακες κυπριακής βασικής νομοθεσίας για το 2025 και το 2026 δεν περιέχουν μεταφορικό νόμο. Μέχρι να δημοσιευθεί, η απαίτηση εγείρεται με το καθεστώς της Οδηγίας του 1985, χωρίς τις διατάξεις αποκάλυψης και χωρίς τα τεκμήρια ελαττωματικότητας και αιτιώδους συνάφειας.

Q: Υπάρχει ενωσιακό καθεστώς ευθύνης ειδικά για την τεχνητή νοημοσύνη;
A: Δεν υπάρχει. Η προτεινόμενη Οδηγία για την ευθύνη από τεχνητή νοημοσύνη, COM(2022) 496, αποσύρθηκε από την Επιτροπή και η απόσυρση δημοσιεύθηκε στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα στις 6 Οκτωβρίου 2025. Οι εξωσυμβατικές απαιτήσεις επιστρέφουν στο εθνικό δίκαιο.

## Τεχνητή νοημοσύνη στην εργασία: η πολιτική που χρειάζεστε
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-techniti-noimosyni-stin-ergasia
Τι πρέπει να περιέχει μια πολιτική χρήσης ΤΝ, γιατί το άρθρο 8 του Ν. 120(Ι)/2023 περιορίζει την παρακολούθηση, και τι αλλάζει τον Δεκέμβριο του 2027.

Q: Να επιτρέψουμε καθόλου στο προσωπικό τη γενετική ΤΝ;
A: Το ερώτημα έχει ήδη απαντηθεί στην πράξη: το προσωπικό τη χρησιμοποιεί, σε προσωπικούς λογαριασμούς αν όχι σε εταιρικούς. Ο εργοδότης χωρίς θέση έχει λάβει μία εξ ορισμού, και είναι η χειρότερη: απεριόριστη χρήση, κανένα αρχείο, καμία γνώση για το τι έφυγε. Η επιλογή είναι μεταξύ πολιτικής και της απουσίας της, όχι μεταξύ χρήσης και μη χρήσης.

Q: Ποια είναι η έκθεση, με σειρά συχνότητας;
A: Πρώτα οι πληροφορίες που φεύγουν: ό,τι πληκτρολογείται σε δημόσιο εργαλείο έχει αποκαλυφθεί σε όποιον το λειτουργεί, και όπου είναι εμπιστευτική πληροφορία πελάτη ή προσωπικά δεδομένα, η αποκάλυψη μπορεί να παραβιάζει σύμβαση, καθήκον εμπιστευτικότητας ή υποχρεώσεις προστασίας δεδομένων. Έπειτα το λανθασμένο αποτέλεσμα, που είναι βέβαιο, ρέον και ψευδές. Και τρίτον η μεροληψία, που μετρά περισσότερο όπου το αποτέλεσμα αγγίζει ανθρώπους.

Q: Αρκεί μια γραμμή στο εγχειρίδιο προσωπικού;
A: Όχι. Χρειάζεται κατάλογος εγκεκριμένων εργαλείων με ονομαστικούς λογαριασμούς, κανόνας για τις κατηγορίες που δεν καταχωρίζονται ποτέ, επαλήθευση από ονομαστικά ορισμένο πρόσωπο πριν από κάθε χρήση, ανθρώπινη εποπτεία σε κάθε απόφαση για ανθρώπους, θέση για την αποκάλυψη και για την πνευματική ιδιοκτησία, και εκπαίδευση με αρχείο αποδοχής. Πολιτική χωρίς αποδοχή έχει περιορισμένη αξία στην υπεράσπιση και καμία στην επιβολή.

Q: Μπορώ να παρακολουθώ τη χρήση από τους εργαζομένους;
A: Με προσοχή, και όχι με κάθε μέσο. Η παρακολούθηση είναι η ίδια επεξεργασία προσωπικών δεδομένων, και όπου ο εργαζόμενος τηλεργάζεται ενεργοποιείται το άρθρο 8 του Ν. 120(Ι)/2023, που απαγορεύει την παρακολούθηση μέσω κάμερας ή άλλης εφαρμογής παρόμοιου παρεμβατικού χαρακτήρα με σκοπό τον έλεγχο της απόδοσης. Αποφασίστε τι θα καταγράφεται, πείτε το, και κρατήστε το αναλογικό.

Q: Μπορώ να πειθαρχήσω κάποιον που παρέβη την πολιτική;
A: Μόνο αν η πολιτική είχε κοινοποιηθεί πρώτα. Ο εργοδότης δεν μπορεί να πειθαρχήσει εργαζόμενο για παράβαση κανόνα που ουδέποτε κοινοποιήθηκε, οπότε η έκδοση και η αποδεδειγμένη αποδοχή προηγούνται της επιβολής. Αν έχει ήδη συμβεί περιστατικό, η σειρά των γεγονότων εξετάζεται πριν πειθαρχηθεί οποιοσδήποτε.

Q: Πότε αρχίζουν οι υποχρεώσεις της Πράξης για την ΤΝ;
A: Ο Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) 2024/1689 τέθηκε σε ισχύ την 1η Αυγούστου 2024. Οι απαγορευμένες πρακτικές και ο γραμματισμός στην ΤΝ εφαρμόζονται από τις 2 Φεβρουαρίου 2025, οι κανόνες για την ΤΝ γενικού σκοπού και τη διακυβέρνηση από τις 2 Αυγούστου 2025, και ο Κανονισμός γενικά από τις 2 Αυγούστου 2026. Ο Κανονισμός (ΕΕ) 2026/1744 ανέβαλε τις υποχρεώσεις για τα συστήματα υψηλού κινδύνου στις 2 Δεκεμβρίου 2027 για το Παράρτημα ΙΙΙ και στις 2 Αυγούστου 2028 για συστήματα ενσωματωμένα σε ρυθμιζόμενα προϊόντα.

Q: Ποια εργασιακά συστήματα είναι υψηλού κινδύνου;
A: Το σημείο 4 του Παραρτήματος ΙΙΙ καλύπτει συστήματα για πρόσληψη ή επιλογή, περιλαμβανομένης της στοχευμένης δημοσίευσης θέσεων, του φιλτραρίσματος αιτήσεων και της αξιολόγησης υποψηφίων· και συστήματα για τον καθορισμό όρων εργασίας, προαγωγής ή τερματισμού, για κατανομή καθηκόντων με βάση ατομική συμπεριφορά ή προσωπικά χαρακτηριστικά, ή για παρακολούθηση και αξιολόγηση απόδοσης και συμπεριφοράς. Εργοδότης που κάνει διαλογή υποψηφίων ή κατανομή εργασίας με σύστημα κοιτά τον Δεκέμβριο του 2027.

## Τερματισμός Απασχόλησης στην Κύπρο: Προειδοποίηση και Αποζημίωση
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-termatismos-apascholisis-kypros
Απόλυση κατά τον Ν. 24/1967: το βάρος απόδειξης στον εργοδότη, προειδοποίηση από μία έως οκτώ εβδομάδες, αποζημίωση έως δύο ετών, και η κλίμακα του πλεονασμού.

Q: Πόση προειδοποίηση δικαιούμαι πριν από απόλυση;
A: Κατά το άρθρο 9 του Ν. 24/1967, από μία εβδομάδα μετά από είκοσι έξι εβδομάδες συνεχούς απασχόλησης, με κλιμάκωση έως οκτώ εβδομάδες μετά από τριακόσιες δώδεκα εβδομάδες, δηλαδή έξι χρόνια. Ο εργοδότης μπορεί να καταβάλει πληρωμή αντί προειδοποίησης κατά το άρθρο 11. Η δική σας προειδοποίηση προς τον εργοδότη, κατά το άρθρο 10, φθάνει το πολύ τις τρεις εβδομάδες.

Q: Με απέλυσαν χωρίς να μου δώσουν λόγο. Είναι νόμιμο;
A: Ο νόμος το προσεγγίζει από την άλλη άκρη: κατά το άρθρο 6(1) ο τερματισμός τεκμαίρεται ότι δεν έγινε για νόμιμο λόγο του άρθρου 5, μέχρι ο εργοδότης να αποδείξει το αντίθετο. Εργοδότης που δεν έδωσε λόγο τότε, ξεκινά την άσκηση αυτή άσχημα. Πείτε μας την ημερομηνία έναρξης, πώς τελείωσε η απασχόληση, και τι, αν κάτι, ειπώθηκε.

Q: Ποιο είναι το ανώτατο ποσό αποζημίωσης για παράνομη απόλυση;
A: Ο Πρώτος Πίνακας ορίζει το πλαίσιο: ποτέ λιγότερο από την πληρωμή πλεονασμού που θα λαμβάνατε, και ποτέ περισσότερο από τα ημερομίσθια δύο ετών. Μέσα στο πλαίσιο, το Δικαστήριο Εργατικών Διαφορών ζυγίζει απολαβές, διάρκεια υπηρεσίας, απώλεια προοπτικής σταδιοδρομίας, τις συνθήκες της απόλυσης και την ηλικία. Σε εργοδότες με περισσότερους από δεκαεννέα εργαζομένους, η έκδηλα παράνομη ή κακόπιστη απόλυση μπορεί να στηρίξει και διαταγή επαναπρόσληψης.

Q: Με δήλωσαν πλεονάζοντα αλλά προσλαμβάνουν άλλον στη θέση μου.
A: Ο πλεονασμός ορίζεται στο άρθρο 18, και τερματισμός που δεν χωρά στον ορισμό δεν είναι πλεονασμός όπως και αν τον ονομάζει η επιστολή. Δύο διατάξεις κάνουν τη δουλειά: το τεκμήριο του άρθρου 6 βάζει το βάρος στον εργοδότη να αποδείξει τον λόγο, και το άρθρο 22 υποχρεώνει εργοδότη που ξαναχτίζει το ίδιο προσωπικό εντός οκτώ μηνών να δώσει προτεραιότητα στους πλεονάσαντες. Κρατήστε την αγγελία ή την ανακοίνωση: είναι μαρτυρία.

Q: Παραιτήθηκα γιατί η κατάσταση έγινε αφόρητη. Έχω δικαιώματα;
A: Ενδεχομένως, κατά το άρθρο 7: εργοδοτούμενος που τερματίζει νόμιμα λόγω της διαγωγής του εργοδότη θεωρείται ότι απολύθηκε από αυτόν. Το βάρος να δείξετε ότι η διαγωγή δικαιολογούσε την αποχώρηση το φέρετε εσείς, και γι' αυτό η συμβουλή πρέπει να προηγείται της παραίτησης, όσο η μαρτυρία ακόμη υπάρχει και μπορεί να διαφυλαχθεί.

Q: Πώς υπολογίζεται η πληρωμή πλεονασμού;
A: Από το Ταμείο, με την κλίμακα του Τέταρτου Πίνακα: δύο εβδομάδων ημερομίσθια ανά έτος υπηρεσίας για τα πρώτα τέσσερα έτη, με αύξηση μισής εβδομάδας ανά κλιμάκιο έως τέσσερις εβδομάδες ανά έτος για τα έτη είκοσι ένα έως είκοσι πέντε, και με υπόλοιπο είκοσι έξι ή περισσότερων εβδομάδων να μετρά ως έτος. Χρησιμοποιείται το ημερομίσθιο της τελευταίας εβδομάδας. Η πληρωμή δεν εκχωρείται ούτε κατάσχεται.

Q: Στη δοκιμαστική περίοδο δικαιούμαι προειδοποίηση;
A: Σε έγκυρη δοκιμαστική περίοδο, όχι: οποιαδήποτε πλευρά μπορεί να αποφασίσει να μη συνεχιστεί η απασχόληση χωρίς προειδοποίηση. Η ίδια η δοκιμασία όμως έχει όρια: δεν υπερβαίνει τις εκατόν τέσσερις εβδομάδες, και πέραν των είκοσι έξι εβδομάδων μετρά μόνο αν συμφωνήθηκε εγγράφως κατά την έναρξη της απασχόλησης. Μακρά δοκιμασία που προβάλλεται πρώτη φορά στην απόλυση αποτυγχάνει στο τεστ αυτό.

## Τι κοστίζει μια δίκη στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-ti-kostizei-mia-diki
Δεν υπάρχει ένας αριθμός. Υπάρχει όμως δομή: αμοιβές, εκταμιεύσεις και ο κίνδυνος των εξόδων της άλλης πλευράς, και ποιες αποφάσεις τα μετακινούν.

Q: Γιατί δεν μου λέτε ένα ποσό;
A: Γιατί το κόστος εξαρτάται από το πόσο μακριά θα φτάσει η υπόθεση, και αυτό εξαρτάται εν μέρει από την άλλη πλευρά. Ένα ποσό δοσμένο πριν διαβαστεί έγγραφο είναι εικασία. Αυτό που δίνεται έντιμα εκ των προτέρων είναι η δομή του κόστους και η γραπτή εκτίμηση.

Q: Από τι αποτελείται το κόστος;
A: Από τις αμοιβές του δικηγόρου σας, τις εκταμιεύσεις προς τρίτους όπως τέλη καταχώρισης, επιδόσεις, εκθέσεις εμπειρογνωμόνων και μεταφράσεις, και τον κίνδυνο να επιβαρυνθείτε με έξοδα της άλλης πλευράς αν χάσετε.

Q: Αν χάσω, πληρώνω τα έξοδα του αντιδίκου;
A: Υπάρχει τέτοιος κίνδυνος, και είναι ο τρίτος κάδος του κόστους. Ελέγχεται κυρίως από την ποιότητα της εκτίμησης που γίνεται πριν αρχίσει η διαδικασία, δηλαδή από το αν η υπόθεση έπρεπε να καταχωριστεί με αυτή τη μορφή.

Q: Μπορεί η αμοιβή να είναι καθορισμένη;
A: Όπου η δουλειά ορίζεται πραγματικά, ναι: ένα στάδιο, μια αίτηση, μια επιστολή, μια εμφάνιση. Όπου ένα στάδιο δεν μπορεί έντιμα να καθοριστεί εκ των προτέρων, το λέμε αντί να δώσουμε αριθμό που δεν θα κρατήσει.

## Τηλεργασία στην Κύπρο: οι υποχρεώσεις του εργοδότη
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-tilergasia-ypochreoseis-ergodoti
Ο Ν. 120(Ι)/2023 κάνει την τηλεργασία προαιρετική και γραπτή, βάζει το κόστος στον εργοδότη, και δίνει οκτώ ημέρες για γραπτή ενημέρωση με οκτώ συγκεκριμένα στοιχεία.

Q: Μπορεί ο εργοδότης να επιβάλει τηλεργασία;
A: Κατά κανόνα όχι. Κατά το άρθρο 3(1) του Ν. 120(Ι)/2023 η τηλεργασία είναι προαιρετική και συμφωνείται γραπτώς μεταξύ εργοδότη και εργοδοτουμένου, είτε κατά την πρόσληψη, είτε με τροποποίηση της σύμβασης, είτε με συλλογική σύμβαση, και δεν δύναται να επηρεάζει δυσμενώς οποιουσδήποτε όρους εργοδότησης. Κατά το άρθρο 3(2) απαγορεύεται δυσμενής διάκριση σε βάρος εργοδοτουμένου που δεν συναινεί, οπότε η άρνηση δεν μπορεί να κοστίσει προαγωγή, βάρδια ή αξιολόγηση.

Q: Υπάρχουν περιπτώσεις χωρίς συναίνεση;
A: Δύο, και οι δύο με αυστηρές προϋποθέσεις κατά το άρθρο 3(3). Με απόφαση του εργοδότη για λόγους προστασίας της δημόσιας υγείας, αλλά μόνο εφόσον έχει προηγηθεί Διάταγμα του Υπουργού Υγείας δυνάμει του περί Λοιμοκάθαρσης Νόμου και μόνο για το διάστημα που το Διάταγμα καθορίζει. Και μετά από αίτημα του ίδιου του εργοδοτουμένου, σε τεκμηριωμένο κίνδυνο για την υγεία του που αποφεύγεται με εξ αποστάσεως εργασία, για όσο διαρκεί ο κίνδυνος.

Q: Αλλάζει η τηλεργασία το καθεστώς απασχόλησης;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 6 κλείνει το ζήτημα: η συμφωνία περί τηλεργασίας μεταβάλλει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο εκτελείται η εργασία, χωρίς να θίγει το καθεστώς απασχόλησης.

Q: Ποιος πληρώνει τον εξοπλισμό και τη σύνδεση;
A: Ο εργοδότης. Το άρθρο 4(1) βάζει το κόστος της τηλεργασίας στον εργοδότη και όχι στον εργοδοτούμενο, και καλύπτει τον εξοπλισμό εκτός αν συμφωνηθεί ότι θα χρησιμοποιηθεί εξοπλισμός του εργοδότη, τις τηλεπικοινωνίες, τη χρήση του χώρου εργασίας στην κατοικία, τη συντήρηση του εξοπλισμού και την αποκατάσταση βλαβών. Η υποχρέωση εκτείνεται και σε συσκευές που ανήκουν στον ίδιο τον εργοδοτούμενο, εκτός αν η σύμβαση ορίζει διαφορετικά ή η βλάβη οφείλεται σε δική του ενέργεια, και ο εργοδότης οφείλει να παρέχει τεχνική υποστήριξη. Ρύθμιση όπου ο εργοδοτούμενος χρησιμοποιεί δικό του εξοπλισμό και δική του σύνδεση με δικά του έξοδα δεν συμμορφώνεται με τον Νόμο. Πολιτική τύπου bring your own device χρειάζεται από πίσω της επίδομα κόστους και καταγραφή του τι ακριβώς καλύπτει το επίδομα.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο έχει ο εργοδότης για τη γραπτή ενημέρωση;
A: Οκτώ ημέρες από την ημερομηνία έναρξης της τηλεργασίας, κατά το άρθρο 5(1). Η ενημέρωση αφορά τους όρους εργοδότησης που διαφοροποιούνται λόγω της τηλεργασίας και πρέπει να καλύπτει κατ’ ελάχιστο οκτώ στοιχεία: το δικαίωμα αποσύνδεσης του άρθρου 10, ανάλυση του κόστους του άρθρου 4 και τον τρόπο κάλυψής του, τον απαιτούμενο εξοπλισμό και τις ρυθμίσεις για υποστήριξη, συντήρηση και αποκατάσταση βλαβών, τυχόν περιορισμό στη χρήση εξοπλισμού ή εργαλείων πληροφορικής και τις κυρώσεις σε περίπτωση παράβασης, τη ρύθμιση για την εξ αποστάσεως ετοιμότητα και τα χρονικά περιθώρια απόκρισης υπό τις διατάξεις του περί Οργάνωσης του Χρόνου Εργασίας Νόμου, τους κινδύνους και τα μέτρα προστασίας με βάση τη γραπτή εκτίμηση κινδύνων του άρθρου 9, την υποχρέωση προστασίας επαγγελματικών και προσωπικών δεδομένων, και τον προϊστάμενο από τον οποίο ο εργοδοτούμενος λαμβάνει οδηγίες. Είναι η υποχρέωση που παραλείπεται συχνότερα, και η προθεσμία τρέχει ήδη για κάθε υφιστάμενη ρύθμιση τηλεργασίας.

Q: Το επίδομα κόστους θεωρείται μισθός;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 4(3) ορίζει ότι τα ποσά αυτά δεν αποτελούν αμοιβή: είναι εκπιπτόμενη δαπάνη για τον εργοδότη, δεν υπόκεινται σε φόρο ή τέλος, δεν καταβάλλονται εισφορές κοινωνικών ασφαλίσεων επ’ αυτών, και υπολογίζονται αναλογικά με βάση τη συχνότητα και τη διάρκεια της τηλεργασίας και το αν παρέχεται εξοπλισμός. Το άρθρο 4(2) αναθέτει στον Υπουργό, ύστερα από μελέτη κόστους και διαβούλευση με τους εκπροσώπους εργοδοτουμένων και εργοδοτών, να καθορίσει το ελάχιστο ποσό με απόφαση που δημοσιεύεται στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα.

Q: Ισχύει ο Νόμος για κάποιον που εργάζεται από το σπίτι δύο ημέρες την εβδομάδα;
A: Ναι. Η τηλεργασία ορίζεται με βάση την εξ αποστάσεως παροχή εργασίας με χρήση τεχνολογίας και δεν περιορίζεται σε συγκεκριμένη μορφή σύμβασης ούτε σε πλήρη απομακρυσμένη εργασία. Ο εργοδοτούμενος που εργάζεται από το σπίτι δύο ημέρες την εβδομάδα τηλεργάζεται τις ημέρες αυτές και οι υποχρεώσεις ενεργοποιούνται. Ο Νόμος λειτουργεί μέσα από τον ορισμό του εργοδοτουμένου στο άρθρο 2, ο οποίος εξαιρεί δημόσιους υπαλλήλους, εκπαιδευτικούς λειτουργούς της δημόσιας εκπαιδευτικής υπηρεσίας, υπαλλήλους των δημόσιων υπηρεσιών έκτακτης ανάγκης, μέλη των ένοπλων δυνάμεων και των αστυνομικών αρχών, δικαστές, ανακριτές και υπαλλήλους άλλων υπηρεσιών επιβολής του νόμου.

Q: Μπορούμε να παρακολουθούμε το προσωπικό με κάμερα ή λογισμικό στιγμιοτύπων;
A: Όχι. Η επιφύλαξη του άρθρου 8(2) απαγορεύει την παρακολούθηση των εργοδοτουμένων μέσω κάμερας ή άλλης ανάλογης εφαρμογής παρεμβατικού χαρακτήρα για τον έλεγχο της απόδοσης. Πρόκειται για ρητή απαγόρευση και όχι για στάθμιση συμφερόντων, και λογισμικό που λαμβάνει περιοδικά στιγμιότυπα οθόνης ή εικόνες του εργοδοτουμένου εμπίπτει ευθέως σε αυτήν. Το ίδιο άρθρο ζητά κάτι ακόμη πριν εγκατασταθεί οποιοδήποτε εργαλείο εποπτείας, ελέγχου χρόνου ή αξιολόγησης απόδοσης: εκτίμηση αντικτύπου σχετικά με την προστασία δεδομένων κατά το άρθρο 35 του Κανονισμού (ΕΕ) 2016/679, και προηγούμενη διαβούλευση με τον Επίτροπο Προστασίας Δεδομένων Προσωπικού Χαρακτήρα κατά το άρθρο 36. Η αξιολόγηση της απόδοσης κατά το άρθρο 8(1) πρέπει να σέβεται την ιδιωτική ζωή του εργοδοτουμένου.

## Τίτλοι ιδιοκτησίας στην Κύπρο: οδηγός
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-titloi-idioktisias
Τι είναι ο ξεχωριστός τίτλος ιδιοκτησίας, γιατί καθυστερεί η έκδοσή του, τι προστατεύει τον αγοραστή στο μεσοδιάστημα και πώς γίνεται η μεταβίβαση.

Q: Τι είναι ο τίτλος ιδιοκτησίας στην Κύπρο;
A: Είναι εγγραφή σε μητρώο που τηρεί το Τμήμα Κτηματολογίου και Χωρομετρίας, όχι ένα έγγραφο που φυλάσσεται σε συρτάρι. Το πιστοποιητικό εγγραφής αποτελεί απλώς απόδειξη του τι αναγράφει το μητρώο, και εκείνο που κρίνει αν μια αγορά είναι ασφαλής είναι τι είναι καταχωρισμένο έναντι του ακινήτου την ημέρα που διενεργείται η έρευνα.

Q: Πώς ελέγχω τον τίτλο ενός ακινήτου;
A: Με πιστοποιητικό έρευνας από το Επαρχιακό Κτηματολογικό Γραφείο. Εμφανίζει τον εγγεγραμμένο ιδιοκτήτη και τη μερίδα κάθε συνιδιοκτήτη, την περιγραφή, την τοποθεσία και την έκταση του ακινήτου, καθώς και τις εγγραφές που το επηρεάζουν: υποθήκες, σημειώματα πιστωτών δυνάμει δικαστικής απόφασης, απαγορεύσεις διάθεσης, εγγεγραμμένες μισθώσεις, δουλείες, σημειώσεις για αδήλωτες κατασκευές και κατατεθειμένα συμβόλαια πώλησης.

Q: Μπορώ να αγοράσω ακίνητο χωρίς ξεχωριστό τίτλο ιδιοκτησίας;
A: Πολλά ακίνητα στην Κύπρο αγοράζονται και πωλούνται νόμιμα χωρίς να υφίσταται ξεχωριστός τίτλος, επειδή ο τίτλος για μονάδα σε ανάπτυξη έρχεται στο τέλος μιας αλυσίδας αδειών και εγγραφών. Η απουσία τίτλου δεν αποτελεί από μόνη της λόγο αποχώρησης, μεταβάλλει όμως το τι αποκτά ο αγοραστής και το πώς πρέπει να δομηθεί η αγορά· όταν ο πωλητής κατέχει συμβατικά δικαιώματα και όχι εγγραφή, η συναλλαγή προχωρεί με εκχώρηση.

Q: Ποιες καταχωρίσεις σε κυπριακό τίτλο μπορούν να σταματήσουν μεταβίβαση;
A: Υποθήκη επί του ακινήτου, ή επί ολόκληρης της ανάπτυξης στην οποία βρίσκεται, πρέπει να αποδεσμευτεί ή να παραιτηθεί πριν ο τίτλος μεταβιβαστεί ελεύθερος από αυτήν. Memo που καταχωρίστηκαν από πιστωτές με απόφαση, και απαγορεύσεις δικαιοπραξίας, στέκουν μέχρι να αρθούν. Και οι σημειώσεις που καταγράφουν μη εγκεκριμένες εργασίες είναι από τις πιο καθοριστικές καταχωρίσεις σε κυπριακό τίτλο: μπορούν να εμποδίσουν μεταβίβαση και να μεταφέρουν ευθύνη στον αγοραστή.

Q: Πόσα είναι τα μεταβιβαστικά τέλη;
A: Καταβάλλονται στο Κτηματολόγιο επί της αξίας που εκτιμάται για τον σκοπό αυτό, κατά κλίμακες: τρία τοις εκατό μέχρι 85.000 ευρώ, πέντε τοις εκατό από 85.000 έως 170.000 ευρώ και οκτώ τοις εκατό άνω αυτών, με μείωση πενήντα τοις εκατό επί του ποσού που προκύπτει, ενώ δεν καταβάλλονται καθόλου όταν έχει επιβληθεί ΦΠΑ επί της απόκτησης. Τα ποσά έχουν τροποποιηθεί περισσότερες από μία φορές και πρέπει να επιβεβαιώνονται για το συγκεκριμένο ακίνητο κατά τον χρόνο της συναλλαγής.

Q: Πότε γίνομαι πραγματικά ιδιοκτήτης;
A: Με την εγγραφή στο Επαρχιακό Κτηματολογικό Γραφείο. Η καταβολή του υπολοίπου, η παράδοση των κλειδιών και η κατοχή του ακινήτου είναι όλα συμβατικά ζητήματα· μόνο η εγγραφή στο μητρώο σας καθιστά ιδιοκτήτη.

Q: Οφείλει ο πωλητής να μου δώσει πιστοποιητικό έρευνας;
A: Κατά τον Ν. 132(Ι)/2023, ο πωλητής υποχρεούται να περιλάβει στο πωλητήριο έγγραφο, ως αναπόσπαστο μέρος του, πιστοποιητικό έρευνας του Κτηματολογίου με ημερομηνία που δεν απέχει πέραν των πέντε εργάσιμων ημερών από την ημέρα υπογραφής. Είναι χρήσιμο, αλλά δεν υποκαθιστά έρευνα που θα διενεργηθεί με δικές σας οδηγίες.

## Τραπεζικός λογαριασμός κυπριακής εταιρείας: τι ζητά ο νόμος
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-trapezikos-logariasmos-etaireias
Τι υποχρεούται να συλλέξει η τράπεζα κατά τον Ν. 188(Ι)/2007: τα τέσσερα μέτρα του άρθρου 61, το μητρώο πραγματικών δικαιούχων, και γιατί δεν σας λένε τον λόγο.

Q: Πόσο χρόνο παίρνει το άνοιγμα λογαριασμού;
A: Εβδομάδες μάλλον παρά ημέρες για έναν καθαρό φάκελο, και αισθητά περισσότερο όπου η αλυσίδα ιδιοκτησίας έχει επίπεδα, όπου έγγραφα χρειάζονται πιστοποίηση στο εξωτερικό, ή όπου το επιχειρηματικό μοντέλο χρειάζεται εξήγηση. Η μεταβλητή είναι ο φάκελος, όχι η ταχύτητα της τράπεζας.

Q: Πρέπει οι σύμβουλοι να έρθουν στην Κύπρο;
A: Εξαρτάται από την τράπεζα. Ορισμένες απαιτούν συνάντηση με φυσική παρουσία ή ταυτοποίηση με βιντεοκλήση, άλλες δέχονται πιστοποιημένα έγγραφα εξ αποστάσεως. Ρωτήστε πριν προγραμματίσετε ταξίδι.

Q: Μπορεί η εταιρεία να ανοίξει λογαριασμό πριν αρχίσει δραστηριότητα;
A: Ναι, αλλά αναμένετε να υποκαταστήσετε τη μαρτυρία δραστηριότητας με αξιόπιστο σχέδιο και με το υπόβαθρο των ιδρυτών, και αναμένετε περισσότερες ερωτήσεις και όχι λιγότερες.

Q: Η τράπεζα αρνήθηκε. Εφεσιβάλλεται;
A: Η απόφαση αποδοχής είναι εμπορική και δεν ανατρέπεται συνήθως με επιχειρήματα. Η ρεαλιστική οδός είναι άλλο ίδρυμα του οποίου η πολιτική ταιριάζει στην επιχείρηση, με φάκελο που απαντά στα ερωτήματα που έθεσε το πρώτο.

Q: Πρέπει κυπριακή εταιρεία να έχει λογαριασμό στην Κύπρο;
A: Όχι. Το πού τηρεί λογαριασμό η εταιρεία είναι εμπορική απόφαση. Επηρεάζει όμως πρακτικά ζητήματα, από την ταχύτητα εκκαθάρισης τοπικών πληρωμών ως το τι περιμένουν να δουν οι ελεγκτές και οι αντισυμβαλλόμενοι.

## Τραπεζικός λογαριασμός στην Κύπρο: τι κρίνει η τράπεζα
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-trapezikos-logariasmos-kypros
Η τράπεζα λαμβάνει απόφαση κινδύνου και μπορεί να αρνηθεί χωρίς εξήγηση. Τι απαιτούν τα άρθρα 60 έως 66 του Ν. 188(Ι)/2007, και γιατί αποτυγχάνουν οι φάκελοι.

Q: Μπορεί κυπριακή τράπεζα να αρνηθεί χωρίς αιτιολογία;
A: Ναι. Η τράπεζα λαμβάνει απόφαση κινδύνου για τον πελάτη, την προέλευση των χρημάτων και τον σκοπό του λογαριασμού, και μπορεί να αρνηθεί χωρίς να εξηγήσει. Μια καταγεγραμμένη άρνηση σε ένα ίδρυμα κάνει επίσης την επόμενη προσέγγιση δυσκολότερη, γι' αυτό ο φάκελος πρέπει να είναι πλήρης πριν προσεγγιστεί οποιαδήποτε τράπεζα.

Q: Ποια είναι η διαφορά προέλευσης πλούτου και προέλευσης κεφαλαίων;
A: Είναι δύο ερωτήματα, όχι ένα. Η προέλευση πλούτου ρωτά πώς ο πελάτης απέκτησε χρήματα καθόλου: επιχείρηση που χτίστηκε και πωλήθηκε, καριέρα, κληρονομιά, χαρτοφυλάκιο. Η προέλευση κεφαλαίων ρωτά από πού έρχονται τα συγκεκριμένα χρήματα που φτάνουν σε αυτόν τον λογαριασμό. Και τα δύο τεκμηριώνονται με έγγραφα, και το άρθρο 64 του Ν. 188(Ι)/2007 τα κατονομάζει ρητά στα αυξημένα μέτρα.

Q: Ποιο άρθρο υποχρεώνει την τράπεζα να ρωτά;
A: Το άρθρο 60 του Ν. 188(Ι)/2007 εφαρμόζει τη δέουσα επιμέλεια όποτε συνάπτεται επιχειρηματική σχέση, και ακόμη και χωρίς αυτήν για μεμονωμένες συναλλαγές €15.000 ή άνω ή σε οποιαδήποτε υπόνοια. Το άρθρο 61 απαιτεί επαλήθευση από αξιόπιστες ανεξάρτητες πηγές και ταυτοποίηση του πραγματικού δικαιούχου μέσα από κάθε αλυσίδα οντοτήτων. Το άρθρο 62 απαιτεί η επαλήθευση να προηγείται της σχέσης.

Q: Επιτρέπονται ανώνυμοι λογαριασμοί;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 66(2) του Ν. 188(Ι)/2007 απαγορεύει ρητά τους ανώνυμους ή αριθμημένους λογαριασμούς, καθώς και λογαριασμούς σε ονόματα διαφορετικά από εκείνα που αναγράφονται στα επίσημα έγγραφα ταυτότητας.

Q: Μπορεί εταιρεία χωρίς γραφείο στην Κύπρο να ανοίξει λογαριασμό;
A: Είναι δυσκολότερη πρόταση από όσο περιμένουν συνήθως οι ιδιοκτήτες. Για εταιρικό πελάτη, οι τράπεζες ψάχνουν πραγματικό δεσμό με τη δικαιοδοσία: ντόπιους συμβούλους, πραγματικό γραφείο, ντόπιους εργαζομένους, και συμβάσεις και αντισυμβαλλομένους που βγάζουν νόημα. Εταιρεία χωρίς παρουσία πέρα από διεύθυνση εγγεγραμμένου γραφείου ξεκινά σε μειονεκτική θέση.

Q: Γιατί απορρίπτονται οι αιτήσεις;
A: Κυρίως στην ασυνέπεια: η δηλωθείσα δραστηριότητα δεν ταιριάζει με τους σκοπούς της εταιρείας, ο προβλεπόμενος τζίρος δεν ταιριάζει με την περιγραφόμενη επιχείρηση, το επάγγελμα του πραγματικού δικαιούχου δεν εξηγεί τα κεφάλαια, ή οι διευθύνσεις διαφωνούν. Και στην παλαιότητα: πιστοποιητικά, λογαριασμοί κοινής ωφέλειας και αποσπάσματα μητρώων έχουν περιορισμένη ισχύ, και φάκελος τριών μηνών συνήθως περιέχει κάτι που έχει λήξει.

Q: Τι κάνω αν παγώσει ο λογαριασμός μου;
A: Τεκμηριωμένα και άμεσα. Εντοπίστε τι άλλαξε, προσκομίστε τα υποκείμενα αποδεικτικά για τις επίμαχες συναλλαγές, και συναλλαγείτε με το ίδρυμα γραπτώς. Οι τράπεζες συχνά είναι περιορισμένες ως προς το τι μπορούν να σας πουν. Όπου κρατούνται κεφάλαια και η εξήγηση αρνείται, υπάρχουν νομικές οδοί, αλλά λειτουργούν καλύτερα όταν τα έγγραφα υπάρχουν ήδη.

## Τροποποιήσεις του έργου: η εντολή που δεν δόθηκε γραπτώς
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-tropopoiiseis-ergou
Ποιος μπορεί να διατάξει τροποποίηση του έργου, με ποιον τύπο, πώς αποτιμάται, και γιατί ο χρόνος διεκδικείται χωριστά από την τιμή. Η πρόληψη, με δύο προτάσεις.

Q: Τι μετρά ως τροποποίηση;
A: Προσθήκη, παράλειψη, αντικατάσταση, ή μεταβολή του τρόπου, της σειράς ή του χρόνου εκτέλεσης όπου η σύμβαση τη μεταχειρίζεται ως τροποποίηση. Προκύπτει είτε επειδή ο εργοδότης θέλει κάτι διαφορετικό είτε επειδή το απαιτούν οι συνθήκες. Το πρώτο ερώτημα είναι πάντοτε αν η εργασία είναι καν τροποποίηση: αν περιλαμβάνεται ήδη στο συμβατικό αντικείμενο, ορθά ερμηνευόμενο, ο εργολάβος οφείλει να την εκτελέσει έναντι του συμβατικού τιμήματος, και η εντολή να την εκτελέσει δεν αλλάζει τίποτε.

Q: Μου το είπε ο επιστάτης. Αρκεί;
A: Συνήθως όχι. Εντολή δίνει μόνο το πρόσωπο που ορίζει η σύμβαση, με τον τύπο που ορίζει η σύμβαση. Ο εργολάβος που εκτελεί χωρίς έγκυρη εντολή αναλαμβάνει τον κίνδυνο να κριθεί ότι η εργασία περιλαμβανόταν στην τιμή. Εντολή δίνει μόνο ο εργοδότης, ή πρόσωπο που η σύμβαση εξουσιοδοτεί να ενεργεί γι’ αυτόν, συνήθως ο αρχιτέκτονας, ο μηχανικός ή ο διαχειριστής έργου που κατονομάζεται στη σύμβαση. Σχόλιο του επιστάτη, ή συμβούλου χωρίς εξουσία δυνάμει της σύμβασης, δεν είναι εντολή. Όπου η εξουσία αμφισβητείται, ζητήστε γραπτή επιβεβαίωση από εκείνον που την έχει πριν αρχίσει η εργασία.

Q: Πώς τιμολογείται η τροποποίηση;
A: Η σύμβαση ορίζει την ιεραρχία. Τροποποιημένη εργασία όμοιας φύσης που εκτελείται υπό όμοιες συνθήκες με τιμολογημένη εργασία παίρνει τις τιμές της σύμβασης· όμοια εργασία υπό ουσιωδώς διαφορετικές συνθήκες ή ποσότητες παίρνει τις τιμές αυτές προσαρμοσμένες· εργασία που δεν συγκρίνεται με τίποτε μέσα στη σύμβαση παίρνει εύλογη αποτίμηση χτισμένη από εργατικά, υλικά, μηχανήματα, γενικά έξοδα και κέρδος· και όπου η εργασία δεν μετριέται λογικά, η σύμβαση μπορεί να επιτρέπει ημερομίσθια έναντι αρχείων υπογεγραμμένων τη στιγμή εκείνη.

Q: Η τροποποίηση μου δίνει και χρόνο;
A: Όχι αυτόματα. Όπου επηρεάζει τον χρόνο, αυτό διεκδικείται χωριστά μέσω της ρήτρας παράτασης και δεν θεωρείται ότι απορροφάται στην τιμή. Η απώλεια προθεσμίας ειδοποίησης για τις χρονικές συνέπειες μπορεί να εξαφανίσει το σκέλος αυτό της απαίτησης, ακόμη και όπου η ίδια η εργασία πληρώνεται.

## Τροχαίο στην Κύπρο: τα βήματα της αξίωσης
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-troxaio-vimata
Τα βήματα μετά από τροχαίο στην Κύπρο: η δήλωση στο 24ωρο, οι ειδοποιήσεις στον ασφαλιστή, το τρίμηνο του ασφαλιστή, και η τριετία που δεν παγώνει.

Q: Ο άλλος οδηγός καταδικάστηκε για το ατύχημα. Κρίνει αυτό την αξίωσή μου;
A: Όχι. Η καταδίκη δεν αποδεικνύει την αστική υπόθεση, που κρίνεται με τη δική της μαρτυρία. Παραδοχές γεγονότων που έγιναν στην ποινική διαδικασία μπορούν όμως να δεσμεύσουν αυτόν που τις έκανε.

Q: Πλήρωσα εξώδικο χωρίς να παραδεχθώ κάτι. Παραδέχθηκα ευθύνη;
A: Εξώδικο πρόστιμο που πληρώθηκε χωρίς παραδοχή δεν αποτελεί παραδοχή αμέλειας.

Q: Δεν φορούσα ζώνη. Χάνω την αξίωση;
A: Η μη χρήση ζώνης ή κράνους μπορεί να μειώσει την αποζημίωση ως συντρέχουσα αμέλεια όπου συνέβαλε στον τραυματισμό. Δεν εξαφανίζει από μόνη της την αξίωση.

Q: Το ατύχημα το προκάλεσε η κατάσταση του δρόμου, όχι οδηγός. Τι ισχύει;
A: Οι αξιώσεις κατά αρχής οδικού δικτύου ακολουθούν άλλους δρόμους, και μία προθεσμία είναι πολύ στενότερη από τις υπόλοιπες: ζημιά από την άσκηση εξουσιών δημόσιου δρόμου απαιτεί γραπτή απαίτηση στον Έπαρχο εντός δύο μηνών. Αν αιτία είναι ο ίδιος ο δρόμος, ζητήστε συμβουλή αμέσως.

## Βραχυχρόνια Μίσθωση στην Κύπρο: Μητρώο και Αριθμός
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-vrachychronia-misthosi-mitroo
Αυτοεξυπηρετούμενο κατάλυμα δεν εκμισθώνεται χωρίς εγγραφή στο Μητρώο, ο αριθμός μπαίνει σε κάθε διαφήμιση, και η άδεια ανανεώνεται κάθε τρία χρόνια.

Q: Πρέπει να εγγράψω διαμέρισμα που νοικιάζω σε παραθεριστές;
A: Αν πρόκειται για αυτοεξυπηρετούμενο κατάλυμα, ναι, και η απαγόρευση αφορά την εκμίσθωση και όχι τη διαφήμιση. Το άρθρο 16Α(1) του Ν. 34(Ι)/2019 ορίζει ότι δεν δύναται να ενοικιάζεται ή να εκμισθώνεται εκτός αν τηρούνται τρεις προϋποθέσεις μαζί: φέρει τα χαρακτηριστικά και τις προδιαγραφές του Πέμπτου Παραρτήματος, είναι εγγεγραμμένο στο Μητρώο Αυτοεξυπηρετούμενων Καταλυμάτων, και διατηρεί σε ισχύ και ανανεωμένη την άδεια εγγραφής του.

Q: Πού πρέπει να εμφανίζεται ο αριθμός μητρώου;
A: Παντού όπου προσφέρεται το κατάλυμα. Το άρθρο 16Α(2) επιτρέπει τη διαφήμιση και την εκμίσθωση νοουμένου ότι το κατάλυμα είναι εγγεγραμμένο και έχει λάβει αριθμό μητρώου, ο οποίος αναγράφεται στη διαφήμιση, στην προώθηση και σε όλες τις σχετικές συναλλαγές. Η παράγραφος 1(δ) του Πέμπτου Παραρτήματος προσθέτει ότι με την εγγραφή εκδίδεται ειδικό σήμα και αριθμός εγγραφής που αναρτάται και δηλώνεται σε όλες τις συναλλαγές.

Q: Πόσο παίρνει η εγγραφή, και πόσο διαρκεί;
A: Κατά την παράγραφο 1(γ) του Πέμπτου Παραρτήματος, το Υφυπουργείο εξετάζει την αίτηση εντός δύο μηνών από την καταχώριση της Υπεύθυνης Δήλωσης και ενημερώνει για έγκριση ή απόρριψη, με αιτιολογία στην απόρριψη. Κατά την παράγραφο 1(δ) η πρώτη άδεια εγγραφής ισχύει τρία χρόνια από την έκδοση, και κατά την παράγραφο 1(ε) ανανεώνεται κάθε τρία έτη με αίτηση που υποβάλλεται εντός τριών μηνών πριν από τη λήξη, με το τέλος ανανέωσης.

Q: Τι πρέπει να ισχύει πριν υποβάλω την Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση;
A: Η παράγραφος 1(β) απαιτεί αίτηση στον καθορισμένο τύπο για το είδος του καταλύματος, το καθορισμένο τέλος εγγραφής ανά κατηγορία, και Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση που βεβαιώνει τρία πράγματα: εγγραφή στο Τμήμα Φορολογίας, δηλαδή αριθμό φορολογικής ταυτότητας ιδιοκτήτη ή διαχειριστή και ΦΠΑ όπου προβλέπεται· τις λεπτομέρειες του καταλύματος και τις ελάχιστες τεχνικές και λειτουργικές προδιαγραφές· και ασφαλιστική κάλυψη κατά παντός κινδύνου, για πυρκαγιά και αστική ευθύνη.

Q: Ποια είναι η ποινή για εκμίσθωση χωρίς εγγραφή;
A: Το άρθρο 22(1) καθιστά αδίκημα τη διατήρηση ή λειτουργία αυτοεξυπηρετούμενου καταλύματος χωρίς άδεια εγγραφής ή μετά την ανάκλησή της, καθώς και τη χρήση του όρου για μονάδα χωρίς άδεια. Η ποινή είναι φυλάκιση μέχρι ένα έτος ή πρόστιμο μέχρι €5.000 ή και τα δύο, και όπου η παράβαση συνεχίζεται μετά την καταδίκη, περαιτέρω ποινή μέχρι €200 για κάθε ημέρα. Το άρθρο 22(2) επιτρέπει στο Δικαστήριο να διατάξει διακοπή της λειτουργίας, και το άρθρο 23(1) στο Υφυπουργείο διοικητικό πρόστιμο €2.000, που φτάνει τις €4.000 σε επανάληψη ή συνέχιση.

## Υπαναχώρηση σε Πωλήσεις εξ Αποστάσεως στην Κύπρο
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/el-ypanachorisi-eks-apostaseos
Το δικαίωμα υπαναχώρησης δεκατεσσάρων ημερών στην Κύπρο, το κουμπί ακύρωσης που ο ιστότοπος οφείλει από τον Ιούνιο του 2026, τι επιστρέφει ο πωλητής, και οι εξαιρέσεις.

Q: Χρειάζεται ο ιστότοπός μου κουμπί ακύρωσης;
A: Αν πωλείτε σε καταναλωτές μέσω επιγραμμικής διεπαφής, ναι, και ισχύει από τις 19 Ιουνίου 2026. Το άρθρο 22Α του περί Προστασίας του Καταναλωτή Νόμου, που προστέθηκε με τον Ν. 30(Ι)/2026, απαιτεί λειτουργία υπαναχώρησης με την ένδειξη «Πατήστε εδώ για υπαναχώρηση» ή σαφή αντίστοιχη διατύπωση, ευανάγνωστη, ευδιάκριτη, εύκολα προσβάσιμη και συνεχώς διαθέσιμη καθ' όλη την προθεσμία. Πρέπει να συλλέγει το ονοματεπώνυμο, τα στοιχεία της σύμβασης και την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση για την επιβεβαίωση· ο καταναλωτής την υποβάλλει μέσω δεύτερου χειριστηρίου που φέρει μόνο τις λέξεις «επιβεβαίωση υπαναχώρησης»· και εσείς στέλνετε βεβαίωση παραλαβής σε σταθερό μέσο, με το περιεχόμενο και την ημερομηνία και ώρα, χωρίς αδικαιολόγητη καθυστέρηση. Το άρθρο 22Α(5) θεωρεί ότι ο καταναλωτής υπαναχώρησε εμπρόθεσμα εφόσον χρησιμοποίησε τη λειτουργία πριν από τη λήξη, οπότε ένα κουμπί που δεν δουλεύει είναι δικό σας πρόβλημα και όχι δικό του.

Q: Πρέπει να πω γιατί επιστρέφω το προϊόν;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 20(1) παρέχει δικαίωμα υπαναχώρησης από εξ αποστάσεως σύμβαση χωρίς αναφορά λόγων. Ο πωλητής που ζητά λόγο μπορεί να συλλέγει ανατροφοδότηση, δεν μπορεί όμως να καταστήσει την απάντηση προϋπόθεση της επιστροφής χρημάτων.

Q: Ο ιστότοπος γράφει επιστροφές εντός επτά ημερών. Δεσμεύει;
A: Όχι έναντι της νόμιμης προθεσμίας. Το δικαίωμα του άρθρου 20 είναι δεκατεσσάρων ημερών, και όρος που επιχειρεί να το συντομεύσει δεν παραμερίζει τον Νόμο. Πολιτική που προσφέρει περισσότερες από δεκατέσσερις ημέρες είναι εμπορική υπόσχεση για την οποία ο πωλητής μπορεί να δεσμευθεί, οπότε διαβάζονται και τα δύο μαζί.

Q: Ποιος πληρώνει την επιστροφή των αγαθών;
A: Ο καταναλωτής επιβαρύνεται με το άμεσο κόστος επιστροφής κατά το άρθρο 25(1), αλλά μόνο όταν ο έμπορος τον ενημέρωσε ότι θα το επιβαρυνθεί. Όταν η πληροφόρηση για τις επιστροφές σιωπά, ή όταν ο έμπορος συμφώνησε να το αναλάβει, το κόστος βαρύνει τον πωλητή. Η αρχική παράδοση είναι χωριστό ζήτημα: κατά το άρθρο 24(1) επιστρέφεται το τυπικό κόστος παράδοσης, και κατά το άρθρο 24(2) όχι το επιπλέον που επέλεξε ο καταναλωτής για ταχύτερο τρόπο.

Q: Άνοιξα το κουτί και το δοκίμασα. Έχασα το δικαίωμα;
A: Όχι. Το άρθρο 25(2) καθιστά τον καταναλωτή υπεύθυνο μόνο για μείωση της αξίας που οφείλεται σε διαχείριση πέραν εκείνης που ήταν αναγκαία για τη διαπίστωση της φύσης, των χαρακτηριστικών και της λειτουργίας των αγαθών, δηλαδή περίπου όσα θα μπορούσε να κάνει σε κατάστημα. Και όταν ο έμπορος δεν έδωσε ποτέ την κοινοποίηση του δικαιώματος υπαναχώρησης που απαιτεί η παράγραφος (η) του άρθρου 17(1), ο καταναλωτής δεν ευθύνεται για μείωση αξίας σε καμία περίπτωση.

Q: Πουλώ ψηφιακά προϊόντα. Πρέπει να δέχομαι υπαναχωρήσεις;
A: Μόνο όπου δεν συλλέξατε τη συγκατάθεση. Το ψηφιακό περιεχόμενο που δεν παρέχεται σε υλικό μέσο μένει εκτός του δικαιώματος κατά το άρθρο 27, η εξαίρεση όμως ισχύει όταν η εκτέλεση άρχισε με προηγούμενη ρητή συγκατάθεση του καταναλωτή και επιβεβαίωσή του ότι χάνει έτσι το δικαίωμα. Πρόκειται για απαίτηση του ταμείου και όχι της σύνταξης όρων: η καταγραφή πρέπει να υπάρχει πριν αρχίσει η λήψη.

Q: Το δέμα δεν έφθασε ποτέ. Ποιανού είναι η ζημιά;
A: Στη συνήθη περίπτωση του πωλητή. Κατά το άρθρο 28(7) ο κίνδυνος μετατίθεται στον καταναλωτή όταν αυτός, ή τρίτος που υπέδειξε ο ίδιος και δεν είναι ο μεταφορέας του εμπόρου, αποκτήσει τη φυσική κατοχή των αγαθών. Μετατίθεται νωρίτερα μόνο όταν τον μεταφορέα τον επέλεξε ο καταναλωτής και η επιλογή δεν προσφέρθηκε από τον έμπορο, και ακόμη τότε ο καταναλωτής διατηρεί τα δικαιώματά του έναντι του μεταφορέα.

## Κανονισμοί Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023: Πρακτικός Οδηγός
https://www.kleanthousplatis.com/news-publications/kpd-2023-praktikos-odigos
Πρακτικός οδηγός στους Κανονισμούς Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023: πρωταρχικός σκοπός, προδικαστικά πρωτόκολλα, προθεσμίες, δικόγραφα και διαχείριση υποθέσεων.

Q: Τι άλλαξε πραγματικά το 2023;
A: Οι Κανονισμοί Πολιτικής Δικονομίας 2023 (13/2023) αντικατέστησαν κανόνες που στηρίζονταν στους αγγλικούς του 1954 και εφαρμόζονται σε όλες τις διαδικασίες πολιτικής δικαιοδοσίας των Επαρχιακών Δικαστηρίων. Ο έλεγχος του ρυθμού μετακινήθηκε από τους διαδίκους στο δικαστήριο, και υποχρεώσεις γεννιούνται πλέον πριν καταχωριστεί η αγωγή.

Q: Τι είναι ο υπερισχύων στόχος;
A: Ο Κανονισμός 1.2: ο δίκαιος χειρισμός των υποθέσεων με αναλογικό κόστος. Καλύπτει την ισότητα των διαδίκων, την εξοικονόμηση δαπάνης, την αναλογικότητα προς το ποσό, τη σημασία, την πολυπλοκότητα και την οικονομική θέση των διαδίκων, την ταχύτητα και τη δικαιοσύνη, και την κατανομή δικαστικών πόρων.

Q: Τι γίνεται αν παραλείψω τα προδικαστικά βήματα;
A: Το Μέρος 3, Τμήμα ΙΙ με το Παράρτημα Ι επιβάλλει βήματα πριν από την καταχώριση της διαδικασίας. Η μη συμμόρφωση λαμβάνεται υπόψη από το δικαστήριο, και γίνεται αισθητή στα έξοδα, ακόμη και για διάδικο που τελικά κερδίζει.

Q: Μπορούμε να παγώσουμε την υπόθεση όσο διαπραγματευόμαστε;
A: Όχι με συμφωνία μόνο μεταξύ των διαδίκων. Το δικαστήριο θέτει το χρονοδιάγραμμα και τους κρατά σε αυτό, οι παρατάσεις δεν είναι ευγένεια μεταξύ δικηγόρων, και το βήμα που χάνεται πρέπει να εξηγηθεί.